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Wu Y, Liu Y, Jia Y, Feng CH, Zhang H, Ren F, Zhao G. Effects of thermal processing on natural antioxidants in fruits and vegetables. Food Res Int 2024; 192:114797. [PMID: 39147492 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Research on the content of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables, the extraction of bioactive compounds, and the study of their impact on the human body has received growing attention in recent years. This is due to the great interest in bioactive compounds and their health benefits, resulting in increased market demand for natural foods. Bioactive compounds from plants are generally categorized as natural antioxidants with health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, etc. Thermal processing has been used in the food sector for a long history. Implementing different thermal processing methods could be essential in retaining the quality of the natural antioxidant compounds in plant-based foods. A comprehensive review is presented on the effects of thermal blanching (i.e., hot water, steam, superheated steam impingement, ohmic and microwave blanching), pasteurization, and sterilization and drying technologies on natural antioxidants in fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering, and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering, and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuanqiang Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering, and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chao-Hui Feng
- School of Regional Innovation and Social Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami 090-8507, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering, and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feiyue Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering, and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering, and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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Chen Y, Ma H, Liang J, Sun C, Wang D, Chen K, Zhao J, Ji S, Ma C, Ye X, Cao J, Wang Y, Sun C. Hepatoprotective potential of four fruit extracts rich in different structural flavonoids against alcohol-induced liver injury via gut microbiota-liver axis. Food Chem 2024; 460:140460. [PMID: 39068798 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver injury (ALI) accounts for a major share of the global burden of non-viral liver disease. In the absence of specialized medications, research on using fruit flavonoids as a treatment is gaining momentum. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of four fruits rich in structurally diverse flavonoids: ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima, OG), mulberry (Morus alba L., MB), apple (Malus × domestica Borkh., AP), and turnjujube (Hovenia dulcis Thunnb., TJ). A total of one flavanone glycoside, three polymethoxyflavones, two anthocyanins, one flavonol glycoside, and one dihydroflavonol were identified through UPLC analysis. In an acute ethanol-induced ALI mouse model, C57BL/6J mice were supplemented with 200 mg/kg·BW/day of different fruit extracts for three weeks. Our results showed that the four extracts exhibited promising benefits in improving lipid metabolism disorders, iron overload, and oxidative stress. RT-PCR and Western blot tests suggested that the potential mechanism may partially be attributed to the activation of the NRF2-mediated antioxidant response and the inhibition of ferroptosis pathways. Furthermore, fruit extracts administration demonstrated a specific regulatory role in intestinal microecology, with increases in beneficial bacteria such as Dubosiella, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong links between intestinal flora, lipid metabolism, and iron homeostasis, implying that the fruit extracts mitigated ALI via the gut microbiota-liver axis. In vitro experiments reaffirmed the activity against ethanol-induced oxidative damage and highlighted the positive effects of flavonoid components. These findings endorse the prospective application of OG, MB, AP, and TJ as dietary supplements or novel treatments for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Fruit Science Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanbing Ma
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Fruit Science Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Fruit Science Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui Sun
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengliang Wang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Quzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Quzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Liandu Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Lishui, China
| | - Jinmiao Zhao
- Liandu Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Lishui, China
| | - Shiyu Ji
- Lishui Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Zhejiang NongZhen Food Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Ye
- Zhejiang JiaNong Fruit & Vegetable Co., Ltd., Quzhou, China
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Fruit Science Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Fruit Science Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Fruit Science Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yan QJ, Chen YY, Wu MX, Yang H, Cao JP, Sun CD, Wang Y. Phenolics and Terpenoids Profiling in Diverse Loquat Fruit Varieties and Systematic Assessment of Their Mitigation of Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1795. [PMID: 37891875 PMCID: PMC10604257 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare and investigate the phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) and evaluate their ability to protect against alcohol-induced liver oxidative stress, we employed a combination of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze 22 phenolics and 2 terpenoid compounds in loquat peel and flesh extracts (extraction with 95% ethanol). Among these, six compounds were identified for the first time in loquat, revealing distinct distribution patterns based on variety and tissue. Various chemical models, such as DPPH, FRAP, ORAC, and ABTS, were used to assess free radical scavenging and metal ion reduction capabilities. The results indicate that peel extracts exhibited higher antioxidant capacity compared with flesh extracts. Using a normal mouse liver cell line, AML-12, we explored the protective effects of loquat extracts and individual compounds against ethanol-induced oxidative stress. The findings demonstrate the enhanced cell viability and the induction of antioxidant enzyme activity through the modulation of Nrf2 and Keap1 gene expression. In a C57/BL6 mouse model of alcohol-induced liver damage, loquat extract was found to alleviate liver injury induced by alcohol. The restoration of perturbed serum liver health indicators underscored the efficacy of loquat extract in reclaiming equilibrium. The culmination of these findings significantly bolsters the foundational knowledge necessary to explore the utilization of loquat fruit extract in the creation of health-focused products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Jiao Yan
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100000, China;
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Man-Xi Wu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Han Yang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Jin-Ping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Chong-De Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
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Lebedev V. Impact of Intron and Retransformation on Transgene Expression in Leaf and Fruit Tissues of Field-Grown Pear Trees. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12883. [PMID: 37629068 PMCID: PMC10454629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable and high expression of introduced genes is a prerequisite for using transgenic trees. Transgene stacking enables combining several valuable traits, but repeated transformation increases the risk of unintended effects. This work studied the stability and intron-mediated enhancement of uidA gene expression in leaves and different anatomical parts of pear fruits during field trials over 14 years. The stability of reporter and herbicide resistance transgenes in retransformed pear plants, as well as possible unintended effects using high-throughput phenotyping tools, were also investigated. The activity of β-glucuronidase (GUS) varied depending on the year, but silencing did not occur. The uidA gene was expressed to a maximum in seeds, slightly less in the peel and peduncles, and much less in the pulp of pear fruits. The intron in the uidA gene stably increased expression in leaves and fruits by approximately twofold. Retransformants with the bar gene showed long-term herbicide resistance and exhibited no consistent changes in leaf size and shape. The transgenic pear was used as rootstock and scion, but grafted plants showed no transport of the GUS protein through the graft in the greenhouse and field. This longest field trial of transgenic fruit trees demonstrates stable expression under varying environmental conditions, the expression-enhancing effect of intron and the absence of unintended effects in single- and double-transformed woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Lebedev
- Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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Wen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Pan Q, Bai Q, Zhu D, Chai W. Inhibition of albendazole and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole against tyrosinase: mechanism, structure-activity relationship, and anti-browning effect. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2824-2837. [PMID: 36641547 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosinase is the key enzyme involved in enzymatic browning of plant-derived foods. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity contributes to the control of food browning. Due to safety regulations or other issues, most identified tyrosinase inhibitors are not suitable for practical use. Therefore, it is necessary to search for novel tyrosinase inhibitors. In this study, the anti-tyrosinase activity and mechanism of albendazole and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole (2-2-A-1HB) were investigated through ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectra, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The anti-browning effect of albendazole on fresh-cut apples was then elucidated. RESULTS Albendazole and 2-2-A-1HB were both efficient tyrosinase inhibitors with IC50 of 51 ± 1.5 and 128 ± 1.3 μmol L-1 , respectively. Albendazole suppressed tyrosinase non-competitively and formed tyrosinase-albendazole complex statically. Hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction were major driving forces in stabilizing the tyrosinase-albendazole complex. While 2-2-A-1HB inhibited the enzyme competitively and quenched its intrinsic fluorescence through a static mechanism, it generated strong binding affinity with tyrosinase through hydrophobic interaction. MD simulations further validated that albendazole/2-2-A-1HB could form stable complexes with tyrosinase and loosened its basic framework structure, leading to a change in secondary structure and conformation. In addition, albendazole could delay the browning of fresh-cut apples by inhibiting the activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and reducing the oxidation of phenolic compounds. CONCLUSION This research might provide a deep view of tyrosinase inhibition by benzimidazole derivatives and a theoretical basis for developing albendazole as a potential fresh-keeping agent. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wen
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linjun Wang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiuxia Pan
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiuhan Bai
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Du Zhu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiming Chai
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Extraction of Phytochemicals from Maypole Apple by Subcritical Water. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213453. [DOI: 10.3390/foods11213453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Maypole apple is a new, promising species of small apples with a prominent flavor and deep red flesh and peel. This study divided Maypole apples into outer flesh, inner flesh, and peel, and used subcritical water at 100–175 °C for 10–30 min to extract various phytochemicals (procyanidin B2 (PB2), 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5CQA), and epicatechin). The obtained Maypole apple extracts and extraction residues in this work were analyzed using a SEM, HPLC, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Under different subcritical water extraction conditions, this work found the highest extraction rate: to be PB2 from the peel (4.167 mg/mL), 5CQA (2.296 mg/mL) and epicatechin (1.044 mg/mL) from the inner flesh. In addition, this work regressed the quadratic equations of the specific yield through ANOVA and found that temperature is a more significant affecting factor than extraction time. This aspect of the study suggests that phytochemicals could be obtained from the Maypole apple using the new extraction method of subcritical water.
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Polyphenols from Thinned Young Apples: HPLC-HRMS Profile and Evaluation of Their Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities by Proteomic Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081577. [PMID: 36009298 PMCID: PMC9405250 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The qualitative profile of thinned apple polyphenols (TAP) fraction (≈24% of polyphenols) obtained by purification through absorbent resin was fully investigated by LC-HRMS in positive and negative ion mode and using ESI source. A total of 68 polyphenols were identified belonging to six different classes: flavanols, flavonols, dihydrochalchones, flavanones, flavones and organic and phenolic acids. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were then investigated in cell models with gene reporter for NRF2 and NF-κB and by quantitative proteomic (label-free and SILAC) approaches. TAP dose-dependently activated NRF2 and in the same concentration range (10–250 µg/mL) inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation induced by TNF-α and IL-1α as pro-inflammatory promoters. Proteomic studies elucidated the molecular pathways evoked by TAP treatment: activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway, which in turn up-regulates protective oxidoreductases and their nucleophilic substrates such as GSH and NADPH, the latter resulting from the up-regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway. The increase in the enzymatic antioxidant cellular activity together with the up-regulation of the heme-oxygenase would explain the anti-inflammatory effect of TAP. The results suggest that thinned apples can be considered as a valuable source of apple polyphenols to be used in health care products to prevent/treat oxidative and inflammatory chronic conditions.
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He W, Laaksonen O, Tian Y, Heinonen M, Bitz L, Yang B. Phenolic compound profiles in Finnish apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) juices and ciders fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains. Food Chem 2022; 373:131437. [PMID: 34749087 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic compounds in juices and ciders made with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Schizosaccharomyces pombe from eleven Finnish apple cultivars were analyzed using liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods combined with multivariate data analysis. In general, the ciders contained less phenolic compounds than corresponding apple juices. In the studied apple juices and ciders, hydroxycinnamic acids were the most predominant, accounting for around 80% of total phenolic compounds. Apple juices contained more flavonol glycosides and dihydrochalcones whereas cider processing resulted in increased amount of free hydroxycinnamic acids. The contents of individual phenolic compounds were more dependent on the apple cultivars than the yeast species. Certain cultivars contained remarkably higher contents of dihydrochalcones and hydroxycinnamic acids when comparing with other cultivars. Ciders made using S. pombe remained higher contents of procyanidins and (+)-catechin while S. cerevisiae ciders contained higher individual hydroxycinnamic acids, such as 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, and 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia He
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Oskar Laaksonen
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ye Tian
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Maarit Heinonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production systems/Horticultural technologies, Myllytie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Lidija Bitz
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production systems/Horticultural technologies, Myllytie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China.
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Navarro-Hoyos M, Arnáez-Serrano E, Quesada-Mora S, Azofeifa-Cordero G, Wilhelm-Romero K, Quirós-Fallas MI, Alvarado-Corella D, Vargas-Huertas F, Sánchez-Kopper A. HRMS Characterization, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Polyphenols in Malus domestica Cultivars from Costa Rica. Molecules 2021; 26:7367. [PMID: 34885949 PMCID: PMC8659030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in research into fruits as sources of secondary metabolites because of their potential bioactivities. In this study, the phenolic profiles of Malus domestica Anna and Jonagold cultivars from Costa Rica were determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) using a quadrupole-time-of-flight analyzer (UPLC-QTOF-ESI MS), on enriched-phenolic extracts from skins and flesh, obtained through Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). In total, 48 different phenolic compounds were identified in the skin and flesh extracts, comprising 17 flavan-3-ols, 12 flavonoids, 4 chalcones, 1 glycosylated isoprenoid and 14 hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives. Among extracts, the flesh of Jonagold exhibits a larger number of polyphenols and is especially rich in procyanidin trimers, tetramers and pentamers. Evaluating total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities using ORAC and DPPH procedures yields higher values for this extract (608.8 mg GAE/g extract; 14.80 mmol TE/g extract and IC50 = 3.96 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, cytotoxicity evaluated against SW620 colon cancer cell lines and AGS gastric cancer cell lines also delivered better effects for Jonagold flesh (IC50 = 62.4 and 60.0 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) was found between TPC and cytotoxicity values against SW620 and AGS adenocarcinoma (r = -0.908, and -0.902, respectively). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) was also found between the number of procyanidins and both antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity towards SW620 (r = -0.978) and AGS (r = -0.894) cell lines. These results align with Jonagold flesh exhibiting the highest abundance in procyanidin oligomers and yielding better cytotoxic and antioxidant results. In sum, our findings suggest the need for further studies on these Costa Rican apple extracts-and particularly on the extracts from Jonagold flesh-to increase the knowledge on their potential benefits for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos
- Bioactivity & Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; (K.W.-R.); (M.I.Q.-F.); (D.A.-C.); (F.V.-H.)
| | | | - Silvia Quesada-Mora
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; (S.Q.-M.); (G.A.-C.)
| | - Gabriela Azofeifa-Cordero
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; (S.Q.-M.); (G.A.-C.)
| | - Krissia Wilhelm-Romero
- Bioactivity & Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; (K.W.-R.); (M.I.Q.-F.); (D.A.-C.); (F.V.-H.)
| | - Maria Isabel Quirós-Fallas
- Bioactivity & Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; (K.W.-R.); (M.I.Q.-F.); (D.A.-C.); (F.V.-H.)
| | - Diego Alvarado-Corella
- Bioactivity & Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; (K.W.-R.); (M.I.Q.-F.); (D.A.-C.); (F.V.-H.)
| | - Felipe Vargas-Huertas
- Bioactivity & Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 2060, Costa Rica; (K.W.-R.); (M.I.Q.-F.); (D.A.-C.); (F.V.-H.)
| | - Andrés Sánchez-Kopper
- CEQIATEC, Department of Chemistry, Costa Rica Institute of Technology (TEC), Cartago 7050, Costa Rica;
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