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Motojima K, Sen A, Yamada YMA, Kaneko H. Catalyst Design and Feature Engineering to Improve Selectivity and Reactivity in Two Simultaneous Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5764-5772. [PMID: 37655841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly active catalysts are required in numerous industrial fields; therefore, to minimize costs and development time, catalyst design using machine learning has attracted significant attention. This study focused on a reaction system where two types of cross-coupling reactions, namely, Buchwald-Hartwig type cross-coupling (BHCC) and Suzuki-Miyaura type cross-coupling (SMCC) reactions, occur simultaneously. Constructing a machine-learning model that considers all experimental conditions is essential to accurately predict the product yield for both the BHCC and the SMCC reactions. The objective of this study was to establish explanatory variables x that considered all experimental conditions within the reaction system involving simultaneous cross-couplings and to design catalysts that achieve the target yield and the development of novel reactions. To accomplish this, Bayesian optimization was combined with established variables x to design new catalysts and enhance reaction selectivity. Moreover, the catalyst design in this study successfully pioneered new reactions involving Cu, Rh, and Pt catalysts in a reaction system that did not previously react with transition metals other than Ni or Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Motojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Abhijit Sen
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi M A Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Reichert EC, Feng K, Sather AC, Buchwald SL. Pd-Catalyzed Amination of Base-Sensitive Five-Membered Heteroaryl Halides with Aliphatic Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3323-3329. [PMID: 36719903 PMCID: PMC9988406 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a versatile and functional-group-tolerant method for the Pd-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling of five-membered heteroaryl halides with primary and secondary amines, an important but underexplored transformation. Coupling reactions of challenging, pharmaceutically relevant heteroarenes, such as 2-H-1,3-azoles, are reported in good-to-excellent yields. High-yielding coupling reactions of a wide set of five-membered heteroaryl halides with sterically demanding α-branched cyclic amines and acyclic secondary amines are reported for the first time. The key to the broad applicability of this method is the synergistic combination of (1) the moderate-strength base NaOTMS, which limits base-mediated decomposition of sensitive five-membered heteroarenes that ultimately leads to catalyst deactivation, and (2) the use of a GPhos-supported Pd catalyst, which effectively resists heteroarene-induced catalyst deactivation while promoting efficient coupling, even for challenging and sterically demanding amines. Cross-coupling reactions between a wide variety of five-membered heteroaryl halides and amines are demonstrated, including eight examples involving densely functionalized medicinal chemistry building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Reichert
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kaibo Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron C Sather
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Klen EE, Makarova NN, Khaliullin FA, Shepilova SO, Ishkinina AR, Baikova IP. Reactions of Thiiranes with NH Heterocycles: II. C-Bromo/Nitro-1-(thietan-3-yl)pyrazoles as Convenient Synthons for Substituted 1-(Thietan-3-yl)pyrazoles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022090020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chen JY, Li HX, Mu SY, Song HY, Wu ZL, Yang TB, Jiang J, He WM. Electrocatalytic three-component synthesis of 4-halopyrazoles with sodium halide as the halogen source. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8501-8505. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The first example of the electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of 4-chloro/bromo/iodopyrazoles from hydrazines, acetylacetones and sodium halides under chemical oxidant- and external electrolyte-free conditions has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yang Chen
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hong-Xia Li
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Si-Yu Mu
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hai-Yang Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Tian-Bao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei-Min He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Silva VLM, Silva AMS. Special Issue "Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Functionalization and Applications of Pyrazole-Type Compounds". Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164989. [PMID: 34443577 PMCID: PMC8401411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vera L. M. Silva
- Correspondence: (V.L.M.S.); (A.M.S.S.); Tel.: +351-234-370704 (V.L.M.S.); +351-234-370714 (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- Correspondence: (V.L.M.S.); (A.M.S.S.); Tel.: +351-234-370704 (V.L.M.S.); +351-234-370714 (A.M.S.S.)
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Usami Y, Kubo Y, Takagaki T, Kuroiwa N, Ono J, Nishikawa K, Nakamizu A, Tatsui Y, Harusawa S, Hayama N, Yoneyama H. CuI-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of 4-Iodopyrazoles and Alcohols: Application toward Withasomnine and Homologs. Molecules 2021; 26:3370. [PMID: 34199652 PMCID: PMC8199780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct 4-alkoxylation of 4-iodo-1H-pyrazoles with alcohols was achieved by a CuI-catalyzed coupling protocol. The optimal reaction conditions employed excess alcohol and potassium t-butoxide (2 equiv) in the presence of CuI (20 mol%) and 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (20 mol%) at 130 °C for 1 h under microwave irradiation. The present method was efficiently applied to the synthesis of withasomnine and its six- and seven-membered cyclic homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Usami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.T.); (N.K.); (J.O.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (N.H.); (H.Y.)
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Approaches to the Synthesis of Dicarboxylic Derivatives of Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)alkanes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020413. [PMID: 33466823 PMCID: PMC7829949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylation of bis(pyrazol-1-yl)alkanes by oxalyl chloride was studied. It was found that 4,4'-dicarboxylic derivatives of substrates with electron-donating methyl groups and short linkers (from one to three methylene groups) can be prepared using this method. Longer linkers lead to significantly lower product yields, which is probably due to instability of the intermediate acid chlorides that are initially formed in the reaction with oxalyl chloride. Thus, bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane gave only monocarboxylic derivative even with a large excess of oxalyl chloride and prolonged reaction duration. An alternative approach involves the reaction of ethyl 4-pyrazolecarboxylates with dibromoalkanes in a superbasic medium (potassium hydroxide-dimethyl sulfoxide) and is suitable for the preparation of bis(4-carboxypyrazol-1-yl)alkanes with both short and long linkers independent of substitution in positions 3 and 5 of pyrazole rings. The obtained dicarboxylic acids are interesting as potential building blocks for metal-organic frameworks.
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