1
|
Schmidt CE, Groveman S, Sanders VA, Cutler CS, Shusterman JA, Deri MA. Development of a SnO 2-based 44Ti/ 44Sc generator for medical applications. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1732:465245. [PMID: 39137585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Towards application of 44Sc for diagnostic nuclear medicine, a 44Ti/44Sc generator based on an inorganic resin has been evaluated. Unlike other radionuclide generators used for medical applications, the long-term retention of the parent 44Ti is vital due to its long half life. Herein, tin dioxide (SnO2), a robust inorganic-based resin, has been synthesized and used as the stationary phase for a 44Ti/44Sc generator. The sorption behavior of 44Ti/44Sc was tested on SnO2 with varying acids, concentrations, and times. Preliminary batch study results showed >88 % 44Ti retention to the resin at lower acid concentrations (0.05 M HNO3 and 0.05 M HCl). A pilot generator was evaluated for a year, demonstrating 85.3 ± 2.8 % 44Sc elution yields and 0.71 ± 0.14 % 44Ti breakthrough in 5 M HNO3. Based on capacity studies, a 7.4 MBq (200 µCi) upscaled generator system was constructed for further evaluation of the SnO2 resin stability and the efficacy of the eluted 44Sc for radiolabeling. 44Sc could be regularly eluted from this generator in 5 M HNO3 with an overall average radiochemical yield 84.7 ± 9.5 %. Post-elution processing of the 44Sc with DGA-normal resin removed all 44Ti present and allowed for high 44Sc-DOTA labeling yields of 94.2 ± 0.5 %. Overall, SnO2 has been shown to be a viable material for a 44Ti/44Sc generator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Schmidt
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Sam Groveman
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, CUNY, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Vanessa A Sanders
- Isotope Research and Production Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Cathy S Cutler
- Isotope Research and Production Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jennifer A Shusterman
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA; Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Melissa A Deri
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ioannidis I, Lefkaritis G, Georgiades SN, Pashalidis I, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Towards Clinical Development of Scandium Radioisotope Complexes for Use in Nuclear Medicine: Encouraging Prospects with the Chelator 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic Acid (DOTA) and Its Analogues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5954. [PMID: 38892142 PMCID: PMC11173192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Scandium (Sc) isotopes have recently attracted significant attention in the search for new radionuclides with potential uses in personalized medicine, especially in the treatment of specific cancer patient categories. In particular, Sc-43 and Sc-44, as positron emitters with a satisfactory half-life (3.9 and 4.0 h, respectively), are ideal for cancer diagnosis via Positron Emission Tomography (PET). On the other hand, Sc-47, as an emitter of beta particles and low gamma radiation, may be used as a therapeutic radionuclide, which also allows Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging. As these scandium isotopes follow the same biological pathway and chemical reactivity, they appear to fit perfectly into the "theranostic pair" concept. A step-by-step description, initiating from the moment of scandium isotope production and leading up to their preclinical and clinical trial applications, is presented. Recent developments related to the nuclear reactions selected and employed to produce the radionuclides Sc-43, Sc-44, and Sc-47, the chemical processing of these isotopes and the main target recovery methods are also included. Furthermore, the radiolabeling of the leading chelator, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), and its structural analogues with scandium is also discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of scandium complexation are evaluated. Finally, a review of the preclinical studies and clinical trials involving scandium, as well as future challenges for its clinical uses and applications, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ioannidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.); (G.L.); (S.N.G.); (I.P.)
| | - George Lefkaritis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.); (G.L.); (S.N.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Savvas N. Georgiades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.); (G.L.); (S.N.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Ioannis Pashalidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.); (G.L.); (S.N.G.); (I.P.)
| | - George J. Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3021 Limassol, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Gottstein A, Mateu I, Scampoli P, Braccini S. 44Sc production from enriched 47TiO 2 targets with a medical cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 206:111220. [PMID: 38301319 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
44Sc is a β+-emitter which has been extensively studied for nuclear medicine applications. Its promising decay characteristics [t1/2 = 3.97 h, E [Formula: see text] = 632 keV (94.3%), Eγ = 1157 keV (99.9%); 1499 keV (0.91%)] make it highly attractive for clinical PET imaging, offering an alternative to the widely used 68Ga [t1/2 = 67.7 min, E [Formula: see text] = 836 keV (87.7%)]. Notably, its nearly fourfold longer half-life opens avenues for applications with biomolecules having extended biological half-lives and enables the centralized distribution of 44Sc radiopharmaceuticals. An additional advantage of employing 44Sc as a diagnostic radioisotope lies in its counterpart, the β--emitter 47Sc, which is currently under investigation for targeted radiotherapy. Together, they form an ideal theranostic pair, providing a comprehensive solution for both diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications in nuclear medicine. At the Bern medical cyclotron, a study to optimize the production of scandium radioisotopes is currently ongoing. In this context, proton irradiation of titanium targets has been investigated, exploiting the reactions 47Ti(p,α)44Sc and 50Ti(p,α)47Sc. This approach enables the production of Sc radioisotopes within a single PET medical cyclotron facility, employing identical chemical procedures for target preparation and post-irradiation processing. In this paper, we report on cross-section measurements of the 47Ti(p,α)44Sc nuclear reaction using 95.7% enriched 47TiO2 targets. On the basis of the obtained results, the production yield and purity were calculated to assess the optimal irradiation conditions. Production tests were performed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Dellepiane
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Pierluigi Casolaro
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gottstein
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isidre Mateu
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Scampoli
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Saverio Braccini
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kilian K, Pyrzyńska K. Scandium Radioisotopes-Toward New Targets and Imaging Modalities. Molecules 2023; 28:7668. [PMID: 38005390 PMCID: PMC10675654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of theranostics uses radioisotopes of the same or chemically similar elements to label biological ligands in a way that allows the use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiation for a combined diagnosis and treatment regimen. For scandium, radioisotopes -43 and -44 can be used as diagnostic markers, while radioisotope scandium-47 can be used in the same configuration for targeted therapy. This work presents the latest achievements in the production and processing of radioisotopes and briefly characterizes solutions aimed at increasing the availability of these radioisotopes for research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5a, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pyrzyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Renaldin E, Dellepiane G, Braccini S, Sommerhalder A, Zhang H, van der Meulen NP, Eichler R, Talip Z. Study of thulium-167 cyclotron production: a potential medically-relevant radionuclide. Front Chem 2023; 11:1288588. [PMID: 37927558 PMCID: PMC10620610 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1288588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Targeted Radionuclide Therapy is used for the treatment of tumors in nuclear medicine, while sparing healthy tissues. Its application to cancer treatment is expanding. In particular, Auger-electron emitters potentially exhibit high efficacy in treating either small metastases or single tumor cells due to their short range in tissue. The aim of this paper is to study the feasibility of a large-scale production of thulium-167, an Auger-electron emitter radionuclide, in view of eventual systematic preclinical studies. Methods: Proton-irradiated enriched erbium-167 and erbium-168 oxides were used to measure the production cross sections of thulium-165, thulium-166, thulium-167, and thulium-168 utilizing an 18-MeV medical cyclotron equipped with a Beam Transport Line (BTL) at the Bern medical cyclotron laboratory. The comparison between the experimental and the TENDL 2021 theoretical cross-section results were in good agreement. Additional experiments were performed to assess the production yields of thulium radioisotopes in the BTL. Thulium-167 production yield was also measured irradiating five different target materials (167 Er 2 O 3, 168 Er 2 O 3, nat Tm 2 O 3, nat Yb 2 O 3, 171 Yb 2 O 3) with proton beams up to 63 MeV at the Injector II cyclotron of Paul Scherrer Institute. Results and Discussion: Our experiments showed that an 8-h irradiation of enriched ytterbium-171 oxide produced about 420 MBq of thulium-167 with a radionuclidic purity of 99.95% after 5 days of cooling time with a proton beam of about 53 MeV. Larger activities of thulium-167 can be achieved using enriched erbium-168 oxide with a 23-MeV proton beam, obtaining about 1 GBq after 8-h irradiation with a radionuclidic purity of < 99.5% 5 days post end of bombardment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Renaldin
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS), Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaia Dellepiane
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory of High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saverio Braccini
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory of High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Sommerhalder
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS), Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Hui Zhang
- Beam Physics, Proton Facilities, Accelerator Operation and Development, Large Research Facilities, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P. van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS), Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry (LRC), Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Robert Eichler
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry (LRC), Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS), Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Favaretto C, Gottstein A, Grundler PV, Mateu I, Renaldin E, Scampoli P, Talip Z, van der Meulen NP, Braccini S. Cross-section measurement of thulium radioisotopes with an 18 MeV medical PET cyclotron for an optimized 165Er production. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 200:110954. [PMID: 37527621 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
165Er is a pure Auger-electron emitter with promising characteristics for therapeutic applications in nuclear medicine. The short penetration path and high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) of the emitted Auger electrons make 165Er particularly suitable for treating small tumor metastases. Several production methods based on the irradiation with charged particles of Er and Ho targets can be found in the literature. In this paper, we report on the study of 165Er indirect production performed via the 166Er(p,2n)165Tm →165Er reaction at the 18 MeV Bern medical cyclotron. Despite the use of highly enriched 166Er2O3 targets, several Tm radioisotopes are produced during the irradiation, making the knowledge of the cross sections involved crucial. For this reason, a precise investigation of the cross sections of the relevant nuclear reactions in the energy range of interest was performed by irradiating Er2O3 targets with different isotopic enrichment levels and using a method based on the inversion of a linear system of equations. For the reactions 164Er(p, γ)165Tm, 166Er(p,n)166Tm, 166Er(p, γ)167Tm, 167Er(p,3n)165Tm, 167Er(p, γ)168Tm, 168Er(p,2n)167Tm and 170Er(p,3n)168Tm, the nuclear cross section was measured for the first time. From the results obtained, the production yield and purity of the parent radioisotope 165Tm were calculated to assess the optimal irradiation conditions. Several production tests with solid targets were performed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Dellepiane
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Pierluigi Casolaro
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Favaretto
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gottstein
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal V Grundler
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Isidre Mateu
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Renaldin
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Paola Scampoli
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Zeynep Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Saverio Braccini
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meier JP, Zhang HJ, Freifelder R, Bhuiyan M, Selman P, Mendez M, Kankanamalage PHA, Brossard T, Pusateri A, Tsai HM, Leoni L, Penano S, Ghosh K, Broder BA, Markiewicz E, Renne A, Stadler W, Weichselbaum R, Nolen J, Kao CM, Chitneni SK, Rotsch DA, Szmulewitz RZ, Chen CT. Accelerator-Based Production of Scandium Radioisotopes for Applications in Prostate Cancer: Toward Building a Pipeline for Rapid Development of Novel Theranostics. Molecules 2023; 28:6041. [PMID: 37630292 PMCID: PMC10458970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of nuclear medicine, the β+ -emitting 43Sc and β- -emitting 47Sc are promising candidates in cancer diagnosis and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) due to their favorable decay schema and shared pharmacokinetics as a true theranostic pair. Additionally, scandium is a group-3 transition metal (like 177Lu) and exhibits affinity for DOTA-based chelators, which have been studied in depth, making the barrier to implementation lower for 43/47Sc than for other proposed true theranostics. Before 43/47Sc can see widespread pre-clinical evaluation, however, an accessible production methodology must be established and each isotope's radiolabeling and animal imaging capabilities studied with a widely utilized tracer. As such, a simple means of converting an 18 MeV biomedical cyclotron to support solid targets and produce 43Sc via the 42Ca(d,n)43Sc reaction has been devised, exhibiting reasonable yields. The NatTi(γ,p)47Sc reaction is also investigated along with the successful implementation of chemical separation and purification methods for 43/47Sc. The conjugation of 43/47Sc with PSMA-617 at specific activities of up to 8.94 MBq/nmol and the subsequent imaging of LNCaP-ENZaR tumor xenografts in mouse models with both 43/47Sc-PSMA-617 are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Meier
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
| | - Hannah J. Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Freifelder
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Cyclotron Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Mohammed Bhuiyan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Cyclotron Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Phillip Selman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Megan Mendez
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Pavithra H. A. Kankanamalage
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Thomas Brossard
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Antonino Pusateri
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Lara Leoni
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Sagada Penano
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
| | - Kaustab Ghosh
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Cyclotron Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brittany A. Broder
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Erica Markiewicz
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Amy Renne
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Walter Stadler
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ralph Weichselbaum
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jerry Nolen
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Chien-Min Kao
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Satish K. Chitneni
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
| | - David A. Rotsch
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
- Medical Isotope Development Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Russell Z. Szmulewitz
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
- Cyclotron Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Benabdallah N, Zhang H, Unnerstall R, Fears A, Summer L, Fassbender M, Rodgers BE, Abou D, Radchenko V, Thorek DLJ. Engineering a modular 44Ti/ 44Sc generator: eluate evaluation in preclinical models and estimation of human radiation dosimetry. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:17. [PMID: 36853422 PMCID: PMC9975127 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-00968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 44Sc/47Sc is an attractive theranostic pair for targeted in vivo positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging and beta-particle treatment of cancer. The 44Ti/44Sc generator allows daily onsite production of this diagnostic isotope, which may provide an attractive alternative for PET facilities that lack in-house irradiation capabilities. Early animal and patient studies have demonstrated the utility of 44Sc. In our current study, we built and evaluated a novel clinical-scale 44Ti/44Sc generator, explored the pharmacokinetic profiles of 44ScCl3, [44Sc]-citrate and [44Sc]-NODAGA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid) in naïve mice, and estimated the radiation burden of 44ScCl3 in humans. METHODS 44Ti/44Sc (101.2 MBq) in 6 M HCl solution was utilized to assemble a modular ZR resin containing generator. After assembly, 44Sc was eluted with 0.05 M HCl for further PET imaging and biodistribution studies in female Swiss Webster mice. Based on the biodistribution data, absorbed doses of 44/47ScCl3 in human adults were calculated for 18 organs and tissues using the IDAC-Dose software. RESULTS 44Ti in 6 M HCl was loaded onto the organic resin generator with a yield of 99.97%. After loading and initial stabilization, 44ScCl3 was eluted with 0.05 M HCl in typical yields of 82.9 ± 5.3% (N = 16), which was normalized to the estimated generator capacity. Estimated generator capacity was computed based on elution time interval and the total amount of 44Ti loaded on the generator. Run in forward and reverse directions, the 44Sc/44Ti ratio from a primary column was significantly improved from 1038 ± 440 to 3557 ± 680 (Bq/Bq) when a secondary, replaceable, ZR resin cartridge was employed at the flow outlet. In vivo imaging and ex vivo distribution studies of the reversible modular generator for 44ScCl3, [44Sc]-citrate and [44Sc]-NODAGA show that free 44Sc remained in the circulation significantly longer than the chelated 44Sc. The dose estimation of 44ScCl3 reveals that the radiation burden is 0.146 mSv/MBq for a 70 kg adult male and 0.179 mSv/MBq for a 57 kg adult female. Liver, spleen and heart wall will receive the highest absorbed dose: 0.524, 0.502, and 0.303 mGy/MBq, respectively, for the adult male. CONCLUSIONS A clinical-scale 44Ti/44Sc generator system with a modular design was developed to supply 44ScCl3 in 0.05 M HCl, which is suitable for further radiolabeling and in vivo use. Our data demonstrated that free 44ScCl3 remained in the circulation for extended periods, which resulted in approximately 10 times greater radiation burden than stably chelated 44Sc. Stable 44Sc/47Sc-complexation will be more favorable for in vivo use and for clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Benabdallah
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Ryan Unnerstall
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Amanda Fears
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lucy Summer
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael Fassbender
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Buck E Rodgers
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Diane Abou
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Mallinckrodt Cyclotron Facility, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Activity Measurement of 44Sc and Calibration of Activity Measurement Instruments on Production Sites and Clinics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031345. [PMID: 36771012 PMCID: PMC9920337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
44Sc is a promising radionuclide for positron emission tomography (PET) in nuclear medicine. As a part of the implementation of a production site for 44Sc, precise knowledge of the activity of the product is necessary. At the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the University of Bern (UniBE), 44Sc is produced by enriched 44CaO-target irradiation with a cyclotron. The two sites use different techniques for activity measurement, namely a dose calibrator at the PSI and a gamma-ray spectrometry system at UniBE and PSI. In this work, the 44Sc was produced at the PSI, and samples of the product were prepared in dedicated containers for onsite measurements at PSI, UniBE, and the Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA) in Lausanne for precise activity measurement using primary techniques and for the calibration of the reference ionization chambers. An accuracy of 1% was obtained for the activity measurement, allowing for a precise calibration of the dose calibrator and gamma-ray spectrometry of the two production sites. Each production site now has the capability of measuring 44Sc activity with an accuracy of 2%.
Collapse
|
10
|
Marengo M, Cicoria G, Infantino A, Vichi S, Zagni F, Mostacci D. State of the Art in Cyclotrons for Radionuclide Production in Biomedicine. NUCL SCI ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00295639.2022.2146433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Marengo
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Cicoria
- University Hospital “S.Orsola – Malpighi,” Department of Medical Physics, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Infantino
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sara Vichi
- University Hospital “S.Orsola – Malpighi,” Department of Clinical Engineering, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Zagni
- University Hospital “S.Orsola – Malpighi,” Department of Medical Physics, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domiziano Mostacci
- University of Bologna, Department of Industrial Engineering, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schmidt CE, Gajecki L, Deri MA, Sanders VA. Current State of 44Ti/ 44Sc Radionuclide Generator Systems and Separation Chemistry. Curr Radiopharm 2023; 16:95-106. [PMID: 36372922 PMCID: PMC10375575 DOI: 10.2174/1874471016666221111154424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in 44Ti/44Sc generators as an onsite source of 44Sc for medical applications without needing a proximal cyclotron. The relatively short half-life (3.97 hours) and high positron branching ratio (94.3%) of 44Sc make it a viable candidate for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. This review discusses current 44Ti/44Sc generator designs, focusing on their chemistry, drawbacks, post-elution processing, and relevant preclinical studies of the 44Sc for potential PET radiopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Schmidt
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10468
| | - Leah Gajecki
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - Melissa A. Deri
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10468
| | - Vanessa A. Sanders
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Mateu I, Scampoli P, Braccini S. Alternative routes for 64Cu production using an 18 MeV medical cyclotron in view of theranostic applications. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 191:110518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Half-life measurement of 44Sc and 44mSc. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 190:110507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Mateu I, Scampoli P, Voeten N, Braccini S. 47Sc and 46Sc cross-section measurement for an optimized 47Sc production with an 18 MeV medical PET cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 189:110428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Mateu I, Scampoli P, Voeten N, Braccini S. Cross-section measurement for an optimized 61Cu production at an 18 MeV medical cyclotron from natural Zn and enriched 64Zn solid targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 190:110466. [PMID: 36174333 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The availability of novel medical radionuclides is a key point in the development of personalised nuclear medicine. In particular, copper radioisotopes are attracting considerable interest as they can be used to label various molecules of medical interest, such as proteins and peptides, and offer two of the most promising true theranostic pairs, namely 61Cu/67Cu and 64Cu/67Cu. Although 64Cu (t1/2 = 12.7006 h, β+: 17.6%, β-: 38.5%) is nowadays the most commonly used as a diagnostic radionuclide, 61Cu (t1/2 = 3.339 h, β+: 61%) features more favourable nuclear properties, such as a higher positron decay fraction and the absence of β- emissions. To date, the production of 61Cu has been carried out irradiating highly enriched 61Ni targets with a low energy proton beam. However, the use of the very expensive 61Ni targets requires an efficient recovery of the target material and makes this method quite inconvenient. Another promising production route is the proton irradiation of natural Zn or enriched 64Zn targets, exploiting the (p,α) nuclear reaction. Along this line, a research program is ongoing at the Bern medical cyclotron, equipped with an external beam transfer line and a solid target station. In this paper, we report on cross-section measurements of the 64Zn(p,α)61Cu nuclear reaction using natural Zn and enriched 64Zn material, which served as the basis to perform optimized 61Cu production tests with solid targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Dellepiane
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Pierluigi Casolaro
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isidre Mateu
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Scampoli
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Naomi Voeten
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saverio Braccini
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Production Review of Accelerator-Based Medical Isotopes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165294. [PMID: 36014532 PMCID: PMC9415084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactor-based medical isotopes is fragile, which has meant supply shortages from time to time. This paper reviews alternative production methods in the form of cyclotrons, linear accelerators and neutron generators. Finally, the status of the production of medical isotopes in China is described.
Collapse
|
17
|
Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Häffner PD, Mateu I, Scampoli P, Voeten N, Zyaee E, Braccini S. New methods for theranostic radioisotope production with solid targets at the Bern medical cyclotron. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226105006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of theranostic radionuclides using solid targets is challenging and requires an accurate knowledge of the production crosssections as well as the energy, positioning and focusing of the beam. A research program is ongoing at the 18 MeV Bern medical cyclotron, equipped with a Solid Target Station (STS) and a 6 m Beam Transfer Line (BTL) ending in a separate bunker with independent access. A novel target coin was designed and built to irradiate compressed powder pellets, together with a compact focalization system to optimize the irradiation procedure. Furthermore, methods were developed to measure the beam energy, the production cross-sections and the EoB-activity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Braccini S, Carzaniga T, Dellepiane G, Grundler P, Scampoli P, van der Meulen N, Wüthrich D. Optimization of 68Ga production at an 18 MeV medical cyclotron with solid targets by means of cross-section measurement of 66Ga, 67Ga and 68Ga. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 186:110252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Favaretto C, Grundler P, Mateu I, Scampoli P, Talip Z, van der Meulen NP, Braccini S. Cross-section measurement of terbium radioisotopes for an optimized 155Tb production with an 18 MeV medical PET cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 184:110175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
20
|
van der Meulen NP, Talip Z. Non-conventional radionuclides: The pursuit for perfection. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
21
|
Benešová M, Reischl G. Production of radionuclides: Cyclotrons and reactors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
22
|
Diagnosis of Glioblastoma by Immuno-Positron Emission Tomography. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010074. [PMID: 35008238 PMCID: PMC8750680 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroimaging has transformed the way brain tumors are diagnosed and treated. Although different non-invasive modalities provide very helpful information, in some situations, they present a limited value. By merging the specificity of antibodies with the resolution, sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities of positron emission tomography (PET), “Immuno-PET” allows us to conduct the non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of patients over time using antibody-based probes as an in vivo, integrated, quantifiable, 3D, full-body “immunohistochemistry”, like a “virtual biopsy”. This review provides and focuses on immuno-PET applications and future perspectives of this promising imaging approach for glioblastoma. Abstract Neuroimaging has transformed neuro-oncology and the way that glioblastoma is diagnosed and treated. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most widely used non-invasive technique in the primary diagnosis of glioblastoma. Although MRI provides very powerful anatomical information, it has proven to be of limited value for diagnosing glioblastomas in some situations. The final diagnosis requires a brain biopsy that may not depict the high intratumoral heterogeneity present in this tumor type. The revolution in “cancer-omics” is transforming the molecular classification of gliomas. However, many of the clinically relevant alterations revealed by these studies have not yet been integrated into the clinical management of patients, in part due to the lack of non-invasive biomarker-based imaging tools. An innovative option for biomarker identification in vivo is termed “immunotargeted imaging”. By merging the high target specificity of antibodies with the high spatial resolution, sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities of positron emission tomography (PET), “Immuno-PET” allows us to conduct the non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of patients over time using antibody-based probes as an in vivo, integrated, quantifiable, 3D, full-body “immunohistochemistry” in patients. This review provides the state of the art of immuno-PET applications and future perspectives on this imaging approach for glioblastoma.
Collapse
|
23
|
Choiński J, Łyczko M. Prospects for the production of radioisotopes and radiobioconjugates for theranostics. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2021-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of diagnostic methods in medicine as well as the progress in the synthesis of biologically active compounds allows the use of selected radioisotopes for the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of diseases, especially cancerous ones, in patients. This approach is called theranostic. This review article includes chemical and physical characterization of chosen theranostic radioisotopes and their compounds that are or could be useful in nuclear medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Łyczko
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Favaretto C, Talip Z, Borgna F, Grundler PV, Dellepiane G, Sommerhalder A, Zhang H, Schibli R, Braccini S, Müller C, van der Meulen NP. Cyclotron production and radiochemical purification of terbium-155 for SPECT imaging. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:37. [PMID: 34778932 PMCID: PMC8590989 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Terbium-155 [T1/2 = 5.32 d, Eγ = 87 keV (32%) 105 keV (25%)] is an interesting radionuclide suitable for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging with potential application in the diagnosis of oncological disease. It shows similar decay characteristics to the clinically established indium-111 and would be a useful substitute for the diagnosis and prospective dosimetry with biomolecules that are afterwards labeled with therapeutic radiolanthanides and pseudo-radiolanthanides, such as lutetium-177 and yttrium-90. Moreover, terbium-155 could form part of the perfect “matched pair” with the therapeutic radionuclide terbium-161, making the concept of true radiotheragnostics a reality. The aim of this study was the investigation of the production of terbium-155 via the 155Gd(p,n)155Tb and 156Gd(p,2n)155Tb nuclear reactions and its subsequent purification, in order to obtain a final product in quantity and quality sufficient for preclinical application. The 156Gd(p,2n)155Tb nuclear reaction was performed with 72 MeV protons (degraded to ~ 23 MeV), while the 155Gd(p,n)155Tb reaction was degraded further to ~ 10 MeV, as well as performed at an 18 MeV medical cyclotron, to demonstrate its feasibility of production. Result The 156Gd(p,2n)155Tb nuclear reaction demonstrated higher production yields of up to 1.7 GBq, however, lower radionuclidic purity when compared to the final product (~ 200 MBq) of the 155Gd(p,n)155Tb nuclear reaction. In particular, other radioisotopes of terbium were produced as side products. The radiochemical purification of terbium-155 from the target material was developed to provide up to 1.0 GBq product in a small volume (~ 1 mL 0.05 M HCl), suitable for radiolabeling purposes. The high chemical purity of terbium-155 was proven by radiolabeling experiments at molar activities up to 100 MBq/nmol. SPECT/CT experiments were performed in tumor-bearing mice using [155Tb]Tb-DOTATOC. Conclusion This study demonstrated two possible production routes for high activities of terbium-155 using a cyclotron, indicating that the radionuclide is more accessible than the exclusive mass-separated method previously demonstrated. The developed radiochemical purification of terbium-155 from the target material yielded [155Tb]TbCl3 in high chemical purity. As a result, initial cell uptake investigations, as well as SPECT/CT in vivo studies with [155Tb]Tb-DOTATOC, were successfully performed, indicating that the chemical separation produced a product with suitable quality for preclinical studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41181-021-00153-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Favaretto
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Z Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - F Borgna
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - P V Grundler
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - G Dellepiane
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory of High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Sommerhalder
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - H Zhang
- Division Large Research Facilities, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Braccini
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory of High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - N P van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland. .,Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kurakina ES, Wharton L, Hoehr C, Orvig C, Magomedbekov EP, Filosofov D, Radchenko V. Improved separation scheme for 44Sc produced by irradiation of natCa targets with 12.8 MeV protons. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 104-105:22-27. [PMID: 34847480 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 44Sc is of great interest as a positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide due to its suitable nuclear characteristics: Eβ+max = 1.47 MeV, branching ratio 94.3% and convenient half-life of 3.97 h. Here, 44Sc was produced via the widely used reaction 44Ca (p,n)44Sc using natural calcium as a target. METHODS The irradiation was performed at TRIUMF using the 13 MeV cyclotron. The separation consisted of a combination of DGA branched resin and Dowex 50Wx8 (200-400 mesh). The distribution coefficients of Sc3+ on Dowex 50Wx8 (NH4+ form, 200-400 mesh) with ammonium α-hydroxyisobutyrate (pH = 4.8) medium were determined in this study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The tested scheme allows both a reliable separation of 44Sc from the target material as well as from the other competitive metals and a final fraction with high specific activity. The achieved radiochemical yield was 95 ± 3%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Kurakina
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation; Department of High-Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation; Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - L Wharton
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - C Hoehr
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, and Statistics, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - C Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - E P Magomedbekov
- Department of High-Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - D Filosofov
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation
| | - V Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fifty Shades of Scandium: Comparative Study of PET Capabilities Using Sc-43 and Sc-44 with Respect to Conventional Clinical Radionuclides. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101826. [PMID: 34679525 PMCID: PMC8535161 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scandium-44 has been proposed as a valuable radionuclide for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Recently, scandium-43 was introduced as a more favorable option, as it does not emit high-energy γ-radiation; however, its currently employed production method results in a mixture of scandium-43 and scandium-44. The interest in new radionuclides for diagnostic nuclear medicine critically depends on the option for image-based quantification. We aimed to evaluate and compare the quantitative capabilities of scandium-43/scandium-44 in a commercial PET/CT device with respect to more conventional clinical radionuclides (fluorine-18 and gallium-68). With this purpose, we characterized and compared quantitative PET data from a mixture of scandium-43/scandium-44 (~68% scandium-43), scandium-44, fluorine-18 and gallium-68, respectively. A NEMA image-quality phantom was filled with the different radionuclides using clinical-relevant lesion-to-background activity concentration ratios; images were acquired in a Siemens Biograph Vision PET/CT. Quantitative accuracy with scandium-43/scandium-44 in the phantom's background was within 9%, which is in agreement with fluorine-18-based PET standards. Coefficient of variance (COV) was 6.32% and signal recovery in the lesions provided RCmax (recovery coefficient) values of 0.66, 0.90, 1.03, 1.04, 1.12 and 1.11 for lesions of 10-, 13-, 17-, 22-, 28- and 37-mm diameter, respectively. These results are in agreement with EARL reference values for fluorine-18 PET. The results in this work showed that accurate quantitative scandium-43/44 PET/CT is achievable in commercial devices. This may promote the future introduction of scandium-43/44-labelled radiopharmaceuticals into clinical use.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mikolajczak R, Huclier-Markai S, Alliot C, Haddad F, Szikra D, Forgacs V, Garnuszek P. Production of scandium radionuclides for theranostic applications: towards standardization of quality requirements. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:19. [PMID: 34036449 PMCID: PMC8149571 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the frame of "precision medicine", the scandium radionuclides have recently received considerable interest, providing personalised adjustment of radiation characteristics to optimize the efficiency of medical care or therapeutic benefit for particular groups of patients. Radionuclides of scandium, namely scandium-43 and scandium-44 (43/44Sc) as positron emitters and scandium-47 (47Sc), beta-radiation emitter, seem to fit ideally into the concept of theranostic pair. This paper aims to review the work on scandium isotopes production, coordination chemistry, radiolabeling, preclinical studies and the very first clinical studies. Finally, standardized procedures for scandium-based radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed as a basis to pave the way for elaboration of the Ph.Eur. monographs for perspective scandium radionuclides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mikolajczak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzej Soltan 7, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - S Huclier-Markai
- Laboratoire Subatech, UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique /CNRS-IN2P3 / Université de Nantes, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France.
| | - C Alliot
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France
- CRCINA, Inserm / CNRS / Université de Nantes, 8 quai Moncousu, 44007, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - F Haddad
- Laboratoire Subatech, UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique /CNRS-IN2P3 / Université de Nantes, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - D Szikra
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd., Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - V Forgacs
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - P Garnuszek
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzej Soltan 7, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
An Active Irradiation System with Automatic Beam Positioning and Focusing for a Medical Cyclotron. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel active focusing system was developed for enhancing the irradiation performance of the 18 MeV medical cyclotron in operation at the Bern University Hospital in view of the production of non-conventional medical radioisotopes using solid targets. In several cases, such as the production of 43Sc and 44Sc, the beam has to be kept stable within a very small target of about 5 mm diameter. For this purpose, we conceived and realized an apparatus based on a compact focusing and steering magnet system followed by a two-dimensional beam monitoring detector and a specific feedback software that drives the magnet to optimize the beam for a given irradiation set-up. We report on the design, realization and validation beam tests performed using the research beam transfer line of the Bern cyclotron. We demonstrated that the beam spot can be kept on target thanks to the fact that the system automatically reacts to perturbations. Compactness is one of the key features of this system, allowing its use in accelerator facilities with limited space, such as medical cyclotrons for radioisotope production.
Collapse
|