1
|
Rotaru-Zăvăleanu AD, Dinescu VC, Aldea M, Gresita A. Hydrogel-Based Therapies for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2024; 10:476. [PMID: 39057499 PMCID: PMC11276304 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide, significantly impacting individuals, families, and healthcare systems. This neurological emergency can be triggered by ischemic events, including small vessel arteriolosclerosis, cardioembolism, and large artery atherothromboembolism, as well as hemorrhagic incidents resulting from macrovascular lesions, venous sinus thrombosis, or vascular malformations, leading to significant neuronal damage. The resultant motor impairment, cognitive dysfunction, and emotional disturbances underscore the urgent need for effective therapeutic interventions. Recent advancements in biomaterials, particularly hydrogels, offer promising new avenues for stroke management. Hydrogels, composed of three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers, are notable for their ability to absorb and retain substantial amounts of water. Commonly used polymers in hydrogel formulations include natural polymers like alginate, chitosan, and collagen, as well as synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyacrylamide. Their customizable characteristics-such as their porosity, swelling behavior, mechanical strength, and degradation rates-make hydrogels ideal for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, cell delivery, tissue engineering, and the controlled release of therapeutic agents. This review comprehensively explores hydrogel-based approaches to both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke therapy, elucidating the mechanisms by which hydrogels provide neuroprotection. It covers their application in drug delivery systems, their role in reducing inflammation and secondary injury, and their potential to support neurogenesis and angiogenesis. It also discusses current advancements in hydrogel technology and the significant challenges in translating these innovations from research into clinical practice. Additionally, it emphasizes the limited number of clinical trials utilizing hydrogel therapies for stroke and addresses the associated limitations and constraints, underscoring the need for further research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Daniela Rotaru-Zăvăleanu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2-4 Petru Rares Str., 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Venera Cristina Dinescu
- Department of Health Promotion and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2–4 Petru Rares Str., 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Madalina Aldea
- Psychiatry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Andrei Gresita
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 115680, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X, Fazel Anvari-Yazdi A, Duan X, Zimmerling A, Gharraei R, Sharma N, Sweilem S, Ning L. Biomaterials / bioinks and extrusion bioprinting. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:511-536. [PMID: 37435177 PMCID: PMC10331419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioinks are formulations of biomaterials and living cells, sometimes with growth factors or other biomolecules, while extrusion bioprinting is an emerging technique to apply or deposit these bioinks or biomaterial solutions to create three-dimensional (3D) constructs with architectures and mechanical/biological properties that mimic those of native human tissue or organs. Printed constructs have found wide applications in tissue engineering for repairing or treating tissue/organ injuries, as well as in vitro tissue modelling for testing or validating newly developed therapeutics and vaccines prior to their use in humans. Successful printing of constructs and their subsequent applications rely on the properties of the formulated bioinks, including the rheological, mechanical, and biological properties, as well as the printing process. This article critically reviews the latest developments in bioinks and biomaterial solutions for extrusion bioprinting, focusing on bioink synthesis and characterization, as well as the influence of bioink properties on the printing process. Key issues and challenges are also discussed along with recommendations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X.B. Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr, S7K 5A9, Saskatoon, Canada
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, S7K 5A9, Canada
| | - A. Fazel Anvari-Yazdi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, S7K 5A9, Canada
| | - X. Duan
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, S7K 5A9, Canada
| | - A. Zimmerling
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, S7K 5A9, Canada
| | - R. Gharraei
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, S7K 5A9, Canada
| | - N.K. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr, S7K 5A9, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - S. Sweilem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - L. Ning
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu CF, Rwei SP, Yang SJ, Tsen WC, Lin LH. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(DL-lactide) Containing Fluorene Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112555. [PMID: 37299353 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
9,9-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-acryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]fluorene (BPF) hydroxyl groups (-OH) were used as initiators in the ring-opening polymerization reaction with DL-lactide monomers at different molar ratios to synthesize a Poly(DL-lactide) polymer containing bisphenol fluorene structure and acrylate functional groups (DL-BPF). The polymer's structure and molecular weight range were analyzed using NMR (1H, 13C) and gel permeation chromatography. DL-BPF was then subjected to photocrosslinking using the photoinitiator Omnirad 1173, resulting in the formation of an optically transparent crosslinked polymer. Characterization of the crosslinked polymer involved analyzing its gel content, refractive index, thermal stability (via differential scanning thermometry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), as well as conducting cytotoxicity tests. The crosslinked copolymer exhibited a maximum refractive index of 1.5276, a maximum glass transition temperature of 61.1 °C, and cell survival rates higher than 83% in the cytotoxicity tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Fu Yu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Jim Yang
- Department of Aeronautical and Opto-Mechatronic Engineering, Vanung University, Taoyuan 320313, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Tsen
- Graduate School of Fabric Technology Management, Lee-Ming Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 243083, Taiwan
| | - Li-Huei Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, Taoyuan 320313, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polylactide-Based Materials: Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031386. [PMID: 36771051 PMCID: PMC9920252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is a biocompatible polyester that can be obtained by polycondensation of lactic acid or the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide [...].
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu CF, Rwei SP, Shu YC. One-pot synthesis of liquid photocrosslinkable poly(l-lactide) with terminal triacrylate. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2331-2338. [PMID: 36741150 PMCID: PMC9841444 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a poly(l-lactide)-pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) polymer modified with acrylic trifunctional groups using a one-pot method based on ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide and PETA. We calculated the molecular weight and structure of PLA-PETA using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H, 13C, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation [HMBC]) spectroscopy. Photocrosslinking PLA-PETA using the Omnirad 1173 photoinitiator yielded a transparent sample with 91% crosslinkage. The crosslinked sample was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thermomechanical analysis (TMA) to determine its thermal properties and thermal expansion coefficient. In vitro cell toxicity tests showed an average cell viability >90%, indicating that the PLA-PETA polymer had good biocompatibility with cells after photocrosslinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Fu Yu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research, National Taipei University of Technology1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd.Taipei 10608TaiwanRepublic of China
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research, National Taipei University of Technology1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd.Taipei 10608TaiwanRepublic of China,Research and Development Center for Smart Textile TechnologyTaiwan
| | - Yao-Chi Shu
- Graduate School of Fabric Technology Management, Lee-Ming Institute of TechnologyTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yilmaz M, Pekdemir ME, Özen Öner E. Evaluation of Pb doped Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) / Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blend composites regarding physicochemical and radiation shielding properties. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Poly(glycidyl azide) as Photo-Crosslinker for Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245451. [PMID: 36559818 PMCID: PMC9787972 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslinking polymers to form networks is a universal and routinely applied strategy to improve their stability and endow them with solvent resistance, adhesion properties, etc. However, the chemical crosslinking of common commercial polymers, especially for those without functional groups, cannot be achieved readily. In this study, we utilized low-molecular weight poly(glycidyl azide) (GAP) as polymeric crosslinkers to crosslink various commercial polymers via simple ultraviolet light irradiation. The azide groups were shown to decompose upon photo-irradiation and be converted to highly reactive nitrene species, which are able to insert into carbon-hydrogen bonds and thus crosslink the polymeric matrices. This strategy was demonstrated successfully in several commercial polymers. In particular, it was found that the crosslinking is highly localized, which could endow the polymeric matrices with a decent degree of crosslinking without significantly influencing other properties, suggesting a novel and robust method to crosslink polymeric materials.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang W, DiPrete D, Taleyarkhan RP. PLA Renewable Bio Polymer Based Solid-State Gamma Radiation Detector-Dosimeter for Biomedical and Nuclear Industry Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8265. [PMID: 36365965 PMCID: PMC9655317 DOI: 10.3390/s22218265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) as a "green," renewable corn-soy based polymer resin was assessed as a novel solid-state detector for rapid-turnaround gamma radiation dosimetry in the 1-100 kGy range-of significant interest in biomedical and general nuclear industry applications. Co-60 was used as the source of gamma photons. It was found that PLA resin responds well in terms of rheology and porosity metrics with an absorbed gamma dose (Dg). In this work, rheological changes were ascertained via measuring the differential mass loss ratio (MLR) of irradiated PLA placed within PTFE-framed (40 mm × 20 mm × 0.77 mm) cavities bearing ~0.9 g of PLA resin and pressed for 12-16 min in a controlled force hot press under ~6.6 kN loading and platens heated to 227 °C for the low Dg range: 0-11 kGy; and to 193 °C for the extended Dg range: 11-120 kGy. MLR varied quadratically from 0.05 to ~0.2 (1σ ~ 0.007) in the 0-11 kGy experiments, and from 0.05 to ~0.5 (1σ ~0.01) in the 0-120 kGy experiments. Rheological changes from gamma irradiation were modeled and simultaneously correlated with void-pocket formations, which increase with Dg. A single PLA resin bead (~0.04 g) was compressed 5 min at 216 °C in 0-16 kGy experiments, and compressed 2 min at 232 °C in the 16-110 kGy experiments, to form sturdy ~100 µm thick wafers in the same press. Aggregate coupon porosity was then readily measurable with conventional optical microscope imaging and analyzed with standard image processing; this provided complementary data to MLR. Average porosity vs. dose varied quadratically from ~0 to ~15% in the 0-16 kGy range and from ~0 to ~18% over the 16-114 kGy range. These results provide evidence for utilizing "green"/renewable (under $0.01) PLA resin beads for rapid and accurate (+/-5-10%) gamma dosimetry over a wide 0-120 kGy range, using simple to deploy mass and void measuring techniques using common laboratory equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David DiPrete
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | - Rusi P. Taleyarkhan
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Comparative Study of Gamma-Ray Irradiation-Induced Oxidation: Polyethylene, Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride), and Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214570. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation techniques are used to modify the physical, chemical and biological properties of polymers. This induces crosslinking and degradation reactions of polymers by utilizing radicals generated through ionizing radiation. However, oxidation products (such as carbonyl) can be formed because oxidation occurs by chain scission in the presence of oxygen. Herein, we demonstrate the gamma-ray irradiation-induced oxidation with and without fluorine using polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene under the same conditions. In this study, changes in element-content and chemical-bond structures were analyzed before and after gamma-ray irradiation under air atmosphere. As a result, polytetrafluo-roethylene showed less oxidation and excellent thermal properties after the absorbed dose of 500 kGy. This can be attributed to the generation of stable perfluoroalkylperoxy radicals after gamma ray irradiation in the PTFE structure containing only CF2 groups, thereby hindering the oxidation reaction.
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of Sterilization and Hydrolytic Degradation on the Structure, Morphology and Compressive Strength of Polylactide-Hydroxyapatite Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810454. [PMID: 36142380 PMCID: PMC9499569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites based on polylactide (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared using a thermally induced phase separation method. In the experimental design, the PLA with low weight-average molar mass (Mw) and high Mw were tested with the inclusion of HA synthesized as whiskers or hexagonal rods. In addition, the structure of HA whiskers was doped with Zn, whereas hexagonal rods were mixed with Sr salt. The composites were sterilized and then incubated in phosphate-buffered saline for 12 weeks at 37 °C, followed by characterization of pore size distribution, molecular properties, density and mechanical strength. Results showed a substantial reduction of PLA Mw for both polymers due to the preparation of composites, their sterilization and incubation. The distribution of pore size effectively increased after the degradation process, whereas the sterilization, furthermore, had an impact on pore size distribution depending on HA added. The inclusion of HA reduced to some extent the degradation of PLA quantitatively in the weight loss in vitro compared to the control without HA. All produced materials showed no cytotoxicity when validated against L929 mouse skin fibroblasts and hFOB 1.19 human osteoblasts. The lack of cytotoxicity was accompanied by the immunocompatibility with human monocytic cells that were able to detect pyrogenic contaminants.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lupu (Luchian) AM, Mariş M, Zaharescu T, Marinescu VE, Iovu H. Stability Study of the Irradiated Poly(lactic acid)/Styrene Isoprene Styrene Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15145080. [PMID: 35888545 PMCID: PMC9319368 DOI: 10.3390/ma15145080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the stability improvement of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/styrene-isoprene block copolymer (SIS) loaded with silica nanoparticles is characterized. The protection efficiency in the material of thermal stability is mainly studied by means of high accurate isothermal and nonisothermal chemiluminescence procedures. The oxidation induction times obtained in the isothermal CL determinations increase from 45 min to 312 min as the polymer is free of silica or the filler loading is about 10%, respectively. The nonisothermal measurements reveal the values of onset oxidation temperatures with about 15% when the concentration of SiO2 particles is enhanced from none to 10%. The curing assay and Charlesby–Pinner representation as well as the modifications that occurred in the FTIR carbonyl band at 1745 cm−1 are appropriate proofs for the delay of oxidation in hybrid samples. The improved efficiency of silica during the accelerated degradation of PLA/SIS 30/n-SiO2 composites is demonstrated by means of the increased values of activation energy in correlation with the augmentation of silica loading. While the pristine material is modified by the addition of 10% silica nanoparticles, the activation energy grows from 55 kJ mol−1 to 74 kJ mol−1 for nonirradiated samples and from 47 kJ mol−1 to 76 kJ mol−1 for γ-processed material at 25 kGy. The stabilizer features are associated with silica nanoparticles due to the protection of fragments generated by the scission of hydrocarbon structure of SIS, the minor component, whose degradation fragments are early converted into hydroperoxides rather than influencing depolymerization in the PLA phase. The reduction of the transmission values concerning the growing reinforcement is evidence of the capacity of SiO2 to minimize the changes in polymers subjected to high energy sterilization. The silica loading of 10 wt% may be considered a proper solution for attaining an extended lifespan under the accelerated degradation caused by the intense transfer of energy, such as radiation processing on the polymer hybrid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Lupu (Luchian)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.L.); (H.I.)
- Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marius Mariş
- Dental Medicine Faculty, University Titu Maiorescu, 22 Dâmbovnicului Tineretului St., 040441 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (T.Z.)
| | - Traian Zaharescu
- INCDIE ICPE CA, Radiochemistry Center, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (T.Z.)
| | | | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.L.); (H.I.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Creation of a Stable Nanofibrillar Scaffold Composed of Star-Shaped PLA Network Using Sol-Gel Process during Electrospinning. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134154. [PMID: 35807400 PMCID: PMC9268024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PLA nanofibers are of great interest in tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility and morphology; moreover, their physical properties can be tailored for long-lasting applications. One of the common and efficient methods to improve polymer properties and slow down their degradation is sol-gel covalent crosslinking. However, this method usually results in the formation of gels or films, which undervalues the advantages of nanofibers. Here, we describe a dual process sol-gel/electrospinning to improve the mechanical properties and stabilize the degradation of PLA scaffolds. For this purpose, we synthesized star-shaped PLAs and functionalized them with triethoxysilylpropyl groups (StarPLA-PTES) to covalently react during nanofibers formation. To achieve this, we evaluated the use of (1) a polymer diluent and (2) different molecular weights of StarPLA on electrospinnability, StarPLA-PTES condensation time and crosslinking efficiency. Our results show that the diluent allowed the fiber formation and reduced the condensation time, while the addition of low-molecular-weight StarPLA-PTES improved the crosslinking degree, resulting in stable matrices even after 6 months of degradation. Additionally, these materials showed biocompatibility and allowed the proliferation of fibroblasts. Overall, these results open the door to the fabrication of scaffolds with enhanced stability and prospective long-term applications.
Collapse
|
13
|
Vasile C, Pamfil D, Zaharescu T, Dumitriu RP, Pricope GM, Râpă M, Vasilievici G. Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the PLA-Based Blends and Biocomposites Containing Rosemary Ethanolic Extract and Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071398. [PMID: 35406271 PMCID: PMC9002816 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The irradiation of polymeric materials with ionizing radiation (γ-rays, X-rays, accelerated electrons, ion beams, etc.) may lead to disproportion, hydrogen abstraction, arrangements, degradation, and/or the formation of new bonds. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on some new poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based blends and biocomposites, which is crucial when they are used for food packaging or medical purposes. The polymeric blends and biocomposites based on PLA and rosemary ethanolic extract (R) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (20 wt%) plasticized PLA, chitosan (CS) (3–6 wt%) and R (0.5 wt%) biocomposites were subjected to gamma irradiation treatment using three low γ-doses of 10, 20, and 30 kGy. The effect of irradiation was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), chemiluminescence method (CL), migration studies, and antibacterial activity tests. It was found that in comparison with neat PLA, the gamma irradiation in the oxidative conditions of the PLA-based blends and biocomposites, causes modifications in the structure, morphology, and thermal properties of the materials depending on irradiation dose and the presence of natural additives such as rosemary and chitosan. It was established that under a gamma-irradiation treatment with dose of 10–20 kGy, the PLA materials showed minor changes in structure and properties being suitable for application in packaging and in addition after irradiation with such doses their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium is improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Vasile
- Physical Chemisytry of Polymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry (PPIMC), 700487 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniela Pamfil
- Physical Chemisytry of Polymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry (PPIMC), 700487 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Traian Zaharescu
- National Institute for Electrical Engineering (INCDIE ICPE CA), 030138 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Raluca-Petronela Dumitriu
- Physical Chemisytry of Polymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry (PPIMC), 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Gina Mihaela Pricope
- Veterinary and Food Safety Laboratory, Food Safety Department, 700489 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Maria Râpă
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Politehnica University of Bucharest (UPB), 060042 Bucharest, Romania; or
| | - Gabriel Vasilievici
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (INCDCP-ICECHIM), 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaler S, Jones MD. Recent advances in externally controlled ring-opening polymerisations. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1241-1256. [PMID: 34918735 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Switchable catalysis is a powerful tool in the polymer chemist's toolbox as it allows on demand access to a variety of polymer architectures. Switchable catalysts operate by the generation of a species which is chemically distinct in behaviour and structure to the precursor. This difference in catalytic activity has been exploited to allow spatiotemporal control over polymerisations in the synthesis of (co)polymers. Although switchable methodologies have been applied to other polymerisation mechanisms for quite some time, for ring opening polymerisation (ROP) reactions it is a relatively young area of research. Despite its infancy, the field is accelerating rapidly. Here, we review recent developments for selected external stimuli for ROP, including redox chemistry, light, allosteric and mechanical control. Furthermore, a brief review on switch catalysis involving exogeneous gases will also be provided, although this area differs from traditional switchable catalysis techniques. An outlook on the future of switchable catalysis is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Matthew D Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Preliminary Study on the Simulation of a Radiation Damage Analysis of Biodegradable Polymers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226777. [PMID: 34832188 PMCID: PMC8620408 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, biodegradable poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) and poly(L-co-d,l lactide) (PLDLA) were evaluated using Geant4 (G4EmStandardPhysics_option4) for damage simulation, in order to predict the safety of these biodegradable polymers against gamma ray sterilization. In the PLCL damage model, both chain scission and crosslinking reactions appear to occur at a radiation dose in the range 0–200 kGy, but the chain cleavage reaction is expected to be relatively dominant at high irradiation doses above 500 kGy. On the other hand, the PLDLA damage model predicted that the chain cleavage reaction would prevail at the total irradiation dose (25–500 kGy). To verify the simulation results, the physicochemical changes in the irradiated PLCL and PLDLA films were characterized by GPC (gel permeation chromatography), ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared), and DSC (difference scanning calorimetry) analyses. The Geant4 simulation curve for the radiation-induced damage to the molecular weight was consistent with the experimentally obtained results. These results imply that the pre-simulation study can be useful for predicting the optimal irradiation dose and ensuring material safety, particularly for implanted biodegradable materials in radiation processing.
Collapse
|
16
|
Khalid M, Ratnam CT, Wei SJ, Ketabchi MR, Raju G, Walvekar R, Mubarak NM. Effect of electron beam radiation on POLY(LACTIC acid) biocomposites reinforced with waste tea powder. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
17
|
Kontaxis LC, Chontzoglou IE, Papanicolaou GC. Efficient Use of Carbon Fibers as Heating Elements for Curing of Epoxy Matrix Composites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165095. [PMID: 34443683 PMCID: PMC8398233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to achieve a fully cured thermoset matrix that is heated by a direct electric current passing through the reinforcement fibers i.e., the Joule heating effect. Two types of fibers were used as heating elements for curing the epoxy resins. Kanthal resistance fibers were used as reference heating elements and subsequently, they were replaced by a Torayca Carbon Tow of the same radius. The specimens were cured by the heat produced by a direct electric current passing through the fibers and achieving temperatures of 50 °C and 70 °C. Specimens cured in a conventional oven were also manufactured, to compare the resistance heating method to the conventional one. Next, all specimens were mechanically characterized in a quasi-static three-point bending mode of loading and experimental results were compared to derive useful conclusions concerning the applicability of the technique to polymer/composite materials mass production. Finally, a preliminary economical study concerning power consumption needed for the application of both the traditional oven curing and the carbon fibers heating elements use for the manufacturing of the same amounts of materials is presented, showing a maximum financial benefit that can be achieved, on the order of 68%.
Collapse
|
18
|
Borska K, Bednarek M, Pawlak A. Reprocessable polylactide-based networks containing urethane and disulfide linkages. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
19
|
Kiatiporntipthak K, Thajai N, Kanthiya T, Rachtanapun P, Leksawasdi N, Phimolsiripol Y, Rohindra D, Ruksiriwanich W, Sommano SR, Jantanasakulwong K. Reaction Mechanism and Mechanical Property Improvement of Poly(Lactic Acid) Reactive Blending with Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2429. [PMID: 34372029 PMCID: PMC8347510 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) was melt-blended with epoxy resin to study the effects of the reaction on the mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA. The addition of 0.5% (wt/wt) epoxy to PLA increased the maximum tensile strength of PLA (57.5 MPa) to 67 MPa, whereas the 20% epoxy improved the elongation at break to 12%, due to crosslinking caused by the epoxy reaction. The morphology of the PLA/epoxy blends showed epoxy nanoparticle dispersion in the PLA matrix that presented a smooth fracture surface with a high epoxy content. The glass transition temperature of PLA decreased with an increasing epoxy content owing to the partial miscibility between PLA and the epoxy resin. The Vicat softening temperature of the PLA was 59 °C and increased to 64.6 °C for 0.5% epoxy. NMR confirmed the reaction between the -COOH groups of PLA and the epoxy groups of the epoxy resin. This reaction, and partial miscibility of the PLA/epoxy blend, improved the interfacial crosslinking, morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krittameth Kiatiporntipthak
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.K.); (P.R.); (N.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Nanthicha Thajai
- Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Thidarat Kanthiya
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.K.); (P.R.); (N.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.K.); (P.R.); (N.L.); (Y.P.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.R.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.K.); (P.R.); (N.L.); (Y.P.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.R.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.K.); (P.R.); (N.L.); (Y.P.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.R.); (S.R.S.)
| | - David Rohindra
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Bay Road, Suva, Fiji;
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.R.); (S.R.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.R.); (S.R.S.)
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory (BAC), Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.K.); (P.R.); (N.L.); (Y.P.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.R.); (S.R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Effect of Printing Parameters on the Tensile Properties of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based on Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142387. [PMID: 34301144 PMCID: PMC8309656 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to optimize the efficiency of the Fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, this study used polylactic acid (PLA) material under different parameters (the printing angle and the raster angle) to fabricate specimens and to explore its tensile properties. The effect of the ultraviolet (UV) curing process on PLA materials was also investigated. The results showed that the printing and raster angles have a high impact on the tensile properties of PLA materials. The UV curing process enhanced the brittleness and reduced the elongation of PLA material. Different effects were observed on tensile strength and modulus of specimens printed with different parameters after UV curing. The above results will be a great help for researchers who are working to achieve sustainability of PLA materials and FDM technology.
Collapse
|
21
|
Glycidyl methacrylate functionalized star-shaped polylactide for electron beam modification of polylactic acid: Synthesis, irradiation effects and microwave-resistant studies. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|