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Bacchella C, Guerriere TB, Monzani E, Dell'Acqua S. Cysteine in the R3 Tau Peptide Modulates Hemin Binding and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11986-12002. [PMID: 38897979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Tau is a neuronal protein involved in axonal stabilization; however under pathological conditions, it triggers the deposition of insoluble neurofibrillary tangles, which are one of the biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. The factors that might influence the fibrillation process are i) two cysteine residues in two pseudorepetitive regions, called R2 and R3, which can modulate protein-protein interaction via disulfide cross-linking; ii) an increase of reactive oxygen species affecting the post-translational modification of tau; and iii) cytotoxic levels of metals, especially ferric-heme (hemin), in hemolytic processes. Herein, we investigated how the cysteine-containing R3 peptide (R3C) and its Cys→Ala mutant (R3A) interact with hemin and how their binding affects the oxidative damage of the protein. The calculated binding constants are remarkably higher for the hemin-R3C complex (LogK1 = 5.90; LogK2 = 5.80) with respect to R3A (LogK1 = 4.44; LogK2 < 2), although NMR and CD investigations excluded the direct binding of cysteine as an iron axial ligand. Both peptides increase the peroxidase-like activity of hemin toward catecholamines and phenols, with a double catalytic efficiency detected for hemin-R3C systems. Moreover, the presence of cysteine significantly alters the susceptibility of R3 toward oxidative modifications, easily resulting in peptide dopamination and formation of cross-linked S-S derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bacchella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Teresa Benedetta Guerriere
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Simone Dell'Acqua
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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De Caro S, De Soricellis G, Dell'Acqua S, Monzani E, Nicolis S. Biological Oxidations and Nitrations Promoted by the Hemin-Aβ 16 Complex. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1319. [PMID: 37507859 PMCID: PMC10376006 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Both β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and oxidative stress conditions play key roles in Alzheimer's disease. Hemin contributes to the development of the disease as it possesses redox properties and its level increases in pathological conditions or traumatic brain injuries. The aim of this work was to deepen the investigation of the reactivity of the hemin-Aβ16 complex, considering its ability to catalyze oxidation and nitration reactions. We performed kinetic studies in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite with phenolic and catechol substrates, as well as mass spectrometry studies to investigate the modifications occurring on the peptide itself. The kinetic constants were similar for oxidation and nitration reactions, and their values suggest that the hemin-Aβ16 complex binds negatively charged substrates with higher affinity. Mass spectrometry studies showed that tyrosine residue is the endogenous target of nitration. Hemin degradation analysis showed that hemin bleaching is only partly prevented by the coordinated peptide. In conclusion, hemin has rich reactivity, both in oxidation and nitration reactions on aromatic substrates, that could contribute to redox equilibrium in neurons. This reactivity is modulated by the coordination of the Aβ16 peptide and is only partly quenched when oxidative and nitrative conditions lead to hemin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Caro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- IUSS School for Advanced Studies of Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia De Soricellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Dell'Acqua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Nicolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Pal I, Dey SG. The Role of Heme and Copper in Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JACS AU 2023; 3:657-681. [PMID: 37006768 PMCID: PMC10052274 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the well-explored proposition of protein aggregation or amyloidosis as the central event in amyloidogenic diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2Dm); there are alternative hypotheses, now becoming increasingly evident, which suggest that the small biomolecules like redox noninnocent metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, etc.) and cofactors (Heme) have a definite influence in the onset and extent of such degenerative maladies. Dyshomeostasis of these components remains as one of the common features in both AD and T2Dm etiology. Recent advances in this course reveal that the metal/cofactor-peptide interactions and covalent binding can alarmingly enhance and modify the toxic reactivities, oxidize vital biomolecules, significantly contribute to the oxidative stress leading to cell apoptosis, and may precede the amyloid fibrils formation by altering their native folds. This perspective highlights this aspect of amyloidogenic pathology which revolves around the impact of the metals and cofactors in the pathogenic courses of AD and T2Dm including the active site environments, altered reactivities, and the probable mechanisms involving some highly reactive intermediates as well. It also discusses some in vitro metal chelation or heme sequestration strategies which might serve as a possible remedy. These findings might open up a new paradigm in our conventional understanding of amyloidogenic diseases. Moreover, the interaction of the active sites with small molecules elucidates potential biochemical reactivities that can inspire designing of drug candidates for such pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick
Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick
Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Nath AK, Roy M, Dey C, Dey A, Dey SG. Spin state dependent peroxidase activity of heme bound amyloid β peptides relevant to Alzheimer's disease. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14305-14319. [PMID: 36545147 PMCID: PMC9749105 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The colocalization of heme rich deposits in the senile plaque of Aβ in the cerebral cortex of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain along with altered heme homeostasis and heme deficiency symptoms in AD patients has invoked the association of heme in AD pathology. Heme bound Aβ complexes, depending on the concentration of the complex or peptide to heme ratio, exhibit an equilibrium between a high-spin mono-His bound peroxidase-type active site and a low-spin bis-His bound cytochrome b type active site. The high-spin heme-Aβ complex shows higher peroxidase activity than free heme, where compound I is the reactive oxidant. It is also capable of oxidizing neurotransmitters like serotonin in the presence of peroxide, owing to the formation of compound I. The low-spin bis-His heme-Aβ complex on the other hand shows enhanced peroxidase activity relative to high-spin heme-Aβ. It reacts with H2O2 to produce two stable intermediates, compound 0 and compound I, which are characterized by absorption, EPR and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The stability of compound I of low-spin heme-Aβ is accountable for its enhanced peroxidase activity and oxidation of the neurotransmitter serotonin. The effect of the second sphere Tyr10 residue of Aβ on the formation and stability of the intermediates of low-spin heme-Aβ has also been investigated. The higher stability of compound I for low-spin heme-Aβ is likely due to H-bonding interactions involving Tyr10 in the distal pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Kumar Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
| | - Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
| | - Chinmay Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
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Hopp MT, Rathod DC, Winn KH, Ambast S, Imhof D. Novel insights into heme binding to hemoglobin. Biol Chem 2022; 403:1055-1066. [PMID: 36043538 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Under hemolytic conditions, hemoglobin and subsequently heme are rapidly released, leading to the toxic effects characterizing diseases such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Herein, we provide evidence that human hemoglobin can bind heme in a transient fashion via surface-exposed sequence motifs. Following the synthesis of potential heme-binding motifs (HBMs) as peptides, their heme-binding capacity was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy and ranked according to their binding affinity. Heme binding to human hemoglobin was subsequently studied by UV-vis and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, revealing a heme-binding affinity in the sub- to micromolar range and a stoichiometry that clearly exceeds a 1:1 ratio. In silico molecular docking and simulation studies confirmed heme binding to the respective motifs in the β-chain of hemoglobin. Finally, the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin and the hemoglobin-heme complex was monitored, which indicated a much higher activity (>1800%) than other heme-peptide/protein complexes reported so far. The present study provides novel insights into the nature of intact hemoglobin concerning its transient interaction with heme, which suggests for the first time potential heme-scavenging properties of the protein at concomitant disassembly and, consequently, a potentiation of hemolysis and related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Hopp
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dhruv Chetanbhai Rathod
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Helena Winn
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shubhi Ambast
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Roy M, Nath AK, Pal I, Dey SG. Second Sphere Interactions in Amyloidogenic Diseases. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12132-12206. [PMID: 35471949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloids are protein aggregates bearing a highly ordered cross β structural motif, which may be functional but are mostly pathogenic. Their formation, deposition in tissues and consequent organ dysfunction is the central event in amyloidogenic diseases. Such protein aggregation may be brought about by conformational changes, and much attention has been directed toward factors like metal binding, post-translational modifications, mutations of protein etc., which eventually affect the reactivity and cytotoxicity of the associated proteins. Over the past decade, a global effort from different groups working on these misfolded/unfolded proteins/peptides has revealed that the amino acid residues in the second coordination sphere of the active sites of amyloidogenic proteins/peptides cause changes in H-bonding pattern or protein-protein interactions, which dramatically alter the structure and reactivity of these proteins/peptides. These second sphere effects not only determine the binding of transition metals and cofactors, which define the pathology of some of these diseases, but also change the mechanism of redox reactions catalyzed by these proteins/peptides and form the basis of oxidative damage associated with these amyloidogenic diseases. The present review seeks to discuss such second sphere modifications and their ramifications in the etiopathology of some representative amyloidogenic diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Kumar Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ishita Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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