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Tang Q, Lu Y, Diao S, Yang Y, Liang M, Zhou H, Zhang G. Formaldehyde-free and durable phosphorus-containing cotton flame retardant with -N=P-(N) 3- and reactive ammonium phosphoric acid groups. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129293. [PMID: 38199543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A flame retardant (FR) hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene diethylenetriamine ammonium phosphoric acid (HDAPA) was synthesized. Vertical flammability test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) results showed that cotton samples finished with HDAPA solutions (15 % and 20 %) could pass vertical flame retardancy test, and LOIs reached 30.1 % and 35.4 % even after 50 laundering cycles according to AATCC 61-2013 3A washing standard (3A), performing flame retardancy and washing durability. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses suggested that HDAPA was grafted on cotton fibers through -P(=O)-O-C covalent bond. Total heat release (1.98 MJ/m2) and char residue (16.2 %) of HDAPA treated cotton were much lower than those (4.26 MJ/m2, 3.2 %) of untreated cotton. Thermogravimetry results showed HDAPA changed thermal decomposition pathway of cotton fabric, which was further supported by thermogravimetric-Fourier infrared spectrometer results, revealing HDAPA performed a condensed phase flame retardancy mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy implied HDAPA entered amorphous region of cotton fibers to react with cellulose. Mechanical properties of HDAPA treated cotton decreased a little. Although the synthesis process used formaldehyde but no free formaldehyde released. In consequence, the aforementioned results indicated that the introduction of -N=P-(N)3- and -P(=O)(O-NH4+)2 groups to FR was an viable method to improve flame retardancy and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuo Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengxiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Kaplan M, Ciesielski M, Fuchs S, Getterle C, Schönberger F, Pfaendner R. Novel Macromolecular and Biobased Flame Retardants Based on Cellulose Esters and Phosphorylated Sugar Alcohols. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3195. [PMID: 37571090 PMCID: PMC10420857 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand to provide sustainably produced plastic materials requires, a.o., the development of biobased flame retardants (FRs) for applications where flame retardancy is essential. To meet those challenging new sustainability requirements, a set of novel phosphorus-containing cellulose esters were synthesized by an efficient two-step procedure. In the first step, cellulose was treated with acrylic anhydride to synthesize acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters-more specifically, cellulose acrylate butyrate (CeAcBu) and propionate (CeAcPr). Subsequently, phosphorylated anhydro erythritol (PAHE), synthesized from the sugar alcohol erythritol, was added to the acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters via Phospha-Michael addition. For comparison a cellulose ester based on 6H-Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-on (DOPO) was prepared analogously. The acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters and novel FRs were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. TGA investigations of PAHE-functionalized CeAcBu revealed an onset temperature of decomposition (2% mass loss) of approx. 290 °C. The novel PAHE-based FR was incorporated into a polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer (PP-co-PE) together with poly-tert-butylphenol disulfide (PBDS) (8 wt.%/2 wt.%) as a synergist. The PP-PE samples achieved V2 classification in the UL 94 V test. In addition, specimens of a rapeseed oil-based polyamide containing PAHE-functionalized CeAcBu at 20 wt.% loading yielded a V2 rating with short burning times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matay Kaplan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Michael Ciesielski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (S.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Christoffer Getterle
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany; (S.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.); (R.P.)
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Bhowmick M, Basak S, Samanta KK. Ramie degum liquor: Wastage bio-macromolecule for making thermally stable functionalize polyester fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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A new generation of cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) containing heavy metal free modifier. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany additives are used to improve the performance of cables in terms of increasing their flame retardancy, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and other characteristics. Unfortunately, most of these additives contain heavy metals. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to introduce a material representing a new generation of environmentally friendly heavy metal-free stabilizers for cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) that can compete with traditional materials in terms of performance and distinctive properties. This unique additive is Oxydtron, a synthetic silicate or simply nanocement. The tests performed are rheological properties represented by a capillary rheometry analysis, limiting oxygen index, and volume resistivity. The most significant improvement in Bagley correction measurements was 14.61%; 18.13%; and 27.20% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation when using 5wt.% Oxydtron at 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C, respectively. Also, the mean increases in relaxation time were 3.200 times, 8.825 times, and 12.458 times more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation with 1wt.%, 3wt.%, and 5wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively. Furthermore, the Oxydtron lowered the value of the accompanying thermal gradient of the L.O.I test, reducing the heat-affected zone. The best result was with the extrusion processing method due to the uniformity of the processing conditions. However, the thermal gradient analysis showed residual heat stress in the test samples after cutting the burning layer and re-testing the samples again; this causes them to burn faster. This situation requires caution for designs that are exposed to high temperatures without burning. The optimum improvement in volume resistivity value was 14.71% and 38.24% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation after adding 5wt.% and 7wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively.
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Special Issue "Recent Advances in Flame-Retardant Polymers and Composites". Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206167. [PMID: 34684748 PMCID: PMC8541075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Podkościelna B, Wnuczek K, Goliszek M, Klepka T, Dziuba K. Flammability Tests and Investigations of Properties of Lignin-Containing Polymer Composites Based on Acrylates. Molecules 2020; 25:E5947. [PMID: 33334041 PMCID: PMC7765523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper flammability tests and detailed investigations of lignin-containing polymer composites' properties are presented. Composites were obtained using bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and kraft lignin (lignin alkali, L) during UV curing. In order to evaluate the influence of lignin modification and the addition of flame retardant compounds on the thermal resistance of the obtained biocomposites, flammability tests have been conducted. After the modification with phosphoric acid (V) lignin, as well as diethyl vinylphosphonate, were used as flame retardant additives. The changes in the chemical structures (ATR-FTIR), as well as the influence of the different additives on the hardness, thermal (TG) and mechanical properties were discussed in detail. The samples after the flammability test were also studied to assess their thermal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Krystyna Wnuczek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Goliszek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kamil Dziuba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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