1
|
Fundneider-Kale S, Kerres J, Engelhart M. Impact of benzalkonium chloride on anaerobic granules and its long-term effects on reactor performance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135183. [PMID: 39024763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the inhibitory and performance-degrading effects induced by the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) on anaerobic granules during the long-term operation of a laboratory-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor. To address the critical scientific problem of how BAC affects the efficiency of EGSB reactors, this research uniquely evaluated the long-term stress response to BAC by systematically comparing continuous and discontinuous inhibitor exposure scenarios. The novel comparison demonstrated that inhibitor concentration is of minor relevance compared to the biomass-specific cumulative inhibitor load in the reactor. After exceeding a critical biomass-specific cumulative inhibitor load of 6.1-6.5 mg BAC/g VS, continuous and discontinuous exposure to BAC caused comparable significant deterioration in reactor performance, including accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA), decreased removal efficiency, reduced methane production, as well as the wash-out, flotation, and disintegration of anaerobic granules. BAC exposures had a more detrimental effect on methanogenesis than on acidogenesis. Moreover, long-term stress by BAC led to an inhibition of protein production, resulting in a decreased protein-to-polysaccharide ratio of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that promoted destabilizing effects on the granules. Finally, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was triggered. Reactor performance could not be restored due to the severe loss of granular sludge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fundneider-Kale
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Wastewater Technology, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - J Kerres
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Wastewater Technology, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Engelhart
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Wastewater Technology, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ergüden B, Tarlak F, Ünver Y. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids disrupt saccharomyces cerevisiae cell membrane integrity. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:334. [PMID: 38951200 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are interesting chemical compounds that have a wide range of industrial and scientific applications. They have extraordinary properties, such as the tunability of many of their physical properties and, accordingly, their activities; and the ease of synthesis methods. Hence, they became important building blocks in catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. This study determined antifungal activities of various imidazolium-based ionic liquids against yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) estimation method. Increasing the length of the alkyl group attached to the imidazolium cation, enhanced the antifungal activity of the ILs, as well as their ability of the disruption of the cell membrane integrity. FTIR studies performed on the S. cerevisiae cells treated with the ILs revealed alterations in the biochemical composition of these cells. Interestingly, the alterations in fatty acid content occurred in parallel with the increase in the activity of the molecules upon the increase in the length of the attached alkyl group. This trend was confirmed by statistical analysis and machine learning methodology. The classification of antifungal activities based on FTIR spectra of S. cerevisiae cells yielded a prediction accuracy of 83%, indicating the pharmacy and medicine industries could benefit from machine learning methodology. Furthermore, synthesized ionic compounds exhibit significant potential for pharmaceutical and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bengü Ergüden
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Tarlak
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ünver
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tong Y, Lu P, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang Y, Quan L, Ding A. The shock of benzalkonium chloride on aerobic granular sludge system and its microbiological mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165010. [PMID: 37353018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a kind of biocides and surfactants widely used around the world and wastewater treatment systems were identified as its largest pool. QACs could significantly inhibit microbial activity in biological treatment. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is an emerging wastewater biological treatment technology with high efficiency and resistance, but it is still unclear if AGS system could tolerate QACs shock. In this study, a typical QAC (benzalkonium chloride (BACC12)) was selected to investigate its effect on AGS system. Results indicate that BAC could inhibit the pollutants removal performance of AGS system, including COD, NH4+-N and PO43- in the short term and the inhibition ratio had positive correlation with BAC concentration. However, AGS system could gradually adapt to the BAC stress and recover its original performance. BAC shock could destroy AGS structure by decreasing its particle size and finally leading to particle disintegration. Although AGS could secret more EPS to resist the stress, BAC still had significant inhibition on cell activity. Microbial community analysis illustrated that after high BAC concentration shock in short term, Thauera decreased significantly while Flavobacterium became the dominant genus. However, after the performance of AGS system recovered the dominant genus returned to Thauera and relevant denitrifiers Phaeodactylibacter, Nitrosomonas and Pseudofulvimonas also increased. The typical phosphorous removal microorganism Rubrivivax and Leadbetterella also showed the similar trend. The variation of denitrification and phosphorus removal microbial community was consistent with AGS system performance indicating the change of functional microorganism played key role in the AGS response to BAC stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Water Service Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400020, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Sinopec Chongqing Shale Gas Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 408400, China
| | - Lin Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Aqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biotransformation of testosterone by the filamentous fungus Penicillium pinophilum. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:570. [PMID: 35994127 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The microbial biotransformation is a robust procedure in developing steroids and fungi are practical tools in this process; therefore, the fungal modification of testosterone by Penicillium pinophilum was investigated. The three prominent metabolites, including 14α-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (II), 14α-hydroxytestosterone (III), and 11α-hydroxytestosterone (IV), were isolated and characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The time course profile showed that the content of the metabolites II and III began to decrease after 96 and 24 h, respectively. In comparison, the content of the metabolite IV remained stable after 24 h. In silico studies showed that the probability of binding to the androgen receptor remains high for all three metabolites. However, the probability of binding to the estrogen receptors α and β increased for metabolite IV but decreased for metabolite III. Penicillium pinophilum as a potentially viable biocatalyst could hydroxylate C-11α and C-14α positions and oxidize the C-17β hydroxyl group to 17-ketone in testosterone molecule.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang Z, Zheng X, Li L, Qi J, Wu W, Lu Y. Ionic Liquids: Emerging Antimicrobial Agents. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2391-2404. [PMID: 35879499 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious threat to global health. New antimicrobials are thus urgently needed. Ionic liquids (ILs), salts consisting of organic cations and anions with melting points less than 100°C, have been recently found to be promising in antimicrobial field as they may disrupt the bacterial wall and membrane and consequently lead to cell leakage and death. Different types of antimicrobial ILs are introduced in the review, including cationic, polymeric, and anionic ILs. Being the main type of the antimicrobial ILs, the review focuses on the structure and the antimicrobial mechanisms of cationic ILs. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of the cationic ILs are also included. Increase in alkyl chain length and lipophilicity is beneficial to increase the antimicrobial effects of cationic ILs. Polymeric ILs are homopolymers of monomer ILs or copolymers of ILs and other monomers. They have great potential in the field of antibiotics as they provide stronger antimicrobial effects than the sum of the monomer ILs. Anionic ILs are composed of existing anionic antibiotics and organic cations, being capable to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of the original form. Nonetheless, the medical application of antimicrobial ILs is limited by the toxicity. The structural optimization aided by QSAR model and combination with existing antibiotics may provide a solution to this problem and expand the application range of ILs in antimicrobial field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhezheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xianzi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng Y, Zhao HQ, Ding A, Chen F, Liu J, Fang D, Li C, Huang Y, Lu P. Singlet oxygen-dominated electrocatalytic oxidation treatment for the high-salinity quaternary ammonium compound wastewater with Ti/(Ru xIr y)O 2 anode. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112815. [PMID: 35093311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) has posed a serious hazard to the environment and human being, and high concentration of Cl- in QAC wastewater may further increase the difficulty of pollutants elimination. In this study, such a QAC wastewater under high salinity conditions was chosen as the target, the prepared Ti/(RuxIry)O2 anode exhibited favorable catalytic performance for the oxidation and mineralization of QAC under high salinity conditions. Increasing the Ru/Ir ratio of Ti-based electrode coating also slightly promoted the inner catalytic capacity. The combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments indicates that 1O2 served as a main reactive specie in the Ti/(RuxIry)O2 electrooxidation system. The increase of pH could decrease the removal efficiency of QAC for the reduced 1O2 yield, and the rise of Cl- concentration could favor the QAC oxidation, and Cl- was a better electrolyte to promote the oxidation of organic contaminants when compared to Na2SO4 or Na2CO3. Additionally, the conversion pathway of the model pollutant was tentatively investigated, the results demonstrated that there were almost no halogenated final products residual by electrocatalytic oxidation with Ti/(RuxIry)O2 anode. This study not only elucidate the reaction mechanism of Ti/(RuxIry)O2 anode electrocatalytic oxidation of high salinity QAC wastewater, but also may provide an efficacious and eco-friendly method for the treatment of high salinity QAC wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region 's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Han-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region 's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Aqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region 's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region 's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region 's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Dazhi Fang
- Sinopec Chongqing Shale Gas Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 408400, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Sinopec Chongqing Shale Gas Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 408400, China
| | - Yongkui Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Exploration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region 's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tri-tert-butyl(n-alkyl)phosphonium Ionic Liquids: Structure, Properties and Application as Hybrid Catalyst Nanomaterials. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13179862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of sterically hindered tri-tert-butyl(n-alkyl)phosphonium salts (n-CnH2n+1 with n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17) was synthesized and systematically studied by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and melting point measurement. Formation and stabilization palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were used to characterize the phosphonium ionic liquid (PIL) nanoscale interaction ability. The colloidal Pd in the PIL systems was described with TEM and DLS analyses and applied in the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The PILs were proven to be suitable stabilizers of PdNPs possessing high catalytic activity. The tri-tert-butyl(n-alkyl)phosphonium salts showed a complex nonlinear correlation of the structure–property relationship. The synthesized family of PILs has a broad variety of structural features, including hydrophobic and hydrophilic structures that are entirely expressed in the diversity of their properties
Collapse
|