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Wang W, Li X, Wu H, Shi F, Zhang Z, Lv H. Explore the underlying oral efficacy of α-, β-, γ-Cyclodextrin against the ulcerative colitis using in vitro and in vivo studies assisted by network pharmacology. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4985-5000. [PMID: 37517028 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2239901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is rising worldwide. As a refractory and recurrent disease, UC could seriously affect the patients' quality of life. However, current clinical medical treatments for UC are accompanied by various side effects, especially for long-term applications. Here, the underlying efficacy of cyclodextrins (CDs) was studied. As common excipients, CDs endow proven safety for long-term applications. Results of predictive methods derived from network pharmacology prompted the potential anti-inflammatory effects of CDs by oral administration. RAW264.7 cell experiments verified that CDs could inhibit the excessive secretion of TNF-α (β-CD > α-CD ≈ γ-CD), IL-6, and NO (α-CD > β-CD ≈ γ-CD) as predicted. In mice with DSS-induced acute UC, oral administration of CDs could effectively mitigate the pathological damage of colon tissue and reduce the level of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing displayed that gut microbes disturbed by DSS were significantly regulated by CDs. Conclusively, the study showed the therapeutic application prospects of CDs in UC treatment and indicated the feasibility and advantages of developing 'new' therapeutic activities of 'old' ingredients.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hangyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanli Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Rana M, Jassal S, Yadav R, Sharma A, Puri N, Mazumder K, Gupta N. Functional β-mannooligosaccharides: Sources, enzymatic production and application as prebiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37335120 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2222165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the emerging non-digestible oligosaccharide prebiotics is β-mannooligosaccharides (β-MOS). β-MOS are β-mannan derived oligosaccharides, they are selectively fermented by gut microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms (probiotics), whereas the growth of enteric pathogens remains unaffected or gets inhibited in their presence, along with production of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. β-MOS also exhibit several other bioactive properties and health-promoting effects. Production of β-MOS using the enzymes such as β-mannanases is the most effective and eco-friendly approach. For the application of β-MOS on a large scale, their production needs to be standardized using low-cost substrates, efficient enzymes and optimization of the production conditions. Moreover, for their application, detailed in-vivo and clinical studies are required. For this, a thorough information of various studies in this regard is needed. The current review provides a comprehensive account of the enzymatic production of β-MOS along with an evaluation of their prebiotic and other bioactive properties. Their characterization, structural-functional relationship and in-vivo studies have also been summarized. Research gaps and future prospects have also been discussed, which will help in conducting further research for the commercialization of β-MOS as prebiotics, functional food ingredients and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rana
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunena Jassal
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Richa Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupama Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neena Puri
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
| | - Koushik Mazumder
- Food & Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Naveen Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Bláhová M, Štefuca V, Hronská H, Rosenberg M. Maltooligosaccharides: Properties, Production and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073281. [PMID: 37050044 PMCID: PMC10097025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Maltooligosaccharides (MOS) are homooligosaccharides that consist of 3-10 glucose molecules linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. As they have physiological functions, they are commonly used as ingredients in nutritional products and functional foods. Many researchers have investigated the potential applications of MOS and their derivatives in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, we summarized the properties and methods of fabricating MOS and their derivatives, including sulfated and non-sulfated alkylMOS. For preparing MOS, different enzymatic strategies have been proposed by various researchers, using α-amylases, maltooligosaccharide-forming amylases, or glycosyltransferases as effective biocatalysts. Many researchers have focused on using immobilized biocatalysts and downstream processes for MOS production. This review also provides an overview of the current challenges and future trends of MOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Bláhová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Štefuca
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Hronská
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Rosenberg
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Vega J, Catalá TS, García-Márquez J, Speidel LG, Arijo S, Cornelius Kunz N, Geisler C, Figueroa FL. Molecular Diversity and Biochemical Content in Two Invasive Alien Species: Looking for Chemical Similarities and Bioactivities. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:5. [PMID: 36662178 PMCID: PMC9861339 DOI: 10.3390/md21010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical composition, molecular diversity, and two different bioactivities of Asparagopsis armata and Rugulopteryx okamurae (two alien species with different invasive patterns in the southern Iberian Peninsula) were analyzed through spectrophotometric methods and Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR-MS). A total of 3042 molecular formulas were identified from the different extracts. The dH2O extracts were the most molecularly different. A. armata presented the highest content of nitrogenous compounds (proteins, CHON) and sulphur content, whereas R. okamurae was rich in carbonated compounds (total carbon, lipids, CHO, and CHOP). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content were higher in R. okamurae than in A. armata. Antimicrobial activity was detected from both species. A. armata showed capacity to inhibit human and fish pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or Vibrio anguillarum), whereas R. okamurae only showed inhibition against human bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes). In R. okamurae, molecules with a great number of pharmaceutical activities (e.g., anti-inflammatory or antitumoral), antibacterial, biomaterial, and other utilities were found. The main molecules of A. armata had also pharmaceutical applications (e.g., antimalarian, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, or antiarthritis). The valorization of these species can help to counteract the environmental effects of the bioinvasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vega
- Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Ecology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Teresa S. Catalá
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Organization for Science, Education and Global Society, 70563 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jorge García-Márquez
- Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Microbiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Linn G. Speidel
- Biogeoscience Group, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstr. 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Arijo
- Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Microbiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Niklas Cornelius Kunz
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Biotechnology, ValueData GmbH, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christoph Geisler
- Organization for Science, Education and Global Society, 70563 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Félix L. Figueroa
- Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Ecology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Wang W, Li X, Shi F, Zhang Z, Lv H. Study on the preparation of EGCG-γ-Cyclodextrin inclusion complex and its drug-excipient combined therapeutic effects on the treatment of DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis in mice. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122419. [PMID: 36423710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, γ-cyclodextrins (γ-CD) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) were designed to form an inclusion complex (EGCG-γ-IC) for ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment. The drug-excipient combined therapeutic potential of γ-CD and EGCG was verified, when stability and compliance were also achieved. EGCG-γ-IC effectively inhibited the secretions of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 and the intracellular ROS in RAW264.7 cells. The effectiveness of EGCG-γ-IC in treating DSS-induced acute UC in mice was observed including improving the histological conditions of the colon, reducing the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum, and restoring MPO, GSH, and sIgA levels in intestinal tissues. Moreover, EGCG-γ-IC had a more prominent effect on regulating bacterial dysbiosis caused by DSS than EGCG and γ-CD alone. Therefore, EGCG-γ-IC designed here displayed UC treating capacity with safety in the long-term application and promised an industrial production potential due to its excellent storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, China.
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, China.
| | - Fanli Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 210028 Nanjing, China.
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, China.
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6
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Ji H, Liu J, McClements DJ, Bai Y, Li Z, Chen L, Qiu C, Zhan X, Jin Z. Malto-oligosaccharides as critical functional ingredient: a review of their properties, preparation, and versatile applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3674-3686. [PMID: 36260087 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Malto-oligosaccharides (MOS) are α-1,4 glycosidic linked linear oligosaccharides of glucose, which have a diverse range of functional applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. They can be used to modify the physicochemical properties of foods thereby improving their quality attributes, or they can be included as prebiotics to improve their nutritional attributes. The degree of polymerization of MOS can be controlled by using specific enzymes, which means their functionality can be tuned for specific applications. In this article, we review the chemical structure, physicochemical properties, preparation, and functional applications of MOS in the food, health care, and other industries. Besides, we offer an overview for this saccharide from the perspective of prospect functional ingredient, which we feel lacks in the current literature. MOS could be expected to provide a novel promising substitute for functional oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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7
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Shinde VK, Vamkudoth KR. Maltooligosaccharide forming amylases and their applications in food and pharma industry. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:3733-3744. [PMID: 36193376 PMCID: PMC9525542 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are low molecular weight carbohydrates with a wide range of health benefits due to their excellent bio-preservative and prebiotic properties. The popularity of functional oligosaccharides among modern consumers has resulted in impressive market demand. Organoleptic and prebiotic properties of starch-derived oligosaccharides are advantageous to food quality and health. The extensive health benefits of oligosaccharides offered their applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic industry. Maltooligosaccharides and isomaltooligosaccharides comprise 2-10 glucose units linked by α-1-4 and α-1-6 glycoside bonds, respectively. Conventional biocatalyst-based oligosaccharides processes are often multi-steps, consisting of starch gelatinization, hydrolysis and transglycosylation. With higher production costs and processing times, the current demand cannot meet on a large-scale production. As a result, innovative and efficient production technology for oligosaccharides synthesis holds paramount importance. Malto-oligosaccharide forming amylase (EC 3.2.1.133) is one of the key enzymes with a dual catalytic function used to produce oligosaccharides. Interestingly, Malto-oligosaccharide forming amylase catalyzes glycosidic bond for its transglycosylation to its inheritance hydrolysis and alternative biocatalyst to the multistep technology. Genetic engineering and reaction optimization enhances the production of oligosaccharides. The development of innovative and cost-effective technologies at competitive prices becomes a national priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya K. Shinde
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research AcSIR), Anusandhanbhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research AcSIR), Anusandhanbhavan, New Delhi, India
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8
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Fermented Brewers’ Spent Grain Containing Dextran and Oligosaccharides as Ingredient for Composite Wheat Bread and Its Impact on Gut Metabolome In Vitro. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brewers’ spent grain or BSG is a fiber and protein rich food-grade side stream that has remained underutilized due to its poor technological and sensory characteristics. In this study, BSG was fermented with Weissella confusa A16 in presence of sucrose to induce the synthesis of dextran and maltosyl-isomaltooligosaccharides. Fermented BSG with or without the above polysaccharides was used as ingredient in wheat bread. Digestion of BSG breads was simulated in vitro with Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem, and levels of fecal metabolites were analyzed. Enrichment of BSG breads with in situ dextran and maltosyl-isomaltooligosaccharides improved the baking quality compared to native BSG. Metabolism of free amino acids and synthesis of short chain fatty acids varied at different stages and parts of colon. The increase in butyric acid was similar in both the proximal and distal colon. In situ dextran and maltosyl-isomaltooligosaccharides, and higher content of proteins and fiber in BSG breads had a positive influence towards gut microbiota functionality. Along with several essential amino acids, an increase in amount of γ-aminobutyric acid was also observed after simulated digestion. BSG breads had a significant effect on the gut metabolome during in vitro digestion, showing increased production of microbial metabolites with potential health benefits.
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Xu L, Yang CS, Liu Y, Zhang X. Effective Regulation of Gut Microbiota With Probiotics and Prebiotics May Prevent or Alleviate COVID-19 Through the Gut-Lung Axis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:895193. [PMID: 35548347 PMCID: PMC9081431 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.895193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can disrupt the gut microbiota balance, and patients usually have intestinal disorders. The intestine is the largest immune organ of the human body, and gut microbes can affect the immune function of the lungs through the gut-lung axis. Many lines of evidence support the role of beneficial bacteria in enhancing human immunity, preventing pathogen colonization, and thereby reducing the incidence and severity of infection. In this article, we review the possible approach of modulating microbiota to help prevent and treat respiratory tract infections, including COVID-19, and discuss the possibility of using probiotics and prebiotics for this purpose. We also discuss the mechanism by which intestinal micro-flora regulate immunity and the effects of probiotics on the intestinal micro-ecological balance. Based on this understanding, we propose the use of probiotics and prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota for the prevention or alleviation of COVID-19 through the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Chung S. Yang, ; Xin Zhang,
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Chung S. Yang, ; Xin Zhang,
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Mio K, Otake N, Nakashima S, Matsuoka T, Aoe S. Ingestion of High β-Glucan Barley Flour Enhances the Intestinal Immune System of Diet-Induced Obese Mice by Prebiotic Effects. Nutrients 2021; 13:907. [PMID: 33799564 PMCID: PMC7999470 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The prebiotic effect of high β-glucan barley (HGB) flour on the innate immune system of high-fat model mice was investigated. C57BL/6J male mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with HGB flour for 90 days. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the cecum and serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 in the ileum as well as the composition of the microbiota in the cecum. Concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and organic acids were analyzed by GC/MS. Concentrations of sIgA in the cecum and serum were increased in the HGB group compared to the control. Gene expression levels of IL-10 and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) significantly increased in the HGB group. HGB intake increased the bacterial count of microbiota, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Concentrations of propionate and lactate in the cecum were increased in the HGB group, and a positive correlation was found between these organic acids and the IL-10 expression level. Our findings showed that HGB flour enhanced immune function such as IgA secretion and IL-10 expression, even when the immune system was deteriorated by a high-fat diet. Moreover, we found that HGB flour modulated the gut microbiota, which increased the concentration of SCFAs, thereby stimulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Mio
- Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women’s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan; (K.M.); (N.O.)
- Research and Development Department, Hakubaku Co. Ltd., Chuo-City, Yamanashi 409-3843, Japan; (S.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Nami Otake
- Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women’s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan; (K.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Satoko Nakashima
- Research and Development Department, Hakubaku Co. Ltd., Chuo-City, Yamanashi 409-3843, Japan; (S.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Tsubasa Matsuoka
- Research and Development Department, Hakubaku Co. Ltd., Chuo-City, Yamanashi 409-3843, Japan; (S.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Seiichiro Aoe
- Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women’s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan; (K.M.); (N.O.)
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