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Song Y, Dong QQ, Ni YK, Xu XL, Chen CX, Chen W. Nano-Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (Nano-PROTACs) in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5739-5761. [PMID: 38882545 PMCID: PMC11180470 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s448684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules that have the capability to induce specific protein degradation. While playing a revolutionary role in effectively degrading the protein of interest (POI), PROTACs encounter certain limitations that impede their clinical translation. These limitations encompass off-target effects, inadequate cell membrane permeability, and the hook effect. The advent of nanotechnology presents a promising avenue to surmount the challenges associated with conventional PROTACs. The utilization of nano-proteolysis targeting chimeras (nano-PROTACs) holds the potential to enhance specific tissue accumulation, augment membrane permeability, and enable controlled release. Consequently, this approach has the capacity to significantly enhance the controllable degradation of target proteins. Additionally, they enable a synergistic effect by combining with other therapeutic strategies. This review comprehensively summarizes the structural basis, advantages, and limitations of PROTACs. Furthermore, it highlights the latest advancements in nanosystems engineered for delivering PROTACs, as well as the development of nano-sized PROTACs employing nanocarriers as linkers. Moreover, it delves into the underlying principles of nanotechnology tailored specifically for PROTACs, alongside the current prospects of clinical research. In conclusion, the integration of nanotechnology into PROTACs harbors vast potential in enhancing the anti-tumor treatment response and expediting clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- ICU, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ke Ni
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Xiang Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- ICU, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
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Yin B, Ren J, Cui Q, Liu X, Wang Z, Pei H, Zuo J, Zhang Y, Wen R, Sun X, Zhang W, Ma Y. Astaxanthin alleviates fine particulate matter (PM 2.5)-induced lung injury in rats by suppressing ferroptosis and apoptosis. Food Funct 2023; 14:10841-10854. [PMID: 37982854 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a small molecule particulate pollutant, can reach the lungs via respiration and cause lung damage. Currently, effective strategies and measures are lacking to prevent and treat the pulmonary toxicity of PM2.5. Astaxanthin (ASX), a natural xanthophyll carotenoid, has attracted attention due to its unique biological activity. Our research aims to probe into the prevention and treatment of ASX on PM2.5-induced lung injury and clarify its potential mechanism. Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given olive oil and different concentrations of ASX orally daily for 21 days. PM2.5 suspension was instilled into the trachea of rats every two days for one week to successfully develop the PM2.5 exposure model in the PM2.5-exposed and ASX-treated groups of rats. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected, and the content of lung injury-related markers was detected. Histomorphological changes and expression of markers associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, iron death, and apoptosis were detected in lung tissue. Results: PM2.5 exposure can cause changes in lung histochemistry and increase the expression levels of TP, AKP, ALB, and LDH in the BALF. Simultaneously, inflammatory responses and oxidative stress were promoted in rat lung tissue after exposure to particulate matter. Additionally, ASX preconditioning can alleviate histomorphological changes, oxidative stress, and inflammation caused by PM2.5 and reduce PM2.5-related ferroptosis and apoptosis. Conclusion: ASX preconditioning can alleviate lung injury after PM2.5 exposure by inhibiting ferroptosis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Jingyi Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Qiqi Cui
- Undergraduate of College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xuanyi Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Undergraduate of College of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Huanting Pei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Jinshi Zuo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Rui Wen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Weican Zhang
- Undergraduate of College of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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Pal S, G BR, Mohny FP, Choudhury SG, Karmakar A, Gupta S, Ganguli M. Albumin Nanoparticles Surface Decorated with a Tumor-Homing Peptide Help in Selective Killing of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46721-46737. [PMID: 37756635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a method of delivery of doxorubicin using a novel tumor-homing peptide-based albumin nanoparticle system to triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC). The absence and reduced expression of the hormone (estrogen, progesterone) and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor 2) receptors, respectively, render TNBC patients nonsusceptible to different available targeted therapies. These peptide-modified nanoparticles could be taken up by TNBC cells more effectively than their bare counterparts. The drug-loaded peptide-modified nanoparticles achieved an optimal but crucial balance between cell killing in cancerous cells and cell survival in the noncancerous ones. This appears to be because of different routes of entry and subsequent fate of the bare and peptide-modified nanoparticles in cancerous and noncancerous cells. In a TNBC mouse model, the peptide-modified system fared better than the free drug in mounting an antitumor response while not being toxic systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanti Pal
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Betsy Reshma G
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Franklin Pulikkottil Mohny
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | | | - Sarika Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Alqurashi YE, Al-Hetty HRAK, Ramaiah P, Fazaa AH, Jalil AT, Alsaikhan F, Gupta J, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Tayyib NA, Peng H. Harnessing function of EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma: From biological view to nanotechnological standpoint. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115683. [PMID: 36933639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Management of cancer metastasis has been associated with remarkable reduction in progression of cancer cells and improving survival rate of patients. Since 90% of mortality are due to cancer metastasis, its suppression can improve ability in cancer fighting. The EMT has been an underlying cause in increasing cancer migration and it is followed by mesenchymal transformation of epithelial cells. HCC is the predominant kind of liver tumor threatening life of many people around the world with poor prognosis. Increasing patient prognosis can be obtained via inhibiting tumor metastasis. HCC metastasis modulation by EMT and HCC therapy by nanoparticles are discussed here. First of all, EMT happens during progression and advanced stages of HCC and therefore, its inhibition can reduce tumor malignancy. Moreover, anti-cancer compounds including all-trans retinoic acid and plumbaging, among others, have been considered as inhibitors of EMT. The EMT association with chemoresistance has been evaluated. Moreover, ZEB1/2, TGF-β, Snail and Twist are EMT modulators in HCC and enhancing cancer invasion. Therefore, EMT mechanism and related molecular mechanisms in HCC are evaluated. The treatment of HCC has not been only emphasized on targeting molecular pathways with pharmacological compounds and since drugs have low bioavailability, their targeted delivery by nanoparticles promotes HCC elimination. Moreover, nanoparticle-mediated phototherapy impairs tumorigenesis in HCC by triggering cell death. Metastasis of HCC and even EMT mechanism can be suppressed by cargo-loaded nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser E Alqurashi
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Pin Code 281406, U. P., India
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia; Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Ecuador
| | - Nahla A Tayyib
- Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al- Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Peng
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Bi Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Lu H, Ren J, Han X. Preliminary outcomes of DEB-TACE loaded with raltitrexed in the treatment of unresectable or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Imaging 2023; 23:19. [PMID: 36814327 PMCID: PMC9945722 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-023-00534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Raltitrexed shows therapeutic effects and safety in many types of malignant tumors. However, reports of the clinical outcomes of raltitrexed-based transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) or drug-eluting beads TACE (DEB-TACE) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are rare. We aim to report the preliminary outcomes of DEB-TACE loaded with raltitrexed in patients with unresectable or recurrent HCC. METHODS From June 2018 to March 2020, 29 patients with unresectable or recurrent HCC were recruited from our department and treated by DEB-TACE loaded with raltitrexed. Overall survival and progression-free survival were the primary end points. Tumor response was investigated by using the modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (mRECIST) criteria. RESULTS A total of 49 sessions of DEB-TACE were performed, with a technique success rate of 100%. The overall response rate and disease control rate at 1, 3, and 6 months after DEB-TACE were 72.0% and 96.0%, 57.1% and 85.7%, 47.6% and 66.7% respectively. The median progression-free survival and overall survival was 25.7 and 33.9 months, respectively. The 6-, 24- and 36-month overall survival rates were 88.4%, 66.3% and 46.3%, respectively. Minor complications were observed in 17 patients (58.6%), with no treatment-related mortality or severe adverse events. The most common treatment-related complications were abdominal pain (41.4%) and elevated ALT/AST (27.6%). CONCLUSION DEB-TACE loaded with raltitrexed is suggested as a safe, feasible, efficacious palliative regimen in unresectable or recurrent HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Bi
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yang Wang
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Wenguang Zhang
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Huibin Lu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jianzhuang Ren
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Bozoglu S, Arvas MB, Varlı HS, Ucar B, Acar T, Karatepe N. Agglomerated serum albumin adsorbed protocatechuic acid coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a theranostic agent. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:145602. [PMID: 36623313 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb15b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles have been one of the most widely used nanomaterials in biomedical applications. However, the incomplete understanding of the toxicity mechanisms limits their use in diagnosis and treatment processes. Many parameters are associated with their toxicity such as size, surface modification, solubility, concentration and immunogenicity. Further research needs to be done to address toxicity-related concerns and to increase its effectiveness in various applications. Herein, colloidally stable nanoparticles were prepared by coating magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) with protocatechuic acid (PCA) which served as a stabilizer and a linkage for a further functional layer. A new perfusion agent with magnetic imaging capability was produced by the adsorption of biocompatible passivating agent macro-aggregated albumin (MAA) on the PCA-coated MIONPs. PCA-coated MIONPs were investigated using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic light scattering while adsorption of MAA was analysed by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction methods. Magnetic measurements of samples indicated that all samples showed superparamagnetic behaviour. Cytotoxicity results revealed that the adsorption of MAA onto PCA-coated MIONPs provided an advantage by diminishing their toxicity against the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line compared to bare Fe3O4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Bozoglu
- Institute of Energy, Renewable Energy Division, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Besir Arvas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hanife Sevgi Varlı
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Ucar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Acar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Karatepe
- Institute of Energy, Renewable Energy Division, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Salvati A, Poelstra K. Drug Targeting and Nanomedicine: Lessons Learned from Liver Targeting and Opportunities for Drug Innovation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:217. [PMID: 35057111 PMCID: PMC8777931 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug targeting and nanomedicine are different strategies for improving the delivery of drugs to their target. Several antibodies, immuno-drug conjugates and nanomedicines are already approved and used in clinics, demonstrating the potential of such approaches, including the recent examples of the DNA- and RNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 infections. Nevertheless, targeting remains a major challenge in drug delivery and different aspects of how these objects are processed at organism and cell level still remain unclear, hampering the further development of efficient targeted drugs. In this review, we compare properties and advantages of smaller targeted drug constructs on the one hand, and larger nanomedicines carrying higher drug payload on the other hand. With examples from ongoing research in our Department and experiences from drug delivery to liver fibrosis, we illustrate opportunities in drug targeting and nanomedicine and current challenges that the field needs to address in order to further improve their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salvati
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.P.); Tel.: +31-503639831 (A.S.); +31-503633287 (K.P.)
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.P.); Tel.: +31-503639831 (A.S.); +31-503633287 (K.P.)
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Cheng Z, Huang Y, Shao P, Wang L, Zhu S, Yu J, Lu W. Hypoxia-Activated Albumin-Binding Exatecan Prodrug for Cancer Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1082-1089. [PMID: 35036771 PMCID: PMC8757358 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an effective drug delivery strategy for traditional antitumor drugs, the stimulus-responsive albumin-based prodrugs are getting more and more attention. These prodrugs only release drugs in specific tumor microenvironments, which can prevent premature release of the drug in the circulation. Tumor hypoxia is a fundamental feature of the solid tumor microenvironment. As a hypoxia-activated linker, the 5-position branched linker of 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-hydroxymethylimidazole can be a trigger for albumin-based prodrugs. In this study, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of the hypoxia-activated albumin-binding prodrug Mal-azo-Exatecan. After intravenous administration, the maleimide on the side chain can rapidly bind to endogenous albumin, enabling the prodrugs to accumulate in tumors, where tumor-associated hypoxia microenvironments trigger the selective release of Exatecan. The 5-position branched linker of 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-hydroxymethylimidazole as a cleavable linker has high plasma stability and does not cause Exatecan release from HSA-azo-Exatecan during circulation in vivo, avoiding systemic side effects caused by Exatecan.
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He J, Sun H, Li F, Yang H, Lou M, Wang S, Wu C. Efficacy and safety of raltitrexed-based transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter real-world study. Hepatol Res 2021; 51:1153-1163. [PMID: 34492152 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of raltitrexed-based transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using real-world evidence. METHODS All eligible HCC cases were collected from multiple centers in Chongqing, China, from January 2013 to December 2018 and divided into the raltitrexed group (raltitrexed + lobaplatin + pirarubicin) and control group (lobaplatin + pirarubicin). Propensity score matching (PSM) with a 1:1 ratio was used to eliminate the imbalance of potential confounding factors between groups. The primary end-point was overall survival (OS) and the secondary end-points were progression-free survival (PFS) and disease control rate. RESULTS The median follow-up period for patients in the raltitrexed and control groups was 8.7 and 5.9 months, respectively. After PSM, median OS was 10.0 months in the raltitrexed group and 7.0 months in the control group (p = 0.002). The 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year OS rates of the raltitrexed group were significantly higher than those of the control group (78.2% vs. 60.9%, p = 0.010; 43.5% vs. 22.8%, p = 0.030; and 17.4% vs. 2.2% p = 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis of these propensity score-matched HCC patients revealed treatment, age, tumor size, lipiodol accumulation, and the number of TACE cycles as independent predictors of OS (all p < 0.05). The disease control rate of the raltitrexed and control groups was 87.4% and 65.8%, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Raltitrexed-based TACE can prolong the OS of patients with intermediate and advanced HCC in a real-world clinical setting, and is safe and tolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minggeng Lou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunde Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanxin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wijaya CJ, Ismadji S, Gunawan S. A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030676. [PMID: 33525445 PMCID: PMC7866076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, lignocellulosic-derived nanoparticles are very potential materials for drug carriers in drug delivery applications. There are three main lignocellulosic-derived nanoparticles discussed in this review. First, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are an amphiphilic nanoparticle which has versatile interactions toward hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. The synthesis methods of LNPs play an important role in this amphiphilic characteristic. Second, xylan nanoparticles (XNPs) are a hemicellulose-derived nanoparticle, where additional pretreatment is needed to obtain a high purity xylan before the synthesis of XNPs. This process is quite long and challenging, but XNPs have a lot of potential as a drug carrier due to their stronger interactions with various drugs. Third, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a widely exploited nanoparticle, especially in drug delivery applications. CNCs have low cytotoxicity, therefore they are suitable for use as a drug carrier. The research possibilities for these three nanoparticles are still wide and there is potential in drug delivery applications, especially for enhancing their characteristics with further surface modifications adjusted to the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Wijaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia;
| | - Suryadi Ismadji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Sec 4, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Setiyo Gunawan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-31-5946-240
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