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Li W, Lv R, Zou T, Chen M. Tricetin protects against liver fibrosis through promoting autophagy and Nrf2 signaling in hepatic stellate cells. Life Sci 2024; 351:122798. [PMID: 38852802 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The study aims to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of tricetin in regulating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. MAIN METHODS We treated human hepatic stellate cells line LX-2 and freshly isolated primary mouse hepatic stellate cells (mHSCs) with tricetin, pharmacological inhibitors and siRNAs, western blot, immunofluorescence, quantitative PCR were used to evaluate the expression of fibrotic markers, autophagy levels and Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) signaling. KEY FINDINGS Herein, we demonstrated that tricetin strongly attenuated the proliferation, migration, lipid droplets (LDs) loss and fibrotic markers Col 1a1 (type I α 1 collagen) and α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) expression in LX-2 cells. Moreover, tricetin time- and dose-dependently provoked autophagic formation in LX-2 cells. Autophagy inhibition by pharmacological intervention or genetic ATG5 (autophagy related 5) silencing facilitated tricetin-induced downregulation of profibrotic markers in LX-2 cells. Additionally, tricetin treatment reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, promoted Nrf2 signaling in LX-2 cells and pretreatment with ROS scavenger NAC partially reversed tricetin-induced autophagy and enhanced tricetin-mediated HSCs inactivation. Nrf2 silencing partially reversed tricetin-mediated inhibition of α-SMA expression. Finally, utilizing primary mouse hepatic stellate cells (mHSCs), we demonstrated that tricetin also induced autophagy activation, repressed TGF-β1-induced LDs loss and fibrotic marker expression and pretreatment with CQ further sensitized these effects. SIGNIFICANCE Our study indicates that tricetin's actions may represent an effective strategy to treat liver fibrosis and help identify novel therapeutic targets, especially in combination with autophagy inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhi Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Avenue, Songshan Lake Science & Technologic Industry Park, Dongguan, China
| | - Ruyue Lv
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Avenue, Songshan Lake Science & Technologic Industry Park, Dongguan, China
| | - Tangbin Zou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Avenue, Songshan Lake Science & Technologic Industry Park, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, No. 42 Jiaoping Road, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Avenue, Songshan Lake Science & Technologic Industry Park, Dongguan, China.
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Amayreh M, Esaifan M, Hourani MK. A sensitive and selective voltammetric method for the detection of pyrogallol in tomato and water samples using platinum electrode modified with alizarin red S film. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00606-7. [PMID: 38811524 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to the hyperactive platinum electrode, ARS modified platinum electrode presents a remarkable inertness toward adsorption and surface processes and lends it for further voltammetric applications. Measuring pyrogallol levels in samples is significant for assessing their antioxidant activity, which is crucial for understanding their potential health benefits and ability to combat oxidative stress. In addition, the excess consumption of pyrogallol can have significant negative effects on human health. A voltammetric sensor has been developed for the determination of pyrogallol using ARS modified platinum electrode. The electrode was prepared by electrodeposition of alizarin red S on a platinum electrode using cyclic voltammetry with a potential scan range of - 0.4 to 1.2 V against an Ag/AgCl quasi reference electrode for 60 cycles as optimum number of cycles. The modified electrode was characterized by CV and SEM techniques. This modified alizarin red S platinum electrode showed remarkable electrocatalytic performance and stability, resulting in a significant increase in pyrogallol oxidation current by 11.05% compared to the pyrogallol oxidative current at the unmodified platinum electrode. A well-defined oxidation peak was observed at ~ 0.40 V. The sensor exhibited a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.28 µM and a linear standard curve covering the ranges of 1.0-40 µM and 0.01-10.0 mM pyrogallol. Extensive studies were performed to evaluate possible interferences from various organic and inorganic compounds and yielded satisfactory results that confirm the selectivity of the developed sensor for pyrogallol determination. In addition, the ARS-Pt electrode provided consistently reliable results for the accurate detection of pyrogallol in water and tomato samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amayreh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 19117, Al-Salt, Jordan.
| | - Muayad Esaifan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Khair Hourani
- Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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Sadžak A, Eraković M, Šegota S. Kinetics of Flavonoid Degradation and Controlled Release from Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5148-5159. [PMID: 37651612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are naturally occurring antioxidants that have been shown to protect cell membranes from oxidative stress and have a potential use in photodynamic cancer treatment. However, they degrade at physiological pH values, which is often neglected in drug release studies. Kinetic study of flavonoid oxidation can help to understand the mechanism of degradation and to correctly analyze flavonoid release data. Additionally, the incorporation of flavonoids into magnetic nanocarriers can be utilized to mitigate degradation and overcome their low solubility, while the release can be controlled using magnetic fields (MFs). An approach that combines alternating least squares (ALS) and multilinear regression to consider flavonoid autoxidation in release studies is presented. This approach can be used in general cases to account for the degradation of unstable drugs released from nanoparticles. The oxidation of quercetin, myricetin (MCE), and myricitrin (MCI) was studied in PBS buffer (pH = 7.4) using UV-vis spectrophotometry. ALS was used to determine the kinetic profiles and characteristic spectra, which were used to analyze UV-vis data of release from functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). MNPs were selected for their unique magnetic properties, which can be exploited for both targeted drug delivery and control over the drug release. MNPs were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer, and electrophoretic mobility measurements. Autoxidation of all three flavonoids follows a two-step first-order kinetic model. MCE showed the fastest degradation, while the oxidation of MCI was the slowest. The flavonoids were successfully loaded into the prepared MNPs, and the drug release was described by the first-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. External MFs were utilized to control the release mechanism and the cumulative mass of the flavonoids released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Sadžak
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mihael Eraković
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Suzana Šegota
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Grabarczyk M, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Glabinski A, Szpakowski P. Dietary Polyphenols Decrease Chemokine Release by Human Primary Astrocytes Responding to Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2294. [PMID: 37765263 PMCID: PMC10537369 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are considered to be the dominant cell fraction of the central nervous system. They play a supportive and protective role towards neurons, and regulate inflammatory processes; they thus make suitable targets for drugs and supplements, such as polyphenolic compounds. However, due to their wide range, knowledge of their anti-inflammatory potential remains relatively incomplete. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether myricetin and chrysin are able to decrease chemokine release in reactive astrocytes. To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of polyphenols, human primary astrocytes were cultured in the presence of a reactive and neurotoxic astrocyte-inducing cytokine mixture (TNF-α, IL-1a, C1q), either alone or in the presence of myricetin or chrysin. The examined polyphenols were able to modify the secretion of chemokines by human cortical astrocytes, especially CCL5 (chrysin), CCL1 (myricetin) and CCL2 (both), while cell viability was not affected. Surprisingly, the compounds did not demonstrate any antioxidant properties in the astrocyte cultures.
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Liu F, Cao X, Xing L, He B, Zhang N, Zeng W, Xin H, Xue W. Design, Synthesis, Biological Activity Evaluation and Action Mechanism of Myricetin Derivatives Containing Thiazolebisamide. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201103. [PMID: 36683342 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The plant diseases caused by a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and fungi pose a great threat to global food production and food safety. Therefore, the search for green, efficient and pollution-free pesticides has become an important task. In this article, 23 myricetin derivatives containing thiazolebisamides active groups have been designed and synthesized. Their activities were evaluated by performing in vitro antibacterial and in vivo antiviral assays, microscale thermophoresis (MST) and molecular docking assays. The results of in vivo antiviral assays showed that compounds A4 and A23 exhibited good antiviral activity with EC50 values of 79.0 and 54.1 μg/mL for therapeutic activity and 103.3 and 91.2 μg/mL for protective activity, respectively. The dissociation constants (Kd) values of compounds A4 and A23 against TMV-CP were 0.021 and 0.018 μM, respectively, determined by microscale thermophoresis (MST), which were much smaller than those of the commercial drug ningnanmycin (NNM), which were 2.84 μM. The interaction of compounds A4, A23 with TMV-CP was further verified at the molecular level. In addition, in vitro antifungal assays of this series of compounds showed that they exhibited some inhibitory activity against a variety of fungi, especially against the phytophthora capsici. Among them, A13 and A20 showed similar inhibitory activity to the control drug azoxystrobin at 100 μg/mL against the phytophthora capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Li Xing
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bangcan He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hui Xin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-based hydroxyl and superoxide radical production for oxidative stress biological simulations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu T, Peng F, Zhu Y, Cao X, Wang Q, Liu F, Liu L, Xue W. Design, synthesis, biological activity evaluation and mechanism of action of myricetin derivatives containing thioether quinazolinone. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Zhu J, Gillissen B, Dang Tran DL, May S, Ulrich C, Stockfleth E, Eberle J. Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Cell Viability by Sinecatechins in Cutaneous SCC Cells Is Related to an Imbalance of ROS and Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071416. [PMID: 35883905 PMCID: PMC9312260 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The term sinecatechins designates an extract containing a high percentage of catechins obtained from green tea, which is commercially registered as Veregen or Polyphenon E (PE) and may be considered for treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and actinic keratosis (AK). As shown here, treatment of four cSCC cell lines with 200 µg/mL of PE resulted in strong, dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation (20–30%) as well as strongly decreased cell viability (4–21% of controls, 48 h). Effects correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas early apoptosis was less pronounced. At the protein level, some activation of caspase-3 and enhanced expression of the CDK inhibitor p21 were found. Loss of MMP and induced cell death were, however, largely independent of caspases and of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Bax and Bak, suggesting that sinecatechins induce also non-apoptotic, alternative cell death pathways, in addition to apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were downregulated in response to PE at 4 h, followed by an increase at 24 h. The contributory role of initially reduced ROS was supported by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, which in combination with PE further enhanced the negative effects on cell viability. Thus, sinecatechins inhibited cell proliferation and viability of cSCC cells, which could suggest the use of PE for AK treatment. The mechanisms appear as linked to an imbalance of ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhu
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (D.L.D.T.); (S.M.); (C.U.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China
| | - Bernd Gillissen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Dieu Linh Dang Tran
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (D.L.D.T.); (S.M.); (C.U.)
- Beuth-Hochschule für Technik Berlin–University of Applied Sciences, Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie May
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (D.L.D.T.); (S.M.); (C.U.)
| | - Claas Ulrich
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (D.L.D.T.); (S.M.); (C.U.)
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (D.L.D.T.); (S.M.); (C.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-518-383
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Concentration Dependence of Anti- and Pro-Oxidant Activity of Polyphenols as Evaluated with a Light-Emitting Fe2+-Egta-H2O2 System. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113453. [PMID: 35684391 PMCID: PMC9182469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging and the regeneration of Fe2+ may inhibit or enhance peroxidative damage induced by a Fenton system, respectively. Plant polyphenols reveal the afore-mentioned activities, and their cumulative net effect may determine anti- or pro-oxidant actions. We investigated the influence of 17 phenolics on ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) from a modified Fenton system (92.6 µmol/L Fe2+, 185.2 µmol/L EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl-ether)-N,N,N′,N,-tetraacetic acid) and 2.6 mmol/L H2O2 pH = 7.4). A total of 8 compounds inhibited (antioxidant effect), and 5 enhanced (pro-oxidant effect) UPE at all studied concentrations (5 to 50 µmol/L). A total of 4 compounds altered their activity from pro- to antioxidant (or vice versa) along with increasing concentrations. A total of 3 the most active of those (ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside; mean UPE enhancement by 63%, 5% and 445% at 5 µmol/L; mean UPE inhibition by 28%, 94% and 24% at 50 µmol/L, respectively) contained catechol or methoxyphenol structures that are associated with effective •OH scavenging and Fe2+ regeneration. Most likely, these structures can determine the bidirectional, concentration-dependent activity of some phenolics under stable in vitro conditions. This is because the concentrations of the studied compounds are close to those occurring in human fluids, and this phenomenon should be considered in the case of dietary supplementation with isolated phenolics.
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(±)-Catechin—A Mass-Spectrometry-Based Exploration Coordination Complex Formation with FeII and FeIII. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060958. [PMID: 35326409 PMCID: PMC8946835 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Catechin is an extensively investigated plant flavan-3-ol with a beneficial impact on human health that is often associated with antioxidant activities and iron coordination complex formation. The aim of this study was to explore these properties with FeII and FeIII using a combination of nanoelectrospray-mass spectrometry, differential pulse voltammetry, site-specific deoxyribose degradation assay, FeII autoxidation assay, and brine shrimp mortality assay. Catechin primarily favored coordination complex formation with Fe ions of the stoichiometry catechin:Fe in the ratio of 1:1 or 2:1. In the detected Fe–catechin coordination complexes, FeII prevailed. Differential pulse voltammetry, the site-specific deoxyribose degradation, and FeII autoxidation assays proved that coordination complex formation affected catechin’s antioxidant effects. In situ formed Fe–catechin coordination complexes showed no toxic activities in the brine shrimp mortality assay. In summary, catechin has properties for the possible treatment of pathological processes associated with ageing and degeneration, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
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Liu Y, Qian J, Li J, Xing M, Grierson D, Sun C, Xu C, Li X, Chen K. Hydroxylation decoration patterns of flavonoids in horticultural crops: chemistry, bioactivity and biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab068. [PMID: 35048127 PMCID: PMC8945325 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the most widespread polyphenolic compounds and are important dietary constituents present in horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, and tea. Natural flavonoids are responsible for important quality traits, such as food colors and beneficial dietary antioxidants and numerous investigations have shown that intake of flavonoids can reduce the incidence of various non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Analysis of the thousands of flavonoids reported so far has shown that different hydroxylation modifications affect their chemical properties and nutritional values. These diverse flavonoids can be classified based on different hydroxylation patterns in the B, C, A rings and multiple structure-activity analyses have shown that hydroxylation decoration at specific positions markedly enhances their bioactivities. This review focuses on current knowledge concerning hydroxylation of flavonoids catalyzed by several different types of hydroxylase enzymes. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) are important enzymes for the hydroxylation of the B ring of flavonoids. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is key for the hydroxylation of the C ring, while flavone 6-hydroxylase (F6H) and flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H) are key enzymes for hydroxylation of the A ring. These key hydroxylases in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway are promising targets for the future bioengineering of plants and mass production of flavonoids with designated hydroxylation patterns of high nutritional importance. In addition, hydroxylation in key places on the ring may help render flavonoids ready for degradation, the catabolic turnover of which may open the door for new lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Jiafei Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Chongde Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
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