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Ahn JS, Lee CH, Liu XQ, Hwang KW, Oh MH, Park SY, Whang WK. Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Constituents from Drynariae Rhizoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1061. [PMID: 39204166 PMCID: PMC11358882 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to provide scientific data on the anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effects of phenolic compounds from Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) extract using a multi-component approach. Screening of DR extracts, fractions, and the ten phenolic compounds isolated from DR against the key AD-related enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) confirmed their significant inhibitory activities. The DR extract was confirmed to have BACE1-inhibitory activity, and the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions were found to inhibit all AD-related enzymes, including BACE1, AChE, BChE, and MAO-B. Among the isolated phenolic compounds, compounds (2) caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (6) kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside 7-O-glucoside, (7) kaempferol 3-o-b-d-glucopyranoside-7-o-a-L-arabinofuranoside, (8) neoeriocitrin, (9) naringin, and (10) hesperidin significantly suppressed AD-related enzymes. Notably, compounds 2 and 8 reduced soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein β (sAPPβ) and β-secretase expression by over 45% at a concentration of 1.0 μM. In the thioflavin T assay, compounds 6 and 7 decreased Aβ aggregation by approximately 40% and 80%, respectively, and degraded preformed Aβ aggregates. This study provides robust evidence regarding the potential of DR as a natural therapeutic agent for AD, highlighting specific compounds that may contribute to its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sung Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (J.S.A.)
| | - Chung Hyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Kwang Woo Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (J.S.A.)
| | - Mi Hyune Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (J.S.A.)
| | - So-Young Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Kyunn Whang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (J.S.A.)
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Chen J, Rao J, Lu H, Lu M, Wang C, Cao Y. Network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the effect of Hedyotis diffusa on Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14558. [PMID: 38828741 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the active components and the effect of Hedyotis diffusa (HD) against Alzheimer's disease (AD) via network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental evaluations. We conducted a comprehensive screening process using the TCMSP, Swiss Target Prediction, and PharmMapper databases to identify the active components and their related targets in HD. In addition, we collected potential therapeutic targets of AD from the Gene Cards, Drugbank, and OMIM databases. Afterward, we utilized Cytoscape to establish both protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and compound-target (C-T) networks. To gain further insights into the functional aspect, we performed GO and KEGG pathway analyses using the David database. Next, we employed Autodock vina to estimate the binding force between the components and the hub genes. To validate our network pharmacology findings, we conducted relevant experiments on Caenorhabditis elegans, further confirming the reliability of our results. Then a total of six active compounds and 149 therapeutic targets were detected. Through the analysis of the association between active compounds, therapeutic targets, and signaling pathways, it was observed that the therapeutic effect of HD primarily encompassed the inhibition of Aβ, suppression of AChE activity, and mitigating oxidative stress. Additionally, our investigation revealed that the key active compounds in HD primarily consisted of iridoids, which exhibited resistance against AD by acting on the Alzheimer's disease pathway and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingXu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - JiaLi Rao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Lu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - ChengCheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Murray AP, Biscussi B, Cavallaro V, Donozo M, Rodriguez SA. Naturally Occurring Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Plants, Fungi, Algae, and Animals: A Review of the Most Effective Inhibitors Reported in 2012-2022. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1621-1649. [PMID: 37357520 PMCID: PMC11284722 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230623105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of the "cholinergic hypothesis" as an important therapeutic approach in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the scientific community has made a remarkable effort to discover new and effective molecules with the ability to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The natural function of this enzyme is to catalyze the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. Thus, its inhibition increases the levels of this neurochemical and improves the cholinergic functions in patients with AD alleviating the symptoms of this neurological disorder. In recent years, attention has also been focused on the role of another enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), mainly in the advanced stages of AD, transforming this enzyme into another target of interest in the search for new anticholinesterase agents. Over the past decades, Nature has proven to be a rich source of bioactive compounds relevant to the discovery of new molecules with potential applications in AD therapy. Bioprospecting of new cholinesterase inhibitors among natural products has led to the discovery of an important number of new AChE and BChE inhibitors that became potential lead compounds for the development of anti-AD drugs. This review summarizes a total of 260 active compounds from 142 studies which correspond to the most relevant (IC50 ≤ 15 μM) research work published during 2012-2022 on plant-derived anticholinesterase compounds, as well as several potent inhibitors obtained from other sources like fungi, algae, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Murray
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Brunella Biscussi
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Valeria Cavallaro
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Martina Donozo
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Silvana A. Rodriguez
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Wu J, Ye ZJ, Yu LJ, Chen XQ. Two new iridoid glycosides from Hedyotis diffusa. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2023; 25:27-35. [PMID: 35503565 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2047946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two new iridoid glycosides, named productasperulosidic acid butyl ester (1) and E-6-O-3-hydroxy-p-methoxycinnamoyl scandoside methyl ester (2), along with nine known ones (3-11), were isolated from Hedyotis diffusa Willd. The structures of them were elucidated by extensive 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectral data. Compounds 1-11 showed no significant cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Li-Juan Yu
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650221, China
| | - Xuan-Qin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Li J, Yang G, Shi W, Fang X, Han L, Cao Y. Anti-Alzheimer's disease active components screened out and identified from Hedyotis diffusa combining bioaffinity ultrafiltration LC-MS with acetylcholinesterase. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115460. [PMID: 35714878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hedyotis diffusa is a traditional ethnomedicinal plant in local communities in northeastern Asia and used to treat inflammation, nervous breakdown, among others. In recent years, it has been applied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the specific chemical components responsible for the activity remain need to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY To prepare, screen and identify the potential anti-AD active components from Hedyotis diffusa. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of four different extracts of Hedyotis diffusa were initially assessed using a spectrophotometric Ellman's method. A more accurate LC-MS/MS screening method combining functional enzyme assay and affinity ultrafiltration (AU) screening assay was developed and applied for the screening of natural compound inhibitors of AChE from Hedyotis diffusa. The binding mode was further investigated between protein and ligands via molecular docking. Subsequently, CL4176, a transgenic nematode model for AD, was used for activity validation of one of these components. RESULTS N-butanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa (NHD) appeared significant inhibitory activities on AChE, were chosen to delve deeper. Five bioactive components targeting AChE were screened out and identified using AU coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Molecular docking technique further confirmed the results of the screening assay. Finally, quercetin-3-O-sophoroside (QS) was confirmed as a potent anti-AD agent by in vivo experiments in C. elegans. CONCLUSION This study explores a new idea for screening anti-AD active components from traditional medicine. The findings provide a molecular structure and bioactivity basis for future potential applications of Hedyotis diffusa in medical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Guangyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Wenfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Xiaoping Fang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Lintao Han
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Dai Y, Jiang D, Wang X, Wu D, Dong W, Fu Q, Jin Y, Liang X. Rapid Fingerprint analysis based on supercritical fluid chromatography for quality evaluation of Hedyotis diffusa. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 218:114864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Venkidath A, Oh JM, Dev S, Amin E, Rasheed SP, Vengamthodi A, Gambacorta N, Khames A, Abdelgawad MA, George G, Nicolotti O, Kim H, Mathew B. Selected Class of Enamides Bearing Nitro Functionality as Dual-Acting with Highly Selective Monoamine Oxidase-B and BACE1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196004. [PMID: 34641548 PMCID: PMC8512054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A small series of nitro group-bearing enamides was designed, synthesized (NEA1–NEA5), and evaluated for their inhibitory profiles of monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (β-secretase, BACE1). Compounds NEA3 and NEA1 exhibited a more potent MAO-B inhibition (IC50 value = 0.0092 and 0.016 µM, respectively) than the standards (IC50 value = 0.11 and 0.14 µM, respectively, for lazabemide and pargyline). Moreover, NEA3 and NEA1 showed greater selectivity index (SI) values toward MAO-B over MAO-A (SI of >1652.2 and >2500.0, respectively). The inhibition and kinetics studies suggested that NEA3 and NEA1 are reversible and competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 0.013 ± 0.005 and 0.0049 ± 0.0002 µM, respectively, for MAO-B. In addition, both NEA3 and NEA1 showed efficient BACE1 inhibitions with IC50 values of 8.02 ± 0.13 and 8.21 ± 0.03 µM better than the standard quercetin value (13.40 ± 0.04 µM). The parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) method demonstrated that all the synthesized derivatives can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) successfully. Docking analyses were performed by employing an induced-fit docking approach in the GLIDE module of Schrodinger, and the results were in agreement with their in vitro inhibitory activities. The present study resulted in the discovery of potent dual inhibitors toward MAO-B and BACE1, and these lead compounds can be fruitfully explored for the generation of newer, clinically active agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree Venkidath
- Centre for Experimental Drug Design and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna 679325, India; (A.V.); (S.P.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Sanal Dev
- Centre for Experimental Drug Design and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna 679325, India; (A.V.); (S.P.R.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (H.K.); or (B.M.)
| | - Elham Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Shebina P. Rasheed
- Centre for Experimental Drug Design and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna 679325, India; (A.V.); (S.P.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Ajeesh Vengamthodi
- Centre for Experimental Drug Design and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna 679325, India; (A.V.); (S.P.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ginson George
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India;
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (H.K.); or (B.M.)
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India;
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (H.K.); or (B.M.)
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Tamfu AN, Kucukaydin S, Yeskaliyeva B, Ozturk M, Dinica RM. Non-Alkaloid Cholinesterase Inhibitory Compounds from Natural Sources. Molecules 2021; 26:5582. [PMID: 34577053 PMCID: PMC8472022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder of different brain regions accompanied by distresses and affecting more than 25 million people in the world. This progressive brain deterioration affects the central nervous system and has negative impacts on a patient's daily activities such as memory impairment. The most important challenge concerning AD is the development of new drugs for long-term treatment or prevention, with lesser side effects and greater efficiency as cholinesterases inhibitors and the ability to remove amyloid-beta(Aβ) deposits and other related AD neuropathologies. Natural sources provide promising alternatives to synthetic cholinesterase inhibitors and many have been reported for alkaloids while neglecting other classes with potential cholinesterase inhibition. This review summarizes information about the therapeutic potential of small natural molecules from medicinal herbs, belonging to terpenoids, coumarins, and phenolic compounds, and others, which have gained special attention due to their specific modes of action and their advantages of low toxicity and high efficiency in the treatment of AD. Some show superior drug-like features in comparison to synthetic cholinesterase inhibitors. We expect that the listed phytoconstituents in this review will serve as promising tools and chemical scaffolds for the discovery of new potent therapeutic leads for the amelioration and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Ngenge Tamfu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaoundere, 454 Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
| | - Selcuk Kucukaydin
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Koycegiz Vocational School of Health Services, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48800, Turkey;
| | - Balakyz Yeskaliyeva
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehmet Ozturk
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
| | - Rodica Mihaela Dinica
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania
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Wang ZY, Zhang XD, Whang WK. The Effect of Terpenoids of Dipsacus Asperoides Against Alzheimer's Disease and Development of Simultaneous Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211044603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipsaci Radix has been proved to represent an effective treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the potential active components in Dipsaci Radix have not been evaluated by an AD-related bioassay. In this study, water fraction of Dipsaci Radix had been shown to have highest inhibitory effect on the AD-related activity tests, including inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation. Therefore, a bioassay-guided approach yielded eleven terpenoid compounds (DR1-11) isolated from water fraction of Dipsaci Radix. Compounds (DR2,3,7 and 11) were stronger inhibitors of AChE. The BChE inhibitory effect of saponins was more positive than that of iridoids (DR1,4). Compounds (DR6,7,9-11) were good inhibitors of BACE1. Compounds (DR7-11) were more effective than positive control on the inhibition of AGE formation. Moreover, we firstly suggested concomitant new connections between the structure of Dipsaci Radix's isolated terpenoid compounds with AChE inhibitory activities and AGE formation. The study also represented that Dipsaci Radix was therapeutic for treating AD and dipsacus saponin XI (DR11) might be one of its active components. Our findings significantly provided the new foundation of the potential capacity bioactive components from Dipsaci Radix for AD remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ying Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xiao Dan Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan Kyunn Whang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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