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Fort CI, Rusu MM, Cotet LC, Vulpoi A, Todea M, Baia M, Baia L. The Impact of Ar or N 2 Atmosphere on the Structure of Bi-Fe-Carbon Xerogel Based Composites as Electrode Material for Detection of Pb 2+ and H 2O 2. Gels 2024; 10:230. [PMID: 38667649 PMCID: PMC11049555 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, bismuth- and iron-embedded carbon xerogels (XG) were obtained using a modified resorcinol formaldehyde sol-gel synthesis method followed by additional enrichment with iron content. Pyrolysis treatment was performed at elevated temperatures under Ar or N2 atmosphere to obtain nanocomposites with different reduction yields (XGAr or XGN). The interest was focused on investigating the extent to which changes in the pyrolysis atmosphere of these nanocomposites impact the structure, morphology, and electrical properties of the material and consequently affect the electroanalytical performance. The structural and morphological particularities derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements revealed the formation of the nanocomposite phases, mostly metal/oxide components. The achieved performances for the two modified electrodes based on XG treated under Ar or N2 atmosphere clearly differ, as evidenced by the electroanalytical parameters determined from the detection of heavy metal cations (Pb2+) or the use of the square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique, biomarkers (H2O2), or amperometry. By correlating the differences obtained from electroanalytical measurements with those derived from morphological, structural, and surface data, a few utmost important aspects were identified. Pyrolysis under Ar atmosphere favors a significant increase in the α-Fe2O3 amount and H2O2 detection performance (sensitivity of 0.9 A/M and limit of detection of 0.17 μM) in comparison with pyrolysis under N2 (sensitivity of 0.5 A/M and limit of detection of 0.36 μM), while pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere leads to an increase in the metallic Bi amount and Pb2+ detection performance (sensitivity of 8.44 × 103 A/M and limit of detection of 33.05 pM) in comparison with pyrolysis under Ar (sensitivity of 6.47·103 A/M and limit of detection of 46.37 pM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I. Fort
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Arany Janos 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.I.F.); (L.C.C.)
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihai M. Rusu
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Physics, “Babes-Bolyai” University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liviu C. Cotet
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Arany Janos 11, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.I.F.); (L.C.C.)
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Milica Todea
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș 8, RO–400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Baia
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Physics, “Babes-Bolyai” University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Baia
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.V.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Physics, “Babes-Bolyai” University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Rusu MM, Fort CI, Vulpoi A, Barbu-Tudoran L, Baia M, Cotet LC, Baia L. Ultrasensitive Electroanalytical Detection of Pb 2+ and H 2O 2 Using Bi and Fe-Based Nanoparticles Embedded into Porous Carbon Xerogel-The Influence of Nanocomposite Pyrolysis Temperatures. Gels 2023; 9:868. [PMID: 37998958 PMCID: PMC10670808 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional materials based on carbon xerogel (CX) with embedded bismuth (Bi) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles are tested for ultrasensitive amperometric detection of lead cation (Pb2+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The prepared CXBiFe-T nanocomposites were annealed at different pyrolysis temperatures (T, between 600 and 1050 °C) and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron microscopies (SEM/EDX and TEM). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWV) performed at glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified with chitosan (Chi)-CXBiFe-T evidenced that GC/Chi-CXBiFe-1050 electrodes exhibit excellent analytical behavior for Pb2+ and H2O2 amperometric detection: high sensitivity for Pb2+ (9.2·105 µA/µM) and outstanding limits of detection (97 fM, signal-to-noise ratio 3) for Pb2+, and remarkable for H2O2 (2.51 µM). The notable improvements were found to be favored by the increase in pyrolysis temperature. Multi-scale parameters such as (i) graphitization, densification of carbon support, and oxide nanoparticle reduction and purification were considered key aspects in the correlation between material properties and electrochemical response, followed by other effects such as (ii) average nanoparticle and Voronoi domain dimensions and (iii) average CXBiFe-T aggregate dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai M. Rusu
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Carmen I. Fort
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute of Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fantanele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.B.); (L.C.C.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Lucian Barbu-Tudoran
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory “Prof. C. Craciun”, Faculty of Biology and Geology, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Clinicilor Str. 5–7, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Baia
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute of Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fantanele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.B.); (L.C.C.)
- Department of Biomolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, “Babes-Bolyai” University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liviu C. Cotet
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute of Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fantanele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.B.); (L.C.C.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Baia
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute of Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, Fantanele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.B.); (L.C.C.)
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, “Babes-Bolyai” University, T. Laurean 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Physics, “Babes-Bolyai” University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Rusu MM, Vulpoi A, Maurin I, Cotet LC, Pop LC, Fort CI, Baia M, Baia L, Florea I. Thermal Evolution of C-Fe-Bi Nanocomposite System: From Nanoparticle Formation to Heterogeneous Graphitization Stage. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-13. [PMID: 35229707 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon xerogel nanocomposites with integrated Bi and Fe particles (C–Bi–Fe) represent an interesting model of carbon nanostructures decorated with multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) with applicability for electrochemical sensors and catalysts. The present study addresses the fundamental aspects of the catalyzed growth of nano-graphites in C–Bi–Fe systems, relevant in charge transport and thermo-chemical processes. The thermal evolution of a C–Bi–Fe xerogel is investigated using different pyrolysis treatments. At lower temperatures (~750°C), hybrid bismuth iron oxide (BFO) NPs are frequently observed, while graphitization manifests under more specific conditions such as higher temperatures (~1,050°C) and reduction yields. An in situ heating TEM experiment reveals graphitization activity between 800 and 900°C. NP motion is directly correlated with textural changes of the carbon support due to the catalyzed growth of graphitic nanoshells and nanofibers as confirmed by HR-TEM and electron tomography (ET) for the graphitized sample. An exponential growth model for the catalyst dynamics enables the approximation of activation energies as 0.68 and 0.29–0.34 eV during reduction and graphitization stages. The results suggest some similarities with the tip growth mechanism, while oxygen interference and the limited catalyst–feed gas interactions are considered as the main constraints to enhanced growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai M Rusu
- Faculty of Physics, "Babes-Bolyai" University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Treboniu Laurean 42, RO-400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Treboniu Laurean 42, RO-400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Isabelle Maurin
- NEEL Institute, CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble INP, BP 166, 38042Grenoble, France
| | - Liviu C Cotet
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Arany Janos 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian C Pop
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Arany Janos 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen I Fort
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Arany Janos 11, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Baia
- Faculty of Physics, "Babes-Bolyai" University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Baia
- Faculty of Physics, "Babes-Bolyai" University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, RO-400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Fântânele 30, RO-400294Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ileana Florea
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films (LPICM), CNRS-UMR 7647, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128Palaiseau, France
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Farcasanu A, Todea M, Muresan-Pop M, Petrisor D, Simion A, Vulpoi A, Simon S. Synthesis and structural characterization of silica particles doped with Dy and Gd paramagnetic ions as MRI contrast agents. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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