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Ariefta NR, Sofian FF, Aboshi T, Kuncoro H, Dinata DI, Shiono Y, Nishikawa Y. Evaluation of the antiplasmodial and anti-Toxoplasma activities of several Indonesian medicinal plant extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118269. [PMID: 38697409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. At the same time, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis has been reported to be 30% worldwide. Traditional medicines have long played a vital role in discovering and developing novel drugs, and this approach is essential in the face of increasing resistance to current antimalarial and anti-Toxoplasma drugs. In Indonesian traditional medicine, various plants are used for their therapeutic properties. This study focuses on eleven medicinal plants from which nineteen extracts were obtained and screened for their potential medicinal benefits against malaria and toxoplasmosis. AIMS OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extracts from Indonesian medicinal plants to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite responsible for malaria, and Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis. METHODS Nineteen extracts from eleven plants were subjected to in vitro screening against P. falciparum 3D7 (a chloroquine-sensitive strain) and the T. gondii RH strain. In vitro treatments were conducted on P. falciparum 3D7 and K1 (multidrug-resistant strains) using the potent extracts, and in vivo assessments were carried out with mice infected with P. yoelii 17XNL. LCMS analysis was also conducted to identify the main components of the most effective extract. RESULTS Seven extracts showed significant antiplasmodial activity (>80% inhibition) at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. These extracts were obtained from Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm., Elaeocarpus glaber (Bl.) Bijdr., Eleutherine americana Merr., Kleinhovia hospita L., Peronema canescens Jack, and Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. Notably, the D. parasiticum ethyl acetate extract exhibited high selectivity and efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, the key active compounds oleamide and erucamide were identified, which had IC50 values (P. falciparum 3D7/K1) of 17.49/23.63 μM and 32.49/51.59 μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight the antimalarial potential of plant extracts collected from Indonesia. Particularly, extracts from D. parasiticum EtOH and EtOAc stood out for their low toxicity and strong antiplasmodial properties, with the EtOAc extract emerging as a notably promising antimalarial candidate. Key compounds identified within this extract demonstrate the complexity of extracts' action against malaria, potentially targeting both the parasite and the host. This suggests a promising approach for developing new antimalarial strategies that tackle the multifaceted challenges of drug resistance and disease management. Future investigations are necessary to unlock the full therapeutic potential of these extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanang Rudianto Ariefta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ferry Ferdiansyah Sofian
- Department of Life, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia.
| | - Takako Aboshi
- Department of Life, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Hadi Kuncoro
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development Laboratory of Farmaka Tropis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia.
| | - Deden Indra Dinata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhakti Kencana University, Soekarno-Hatta 754, Bandung, West Java, 40286, Indonesia.
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Life, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Maulidya V, Hasanah AN, Rijai L, Muchtaridi M. Quality Control and Authentication of Black Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper acre Blume) from East Kalimantan as an Antimicrobial Agent Using a Combination of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Chemometric Fourier Transform Infrared. Molecules 2023; 28:5666. [PMID: 37570633 PMCID: PMC10420181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Black betel leaf from East Kalimantan contains various secondary metabolites such as alkaloid saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. A compound, piperenamide A, which has antimicrobial activity, is also found in black betel leaf. This study aims to identify and authenticate the compound piperenamide A found in black betel leaf extract in other types of betel plant using HPLC and FTIR-chemometrics. The extraction method used was maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Determination of piperenamide A content in black betel leaf extract was via HPLC column C18, with a maximum wavelength of 259 nm and a mobile phase of water:acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute. From the results, piperenamide A was only found in black betel (Piper acre) and not in Piper betel and Piper crocatum. Piperenamide A levels obtained were 4.03, 6.84, 5.35, 13.85, and 2.15%, respectively, in the samples studied. The combination of FTIR spectra with chemometric methods such as PCA and PLS-DA was used to distinguish the three types of betel. Discriminant analysis can classify black betel (Piper acre), Piper betel, and Piper crocatum according to its type. These methods can be used for identification and authentication of black betel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vina Maulidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 Bandung-Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (V.M.); (A.N.H.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia;
| | - Aliya Nur Hasanah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 Bandung-Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (V.M.); (A.N.H.)
| | - Laode Rijai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia;
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 Bandung-Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (V.M.); (A.N.H.)
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 Bandung-Sumedang, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
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Zhong H, Han L, Lu RY, Wang Y. Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010048. [PMID: 36671249 PMCID: PMC9855100 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have become a growing public health challenge due to the clinical transmission of pathogenic fungi. The currently available antifungal drugs leave very limited choices for clinical physicians to deal with such situation, not to mention the long-standing problems of emerging drug resistance, side effects and heavy economic burdens imposed to patients. Therefore, new antifungal drugs are urgently needed. Screening drugs from natural products and using synthetic biology strategies are very promising for antifungal drug development. Chinese medicine is a vast library of natural products of biologically active molecules. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, preparations used to treat fungal diseases usually have antifungal and immunomodulatory functions. This suggests that if antifungal drugs are used in combination with immunomodulatory drugs, better results may be achieved. Studies have shown that the active components of TCM have strong antifungal or immunomodulatory effects and have broad application prospects. In this paper, the latest research progress of antifungal and immunomodulatory components of TCM is reviewed and discussed, hoping to provide inspiration for the design of novel antifungal compounds and to open up new horizons for antifungal treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Ren-Yi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence:
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Evaluation of Anti-Candida Potential of Piper nigrum Extract in Inhibiting Growth, Yeast-Hyphal Transition, Virulent Enzymes, and Biofilm Formation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080784. [PMID: 36012773 PMCID: PMC9409899 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased incidence of fungal infections and the emergence of antifungal resistance mainly by Candida species, the need for safe and effective novel therapies is imperative. Consequently, plants and herbs are a powerful source to combat infections. Here, we evaluated the anti-Candida potential of an ethanolic extract from Piper nigrum. The phytochemical analysis of P. nigrum revealed bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and tannis. Our results showed that P. nigrum extract suppressed the virulence factors of C. albicans strains, including hyphae formation in both liquid and solid media, reduced secretion of phospholipases/proteinases, and affected biofilm formation. Furthermore, the P. nigrum extract showed no hemolytic effect in vitro and exhibited reduced cytotoxicity on Vero cells and G. mellonella larvae at concentrations that inhibited hyphae and biofilm in C. albicans. Moreover, the extract demonstrated antifungal activity against C. auris strains. In conclusion, the P. nigrum extract affected the growth and morphogenesis of Candida (even in resistant strains), demonstrating that this plant has an anti-candida activity and represents a promising resource for discovering novel antifungal compounds.
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de Oliveira LF, Piovezani AR, Ivanov DA, Yoshida L, Segal Floh EI, Kato MJ. Selection and validation of reference genes for measuring gene expression in Piper species at different life stages using RT-qPCR analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:201-212. [PMID: 35007951 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolism of Piper species is known to produce a myriad of natural products from various biosynthetic pathways which, represent a rich source of previously uncharacterized chemical compounds. The determination of gene expression profiles in multiple tissue/organ samples could provide valuable clues towards understanding the potential biological functions of chemical changes in these plants. Studies on gene expression by RT-qPCR require particularly careful selection of suitable reference genes as a control for normalization. Here, we provide a study for the identification of reliable reference genes in P. arboreum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. malacophyllum, and P. tuberculatum, at two different life stages: 2-month-old seedlings and adult plants. To do this, annotated sequences were recovered from transcriptome datasets of the above listed Piper spp. These sequences were subjected to expression analysis using RT-qPCR, followed by analysis using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. A set of five genes were identified showing stable expression: ACT7 (Actin-7), Cyclophilin (Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase), EF1α (Elongation factor 1-alpha), RNABP (RNA-binding protein), and UBCE (Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme). The universality of these genes was then validated using two target genes, ADC (arginine decarboxylase) and SAMDC (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase), which are involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. We showed that normalization genes varied according to Piper spp., and we provide a list of recommended pairs of the best combination for each species. This study provides the first set of suitable candidate genes for gene expression studies in the four Piper spp. assayed, and the findings will facilitate subsequent transcriptomic and functional gene research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Francisco de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rusiska Piovezani
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dimitre A Ivanov
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Leonardo Yoshida
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Massuo Jorge Kato
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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