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Nadarajapillai K, Udayantha HMV, Sellaththurai S, Kasthuriarachchi TDW, Kim G, Lee J. Expression profile and molecular function of beclin-1 in Epinephelus akaara in response to immune stimuli and oxidative stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108490. [PMID: 36509415 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Beclin-1, the mammalian ortholog of the yeast autophagy-related gene 6 (Atg 6), is a key regulator of autophagy. A variety of health and disease conditions in mammals are intricately related to the broad spectrum of beclin-1 functions. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the role of beclin-1 in fish. In this study, we identified and cloned the beclin-1 cDNA (EaBECN-1) of Epinephelus akaara (red-spotted grouper) and carried out in silico analysis, tissue-specific expression analysis, immune challenge experiment, and in vitro analysis of its roles against viral infection and oxidative stress. The open reading frame was 1344 bp long and encoded 447 amino acids with a molecular weight of 51.2 kDa. Beclin-1 consisted of a conserved N-terminal BH3 and APG6 domains, and shared more than 88% identity with other vertebrates, according to a pairwise sequence alignment. EaBECN-1 expression profile analysis in E. akaara revealed that it is mostly expressed in the blood. Moreover, transcriptional modulation of EaBECN-1 was observed following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)), and nervous necrosis virus. During the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus challenge, increased viral gene expression was observed at 12 h post-infection in FHM cells ectopically expressing EaBECN-1, and decreased thereafter at 24 h post-infection compared to control cells. However, increased antiviral gene expression at 12 and 24 h confirmed the antiviral function of EaBECN-1. Furthermore, EaBECN-1 overexpression protected the cells against H2O2-mediated apoptosis, as evidenced by the MTT assay, analysis of mRNA expression levels of apoptotic genes, and AO-EtBr staining. Overall, our study demonstrated the protective role of EaBECN-1 against viral pathogenesis and oxidative stress through autophagy, increasing our understanding of the role of beclin-1 in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishanthini Nadarajapillai
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - H M V Udayantha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarithaa Sellaththurai
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - T D W Kasthuriarachchi
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Guo J, Du X, Li C. BAG family proteins contributes to autophagy-mediated multidrug resistance of tumor. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1492-1500. [PMID: 35278199 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a significant cause of tumor treatment failure. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy plays a significant role in the development of MDR. Autophagy is a conserved mechanism that maintains tumor homeostasis by removing damaged mitochondria. However, the specific regulatory mechanism is unclear. Here, we summarize recent studies on the role of autophagy in the development of MDR and the initiation of mitophagy by Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG) family proteins. Additionally, this mini-review emphasizes the regulatory role of BAG family proteins, which maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy may foster the development of clinical therapeutic strategies for MDR tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufang Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaolin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China.
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Ren C, Xu Y, Liu H, Wang Z, Ma T, Li Z, Sun L, Huang Q, Zhang K, Zhang C, Cui Y, Wang Q, Lu Y. Effects of runt-related transcription factor 2 ( RUNX2) on the autophagy of rapamycin-treated osteoblasts. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5262-5276. [PMID: 35170378 PMCID: PMC8973582 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy occurs throughout the development and maturation of bone tissues and various types of bone cells and plays a vital role in osteoporosis progression. This study aimed to explore the role of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in osteoblast autophagy and its related molecular mechanisms. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with different concentrations of rapamycin, and their viability was determined using a cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The cells were then transfected with si-RUNX2 and RUNX2 overexpression plasmids, and the viability of these rapamycin-treated cells was measured using CCK-8, while the expression of autophagy-related genes/proteins and osteoblast differentiation-related genes was determined using Western blotting and RT-qPCR. Finally, Alizarin red staining was used to observe osteoblast mineralization, and transmission electron microscopy was employed to detect autophagosomes in cells administered different treatments. Rapamycin significantly inhibited cell viability and promoted cell autophagy compared with the control (P < 0.05). Cells with RUNX2 knockdown and overexpression were successfully established. Further, RUNX2 overexpression was found to significantly enhance the viability and osteoblast mineralization of rapamycin-treated cells and suppress cell autophagy. RUNX2 overexpression also increased p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK levels and ALP, OCN, and OSX expression, and markedly downregulated Beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I, p62, ATG1, p-Beclin-1, and ATG5 levels (P < 0.05). However, the trends after RUNX2 knockdown opposed those observed after RUNX2 overexpression. RUNX2 may regulate osteoblast differentiation and autophagy by mediating autophagy-related and osteoblast differentiation-related genes/proteins, as well as the p38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Yan’ an University, Yan’ an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaan’xi Province, China
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BAG Family Members as Mitophagy Regulators in Mammals. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040681. [PMID: 35203329 PMCID: PMC8870067 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2-associated athanogene (BAG) family is a multifunctional group of co-chaperones that are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. In addition to their common BAG domain, these proteins contain, in their sequences, many specific domains/motifs required for their various functions in cellular quality control, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins. The BAG family includes six members (BAG1 to BAG6). Recent studies reported their roles in autophagy and/or mitophagy through interaction with the autophagic machinery (LC3, Beclin 1, P62) or with the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. This review describes the mechanisms underlying BAG family member functions in autophagy and mitophagy and the consequences in physiopathology.
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Kilbas PO, Can ND, Kizilboga T, Ezberci F, Doganay HL, Arisan ED, Dinler Doganay G. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Bag-1 knockout increased mesenchymal characteristics of MCF-7 cells via Akt hyperactivation-mediated actin cytoskeleton remodeling. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261062. [PMID: 34995286 PMCID: PMC8741009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bag-1 protein is a crucial target in cancer to increase the survival and proliferation of cells. The Bag-1 expression is significantly upregulated in primary and metastatic cancer patients compared to normal breast tissue. Overexpression of Bag-1 decreases the efficiency of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, whereas Bag-1 silencing enhances the apoptotic efficiency of therapeutics, mostly in hormone-positive breast cancer subtypes. In this study, we generated stable Bag-1 knockout (KO) MCF-7 breast cancer cells to monitor stress-mediated cellular alterations in comparison to wild type (wt) and Bag-1 overexpressing (Bag-1 OE) MCF-7 cells. Validation and characterization studies of Bag-1 KO cells showed different cellular morphology with hyperactive Akt signaling, which caused stress-mediated actin reorganization, focal adhesion decrease and led to mesenchymal characteristics in MCF-7 cells. A potent Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, suppressed mesenchymal transition in Bag-1 KO cells. Similar results were obtained following the recovery of Bag-1 isoforms (Bag-1S, M, or L) in Bag-1 KO cells. The findings of this study emphasized that Bag-1 is a mediator of actin-mediated cytoskeleton organization through regulating Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Ozfiliz Kilbas
- Department of Molecular Biology Genetics and Biotechnology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nisan Denizce Can
- Department of Molecular Biology Genetics and Biotechnology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Kizilboga
- Department of Molecular Biology Genetics and Biotechnology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikret Ezberci
- Department of General Surgery, Umraniye Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamdi Levent Doganay
- Genomic Laboratory (GLAB), Umraniye Teaching And Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
- * E-mail: (EDA); (GDD)
| | - Gizem Dinler Doganay
- Department of Molecular Biology Genetics and Biotechnology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail: (EDA); (GDD)
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Mulberry Leaf Polyphenol Extract and Rutin Induces Autophagy Regulated by p53 in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121310. [PMID: 34959709 PMCID: PMC8704259 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The edible leaves of the mulberry (Morus alba L.) plant are used worldwide. They contain abundant polyphenolic compounds with strong anticancer properties. We previously revealed that apoptosis was mediated in p53-negative Hep3B cells, and mulberry leaf polyphenol extract (MLPE) induced autophagy in p53-transfected Hep3B cells. However, how this autophagy is induced by p53 in human hepatoma HepG2 (p53 wild type) cells remains unclear. In the current study, MLPE induced autophagy, as demonstrated by enhanced acidic vesicular organelle staining, by upregulating beclin-1, increasing LC3-II conversion, and phosphorylating AMPK. In HepG2 cells, these processes were associated with p53. Western blot also revealed phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), p-AKT, and fatty acid synthase (FASN) suppression in MLPE-treated cells. Moreover, treatment with the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT-α) inhibited autophagy and increased apoptotic response in MLPE-treated HepG2 cells. PFT-α treatment also reversed MLPE-induced PI3K, p-AKT, and FASN suppression. Thus, co-treatment with MLPE and PFT-α significantly increased caspase-3, caspase-8, and cytochrome c release, indicating that p53 deficiency caused the apoptosis. In addition, rutin, a bioactive polyphenol in MLPE, may affect autophagy in HepG2 cells. This study demonstrates that MLPE is a potential anticancer agent targeting autophagy and apoptosis in cells with p53 status. Moreover, this work provides insight into the mechanism of p53 action in MLPE-induced cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Tatli O, Dinler Doganay G. Recent Developments in Targeting RAS Downstream Effectors for RAS-Driven Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247561. [PMID: 34946644 PMCID: PMC8703923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activity of oncogenic rat sarcoma virus (RAS) protein promotes tumor growth and progression. RAS-driven cancers comprise more than 30% of all human cancers and are refractory to frontline treatment strategies. Since direct targeting of RAS has proven challenging, efforts have been centered on the exploration of inhibitors for RAS downstream effector kinases. Two major RAS downstream signaling pathways, including the Raf/MEK/Erk cascade and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, have become compelling targets for RAS-driven cancer therapy. However, the main drawback in the blockade of a single RAS effector is the multiple levels of crosstalk and compensatory mechanisms between these two pathways that contribute to drug resistance against monotherapies. A growing body of evidence reveals that the sequential or synergistic inhibition of multiple RAS effectors is a more convenient route for the efficacy of cancer therapy. Herein, we revisit the recent developments and discuss the most promising modalities targeting canonical RAS downstream effectors for the treatment of RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Tatli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics-Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34720, Turkey
| | - Gizem Dinler Doganay
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics-Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-2122-857-256
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Tran S, Fairlie WD, Lee EF. BECLIN1: Protein Structure, Function and Regulation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061522. [PMID: 34204202 PMCID: PMC8235419 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BECLIN1 is a well-established regulator of autophagy, a process essential for mammalian survival. It functions in conjunction with other proteins to form Class III Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) complexes to generate phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), lipids essential for not only autophagy but other membrane trafficking processes. Over the years, studies have elucidated the structural, biophysical, and biochemical properties of BECLIN1, which have shed light on how this protein functions to allosterically regulate these critical processes of autophagy and membrane trafficking. Here, we review these findings and how BECLIN1’s diverse protein interactome regulates it, as well as its impact on organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - W. Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence: (W.D.F.); (E.F.L.)
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence: (W.D.F.); (E.F.L.)
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