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El Oirdi M. Harnessing the Power of Polyphenols: A New Frontier in Disease Prevention and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:692. [PMID: 38931359 PMCID: PMC11206774 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There are a wide variety of phytochemicals collectively known as polyphenols. Their structural diversity results in a broad range of characteristics and biological effects. Polyphenols can be found in a variety of foods and drinks, including fruits, cereals, tea, and coffee. Studies both in vitro and in vivo, as well as clinical trials, have shown that they possess potent antioxidant activities, numerous therapeutic effects, and health advantages. Dietary polyphenols have demonstrated the potential to prevent many health problems, including obesity, atherosclerosis, high blood sugar, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and neurological diseases. In this paper, the protective effects of polyphenols and the mechanisms behind them are investigated in detail, citing the most recent available literature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the role of polyphenols in preventing and managing chronic diseases. The cited publications are derived from in vitro, in vivo, and human-based studies and clinical trials. A more complete understanding of these naturally occurring metabolites will pave the way for the development of novel polyphenol-rich diet and drug development programs. This, in turn, provides further evidence of their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Oirdi
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Xie ZQ, Chen DF, He J, Zhong L, Luo G, Fang M. MiR-371-5p regulates trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by directly targeting ZNF516. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:8585-8598. [PMID: 38761180 PMCID: PMC11164490 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite its prevalence, preeclampsia (PE) remains unclear as to its etiology. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms regulating differences in the gene expression of zinc-finger protein 516 (ZNF516) in the placenta. The expression of the placental ZNF516 gene and its association with critical clinical markers were verified, and a rigorous correlation analysis was conducted. With a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, microRNA targeting the ZNF516 gene was predicted and confirmed. Finally, the molecular processes associated with ZNF516 were explored via microarray and bioinformatic analyses. In hypoxic conditions, miR-371-5p expression was reduced, resulting in ZNF516 expression being induced. Moreover, ZNF516 was shown to hinder trophoblast cell migration and invasion while enhancing trophoblast cell death in various in vitro cellular assays, such as cell counting kit-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays. Our findings reveal a new regulatory network facilitated by ZNF516. ZNF516 overexpression inhibits trophoblast growth, movement, and penetration, potentially causing problems with placenta formation with the help of miR-371-5p suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qiu Xie
- Electrocardiogram Room, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - De Fang Chen
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Jie He
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Linsheng Zhong
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Guanzheng Luo
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Ming Fang
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
- University of South China’s Teaching Hospital, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Hengyang 421000, China
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Boța M, Vlaia L, Jîjie AR, Marcovici I, Crişan F, Oancea C, Dehelean CA, Mateescu T, Moacă EA. Exploring Synergistic Interactions between Natural Compounds and Conventional Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Preclinical Models of Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:598. [PMID: 38794168 PMCID: PMC11123751 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current work, the synergy between natural compounds and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs is comprehensively reviewed in light of current preclinical research findings. The prognosis for lung cancer patients is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 18.1%. The use of natural compounds in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs has gained significant attention as a potential novel approach in the treatment of lung cancer. The present work highlights the importance of finding more effective therapies to increase survival rates. Chemotherapy is a primary treatment option for lung cancer but it has limitations such as reduced effectiveness because cancer cells become resistant. Natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants have shown promising anticancer or chemopreventive properties and their synergistic effect has been observed when combined with conventional therapies. The combined use of an anti-cancer drug and a natural compound exhibits synergistic effects, enhancing overall therapeutic actions against cancer cells. In conclusion, this work provides an overview of the latest preclinical research on medicinal plants and plant-derived compounds as alternative or complementary treatment options for lung cancer chemotherapy and discusses the potential of natural compounds in treating lung cancer with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Boța
- Department II—Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Lavinia Vlaia
- Department II—Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.B.); (L.V.)
- Formulation and Technology of Drugs Research Center, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alex-Robert Jîjie
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (F.C.); (C.A.D.); (E.-A.M.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina Marcovici
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (F.C.); (C.A.D.); (E.-A.M.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Flavia Crişan
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (F.C.); (C.A.D.); (E.-A.M.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristian Oancea
- Discipline of Pneumology, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (F.C.); (C.A.D.); (E.-A.M.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tudor Mateescu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumophthiology Dr. Victor Babes, 13 Gheorghe Adam Street, RO-300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Elena-Alina Moacă
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (F.C.); (C.A.D.); (E.-A.M.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Lotia S, Patel S, Patel A, Patel V, Shah K, Tanavde V. Unravelling the role of Silibinin in targeting CD44+ cancer stem cells: Therapeutic implications, effective strategies and approaches. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1830-1837. [PMID: 38353369 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
CD44+ cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to account for drug resistance and tumour recurrence due to their potential to self-renew and differentiate into heterogeneous lineages. Therefore, efficient treatment strategies targeting and eliminating these CSCs are required. The flavonolignan, Silibinin, has gained immense attention in targeting CD44+ CSCs as it alters functional properties like cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of invasion and metastasis and also inhibits a range of molecular pathways. However, its limited bioavailability is a major hurdle in asserting Silibinin as a translational therapeutic agent. Combinatorial therapy of Silibinin with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs is an alternative approach in targeting CD44+ CSCs as it increases the efficacy and reduces the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, thus preventing drug resistance. Certain Silibinin-conjugated nano-formulations have also been successfully developed, through which there is improved absorptivity/bioavailability of Silibinin and a decrease in the concentration of therapeutic drugs leading to reduced cytotoxicity. In this review, we summarise the effectiveness of the synergistic therapeutic approach for Silibinin in targeting the molecular mechanisms of CD44+ CSCs and emphasise the potential role of Silibinin as a novel therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Lotia
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shanaya Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Aditi Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vaishnavi Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kanisha Shah
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vivek Tanavde
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Reisenauer KN, Aroujo J, Tao Y, Ranganathan S, Romo D, Taube JH. Therapeutic vulnerabilities of cancer stem cells and effects of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1432-1456. [PMID: 37103550 PMCID: PMC10524555 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1995 to 2022Tumors possess both genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity leading to the survival of subpopulations post-treatment. The term cancer stem cells (CSCs) describes a subpopulation that is resistant to many types of chemotherapy and which also possess enhanced migratory and anchorage-independent growth capabilities. These cells are enriched in residual tumor material post-treatment and can serve as the seed for future tumor re-growth, at both primary and metastatic sites. Elimination of CSCs is a key goal in enhancing cancer treatment and may be aided by application of natural products in conjunction with conventional treatments. In this review, we highlight molecular features of CSCs and discuss synthesis, structure-activity relationships, derivatization, and effects of six natural products with anti-CSC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaquelin Aroujo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor Univesrity, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Yongfeng Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor Univesrity, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor Univesrity, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Joseph H Taube
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Jakobušić Brala C, Karković Marković A, Kugić A, Torić J, Barbarić M. Combination Chemotherapy with Selected Polyphenols in Preclinical and Clinical Studies-An Update Overview. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093746. [PMID: 37175156 PMCID: PMC10180288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article describes studies published over the past five years on the combination of polyphenols, which are the most studied in the field of anticancer effects (curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, and apigenin) and chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, etc. According to WHO data, research has been limited to five cancers with the highest morbidity rate (lung, colorectal, liver, gastric, and breast cancer). A systematic review of articles published in the past five years (from January 2018 to January 2023) was carried out with the help of all Web of Science databases and the available base of clinical studies. Based on the preclinical studies presented in this review, polyphenols can enhance drug efficacy and reduce chemoresistance through different molecular mechanisms. Considering the large number of studies, curcumin could be a molecule in future chemotherapy cocktails. One of the main problems in clinical research is related to the limited bioavailability of most polyphenols. The design of a new co-delivery system for drugs and polyphenols is essential for future clinical research. Some polyphenols work in synergy with chemotherapeutic drugs, but some polyphenols can act antagonistically, so caution is always required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cvijeta Jakobušić Brala
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Karković Marković
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Azra Kugić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Torić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Barbarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Wei Z, Chen J, Zuo F, Guo J, Sun X, Liu D, Liu C. Traditional Chinese Medicine has great potential as candidate drugs for lung cancer: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115748. [PMID: 36162545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE With high mortality and morbidity rates, lung cancer (LC) has become one of the major threats to human health. The treatment strategies for LC currently face issues, such as drug resistance and body tolerance. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is characterized by novel pharmacological mechanisms, low toxicity, and limited side effects. TCM includes a substantial number of biologically active ingredients, several of which are effective monomeric agents against LC. An increasing number of researchers are focusing their efforts on the discovery of active anti-cancer ingredients in TCM. AIM OF THE REVIEW In this review, we summarized the anti-LC mechanisms of five types of TCM monomeric compounds. Our goal is to provide research ideas for the identification of new prospective medication candidates for the treatment of LC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected reports on the anti-LC effects of TCM monomers from web databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Europe PubMed Central. Among the keywords used were "lung cancer," "traditional Chinese medicine," "pharmacology," and their combinations thereof. Then, we systematically summarized the anti-LC efficacy and related mechanisms of TCM monomers. RESULTS Based on the available literature, this paper reviewed the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of five types of TCM monomers on LC. The characteristics of TCM monomers include the capabilities to suppress the tumor cell cycle, inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, promote autophagy, inhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and enhance efficacy or reduce drug resistance when combined with cytotoxic agents and other methods to arrest the progression of LC and prolong the survival of patients. CONCLUSIONS TCM contains numerous flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and other active compounds that are effective against LC. Given their chemical structure and pharmacological properties, these monomers are suitable as candidate drugs for the treatment of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, 635000, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, 635000, PR China
| | - Fang Zuo
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Julie Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, 635000, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, 635000, PR China
| | - Deming Liu
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Dermatology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Integrative Dermatology Research, Key Laboratory of External Therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Eczema, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400011, PR China.
| | - Conghai Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, 635000, PR China.
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Antitumor Therapy Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:6886135. [PMID: 36908706 PMCID: PMC10005879 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6886135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The development and progression of tumors in human tissues extensively rely on its surrounding environment, that is, tumor microenvironment which includes a variety of cells, molecules, and blood vessels. These components are modified, organized, and integrated to support and facilitate the growth, invasion, and metabolism of tumor cells, suggesting them as potential therapeutic targets in anticancer treatment. An increasing number of pharmacological agents have been developed and clinically applied to target the oncogenic components in the tumor microenvironment, and in this review, we will summarize these pharmacological agents that directly or indirectly target the cellular or molecular components in the tumor microenvironment. However, difficulties and challenges still exist in this field, which will also be reported in this literature.
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Tang C, Liu J, Yang C, Ma J, Chen X, Liu D, Zhou Y, Zhou W, Lin Y, Yuan X. Curcumin and Its Analogs in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment: Challenges and Expectations. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1636. [PMID: 36358986 PMCID: PMC9688036 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have made crucial advances in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), improving our understanding of lung tumor biology and progression. Although the survival of NSCLC patients has improved due to chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, overall NSCLC recovery and survival rates remain low. Thus, there is an urgent need for the continued development of novel NSCLC drugs or combination therapies with less toxicity. Although the anticancer effectiveness of curcumin (Cur) and some Cur analogs has been reported in many studies, the results of clinical trials have been inconsistent. Therefore, in this review, we collected the latest related reports about the anti-NSCLC mechanisms of Cur, its analogs, and Cur in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents via the Pubmed database (accessed on 18 June 2022). Furthermore, we speculated on the interplay of Cur and various molecular targets relevant to NSCLC with discovery studio and collected clinical trials of Cur against NSCLC to clarify the role of Cur and its analogs in NSCLC treatment. Despite their challenges, Cur/Cur analogs may serve as promising therapeutic agents or adjuvants for lung carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyin Tang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jieting Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157000, China
| | - Chunsong Yang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banan Second People’s Hospital, Banan District, Chongqing 401320, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Dongwen Liu
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yunzhu Lin
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiaohuan Yuan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157000, China
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Ranasinghe R, Mathai ML, Zulli A. Cisplatin for cancer therapy and overcoming chemoresistance. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10608. [PMID: 36158077 PMCID: PMC9489975 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin spearheads the anticancer chemotherapeutics in present-day use although acute toxicity is its primary impediment factor. Among a plethora of experimental medications, a drug as effective or surpassing the benefits of cisplatin has not been discovered yet. Although Oxaliplatin is considered more superior to cisplatin, the former has been better for colorectal cancer while cisplatin is widely used for treating gynaecological cancers. Carcinoma imposes a heavy toll on mortality rates worldwide despite the novel treatment strategies and detection methods that have been introduced; nanomedicine combined with precision medicine, immunotherapy, volume-regulated anion channels, and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Millions of deaths occur annually from metastatic cancers which escape early detection and the concomitant diseases caused by highly toxic chemotherapy that causes organ damage. It continues due to insufficient knowledge of the debilitative mechanisms induced by cancer biology. To overcome chemoresistance and to attenuate the adverse effects of cisplatin therapy, both in vitro and in vivo models of cisplatin-treated cancers and a few multi-centred, multi-phasic, randomized clinical trials in pursuant with recent novel strategies have been tested. They include plant-based phytochemical compounds, de novo drug delivery systems, biochemical/immune pathways, 2D and 3D cell culture models using small molecule inhibitors and genetic/epigenetic mechanisms, that have contributed to further the understanding of cisplatin's role in modulating the tumour microenvironment. Cisplatin was beneficial in cancer therapy for modulating the putative cellular mechanisms; apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and gene therapy of micro RNAs. Specific importance of drug influx, efflux, systemic circulatory toxicity, half-maximal inhibition, and the augmentation of host immunometabolism have been identified. This review offers a discourse on the recent anti-neoplastic treatment strategies to enhance cisplatin efficacy and to overcome chemoresistance, given its superiority among other tolerable chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmali Ranasinghe
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Health and Medicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Health and Medicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Health and Medicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Nisar S, Masoodi T, Prabhu KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Zarif L, Khatoon S, Ali S, Uddin S, Akil AAS, Singh M, Macha MA, Bhat AA. Natural products as chemo-radiation therapy sensitizers in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113610. [PMID: 36030591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy (CT), and/or radiation therapy (RT) are the treatment of choice for most advanced tumors. Unfortunately, treatment failure due to intrinsic and acquired resistance to the current CT and RT is a significant challenge associated with poor patient prognosis. There is an urgent need to develop and identify agents that can sensitize tumor cells to chemo-radiation therapy (CRT) with minimal cytotoxicity to the healthy tissues. While many recent studies have identified the underlying molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for CRT failure, using small molecule inhibitors to chemo/radio sensitize tumors is associated with high toxicity and increased morbidity. Natural products have long been used as chemopreventive agents in many cancers. Combining many of these compounds with the standard chemotherapeutic agents or with RT has shown synergistic effects on cancer cell death and overall improvement in patient survival. Based on the available data, there is strong evidence that natural products have a robust therapeutic potential along with CRT and their well-known chemopreventive effects in many solid tumors. This review article reports updated literature on different natural products used as CT or RT sensitizers in many solid tumors. This is the first review discussing CT and RT sensitizers together in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Depertment of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Cancer immunology and genetics, Sidra Medicine, Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Lubna Zarif
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Summaiya Khatoon
- Depertment of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahid Ali
- International Potato Center (CIP), Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ammira Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Depertment of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Depertment of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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12
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Rozenberg JM, Filkov GI, Trofimenko AV, Karpulevich EA, Parshin VD, Royuk VV, Sekacheva MI, Durymanov MO. Biomedical Applications of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Spheroids. Front Oncol 2021; 11:791069. [PMID: 34950592 PMCID: PMC8688758 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.791069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung malignancies accounted for 11% of cancers worldwide in 2020 and remained the leading cause of cancer deaths. About 80% of lung cancers belong to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is characterized by extremely high clonal and morphological heterogeneity of tumors and development of multidrug resistance. The improvement of current therapeutic strategies includes several directions. First, increasing knowledge in cancer biology results in better understanding of the mechanisms underlying malignant transformation, alterations in signal transduction, and crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. In turn, it leads to the discovery of important molecular targets in cancer development, which might be affected pharmaceutically. The second direction focuses on the screening of novel drug candidates, synthetic or from natural sources. Finally, "personalization" of a therapeutic strategy enables maximal damage to the tumor of a patient. The personalization of treatment can be based on the drug screening performed using patient-derived tumor xenografts or in vitro patient-derived cell models. 3D multicellular cancer spheroids, generated from cancer cell lines or tumor-isolated cells, seem to be a helpful tool for the improvement of current NSCLC therapies. Spheroids are used as a tumor-mimicking in vitro model for screening of novel drugs, analysis of intercellular interactions, and oncogenic cell signaling. Moreover, several studies with tumor-derived spheroids suggest this model for the choice of "personalized" therapy. Here we aim to give an overview of the different applications of NSCLC spheroids and discuss the potential contribution of the spheroid model to the development of anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Rozenberg
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia
| | - Gleb I Filkov
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia.,Special Cell Technology Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexander V Trofimenko
- Special Cell Technology Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Karpulevich
- Department of Information Systems, Ivannikov Institute for System Programming of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir D Parshin
- Clinical Center, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Royuk
- Clinical Center, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina I Sekacheva
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail O Durymanov
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia.,Special Cell Technology Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
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13
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Jermy BR, Almohazey D, Alamoudi WA, Palanivel RM, AlSudairi N, Dafalla H, Almofleh AA, Alfareed TM, Ravinayagam V. Synergistic action of curcumin and cisplatin on spinel ferrite/hierarchical MCM-41 nanocomposite against MCF-7, HeLa and HCT 116 cancer cell line. Cancer Nanotechnol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-021-00106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Platinum-based drugs are widely used in cancer therapy, but are known for toxic side effects and resistance. Combinational drug delivery represents an effective chemotherapeutic strategy, but often leads to an increased toxicity. Aim of this study is to test the co-delivery of cisplatin with natural antioxidants on hierarchial porous large surface area hexagonal nanocarriers for synergistic action.
Results
A series of structured mesoporous materials were impregnated with magnetic spinel ferrite (30% CuFe2O4) and then coated with curcumin (25% wt/wt). Mesosilicalite and MCM-41 with high curcumin release abilities were functionalized with cisplatin (5% wt/wt) for synergistic effect of combinational drugs. The cytotoxic efficiency of our nanocomposites was tested on cell viability of MCF7 (human breast cancer), human cervical cancer (HeLa), colorectal cancer (HCT116), and HFF (human foreskin fibroblasts) cell lines using the MTT cell viability assay. At a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, CuFe2O4/mesosilicalite/curcumin/cisplatin resulted in 89.53% reduction in viability in MCF7, 94.03% in HeLa, 64% in HCT116 and 87% in HFF; whereas, CuFe2O4/MCM-41/curcumin/cisplatin resulted in 76% reduction in viability in MCF7, 64.46% in HeLa, 64% in HCT116 and 24% in HFF. The EC50 for CuFe2O4/mesosilicalite/curcumin/cisplatin was 81.23 µg/ml in MCF7, 47.55 µg/ml in HeLa, 48.96 µg/ml in HCT116 and 76.83 µg/ml in HFF. The EC50 for CuFe2O4/MCM-41/curcumin/cisplatin was 72.51 µg/ml in MCF7, 58.6 µg/ml in HeLa, 62.58 µg/ml in HCT116 and 154.2 µg/ml in HFF. Furthermore, cells treated with both nanocomposites had a high number of cleaved Caspase 3-positive cells suggesting that the reduction in cell viability was triggered by activating the apoptotic signaling pathway.
Conclusion
Our results show that CuFe2O4/MCM-41/curcumin/cisplatin is a better candidate for combinational drug therapy due to its lowest EC50 value and the wider difference in EC50 (a fold change) between cancerous and non-cancerous cell line.
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Malla RR, Padmaraju V, Marni R, Kamal MA. Natural products: Potential targets of TME related long non-coding RNAs in lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE 2021; 93:153782. [PMID: 34627097 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a significant health concern worldwide due to high mortality and morbidity, despite the advances in diagnosis, treatment, and management. Recent experimental evidence from different models suggested long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as major modulators of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to support metastasis and drug resistance in lung cancer. Evidence-based studies demonstrated that natural products interfere with TME functions. PURPOSE OF STUDY To establish lncRNAs of TME as novel targets of natural compounds for lung cancer management. STUDY DESIGN Current study used a combination of TME and lung CSCs, lncRNAs and enrichment and stemness maintenance, natural products and stem cell management, natural products and lncRNAs, natural products and targeted delivery as keywords to retrieve the literature from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. This study critically reviewed the current literature and presented cancer stem cells' ability in reprogramming lung TME. RESULTS This review found that TME related oncogenic and tumor suppressor lncRNAs and their signaling pathways control the maintenance of stemness in lung TME. This review explored natural phenolic compounds and found that curcumin, genistein, quercetin epigallocatechin gallate and ginsenoside Rh2 are efficient in managing lung CSCs. They modulate lncRNAs and their upstream mediators by targeting signaling and epigenetic pathways. This review also identified relevant nanotechnology-based phytochemical delivery approaches for targeting lung cancer. CONCLUSION By critical literature analysis, TME related lncRNAs were identified as potential therapeutic targets, aiming to develop natural product-based therapeutics to treat metastatic and drug-resistant lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India; Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India.
| | - Vasudevaraju Padmaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Rakshmitha Marni
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India; Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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15
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Hussain Y, Islam L, Khan H, Filosa R, Aschner M, Javed S. Curcumin-cisplatin chemotherapy: A novel strategy in promoting chemotherapy efficacy and reducing side effects. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6514-6529. [PMID: 34347326 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy in cancer therapy is limited due to resistance, treatment selectivity, and severe adverse effects. Immunotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation, and surgery are the most common therapeutic strategies for treatment, with chemotherapy being the most successful. Nonetheless, these treatments exhibit poor effectiveness due to toxicity and resistance. Therefore, combination therapies of natural products may be used as an effective and novel strategy to overcome such barriers. Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, and when administered alone, it can lead to severe adverse effects and resistance mechanism resulting in therapeutic failure. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa) exhibiting anticancer potential with minimal adverse effects. The combination therapy of curcumin and cisplatin is a novel strategy to mitigate/attenuate cisplatin-related adverse effects and improve the barrier of resistance reducing unwanted effects. However, there are uncertainties on the efficacy of curcumin, and more in depth and high-quality studies are needed. This review aims to explain the adverse effects related to individual cisplatin delivery, the positive outcome of individual curcumin delivery, and the combination therapy of curcumin and cisplatin from nano platform as a novel strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Hussain
- Lab of Controlled Release and Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir Lower Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Saba Javed
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
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16
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Targeting cancer stem cells by nutraceuticals for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 85:234-245. [PMID: 34273521 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an essential role in tumor progression and reoccurrence and drug resistance. Multiple signaling pathways have been revealed to be critically participated in CSC development and maintenance. Emerging evidence indicates that numerous chemopreventive compounds, also known as nutraceuticals, could eliminate CSCs in part via regulating several signaling pathways. Therefore, in this review, we will describe the some natural chemopreventive agents that target CSCs in a variety of human malignancies, including soy isoflavone, curcumin, resveratrol, tea polyphenols, sulforaphane, quercetin, indole-3-carbinol, 3,3'-diindolylmethane, withaferin A, apigenin, etc. Moreover, we discuss that eliminating CSCs by nutraceuticals might be a promising strategy for treating human cancer via overcoming drug resistance and reducing tumor reoccurrence.
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Mirzaei S, Hushmandi K, Zabolian A, Saleki H, Torabi SMR, Ranjbar A, SeyedSaleh S, Sharifzadeh SO, Khan H, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Ahn KS. Elucidating Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cisplatin Chemotherapy: A Focus on Molecular Pathways and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:2382. [PMID: 33921908 PMCID: PMC8073650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of chemotherapy is a major challenge nowadays, and in order to ensure effective treatment of cancer patients, it is of great importance to reveal the molecular pathways and mechanisms involved in chemoresistance. Cisplatin (CP) is a platinum-containing drug with anti-tumor activity against different cancers in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. However, drug resistance has restricted its potential in the treatment of cancer patients. CP can promote levels of free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce cell death. Due to the double-edged sword role of ROS in cancer as a pro-survival or pro-death mechanism, ROS can result in CP resistance. In the present review, association of ROS with CP sensitivity/resistance is discussed, and in particular, how molecular pathways, both upstream and downstream targets, can affect the response of cancer cells to CP chemotherapy. Furthermore, anti-tumor compounds, such as curcumin, emodin, chloroquine that regulate ROS and related molecular pathways in increasing CP sensitivity are described. Nanoparticles can provide co-delivery of CP with anti-tumor agents and by mediating photodynamic therapy, and induce ROS overgeneration to trigger CP sensitivity. Genetic tools, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) can down-regulate molecular pathways such as HIF-1α and Nrf2 to promote ROS levels, leading to CP sensitivity. Considering the relationship between ROS and CP chemotherapy, and translating these findings to clinic can pave the way for effective treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Hossein Saleki
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Torabi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Adnan Ranjbar
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - SeyedHesam SeyedSaleh
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Seyed Omid Sharifzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Kwang-Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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