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Zhi S, Huang M, Cheng K. Enzyme-responsive design combined with photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103965. [PMID: 38552778 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive cancer treatment that has garnered significant attention in recent years. However, its application is still hampered by certain limitations, such as the hydrophobicity and low targeting of photosensitizers (PSs) and the hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, the fusion of enzyme-responsive drugs with PDT offers novel solutions to overcome these challenges. Utilizing the attributes of enzyme-responsive drugs, PDT can deliver PSs to the target site and selectively release them, thereby enhancing therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we spotlight recent advances in enzyme-responsive materials for cancer treatment and primarily delineate their application in combination with PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Meixin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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2
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Morsby JJ, Zhang Z, Burchett A, Datta M, Smith BD. Ratiometric near-infrared fluorescent probe for nitroreductase activity enables 3D imaging of hypoxic cells within intact tumor spheroids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3633-3639. [PMID: 38455008 PMCID: PMC10915858 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent molecular probes that report nitroreductase activity have promise as imaging tools to elucidate the biology of hypoxic cells and report the past hypoxic history of biomedical tissue. This study describes the synthesis and validation of a "first-in-class" ratiometric, hydrophilic near-infrared fluorescent molecular probe for imaging hypoxia-induced nitroreductase activity in 2D cell culture monolayers and 3D multicellular tumor spheroids. The probe's molecular structure is charge-balanced and the change in ratiometric signal is based on Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) from a deep-red, pentamethine cyanine donor dye (Cy5, emits ∼660 nm) to a linked near-infrared, heptamethine cyanine acceptor dye (Cy7, emits ∼780 nm). Enzymatic reduction of a 4-nitrobenzyl group on the Cy7 component induces a large increase in Cy7/Cy5 fluorescence ratio. The deep penetration of near-infrared light enables 3D optical sectioning of intact tumor spheroids, and visualization of individual hypoxic cells (i.e., cells with raised Cy7/Cy5 ratio) as a new way to study tumor spheroids. Beyond preclinical imaging, the near-infrared fluorescent molecular probe has high potential for ratiometric imaging of hypoxic tissue in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeala J Morsby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Zhumin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Alice Burchett
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame 145 Multidisciplinary Engineering Research Building, Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Meenal Datta
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame 145 Multidisciplinary Engineering Research Building, Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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Xu Y, Hu B, Cui Y, Li L, Nian F, Zhang Z, Wang W. A highly selective ratio-metric fluorescent sensor for visualizing nitroreductase in hypoxic cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:83-86. [PMID: 38018699 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed a novel single-molecular probe (NORP) for selective and accurate determination of NTR in living cells. It was discovered that up-regulation of endogenous NTR occurred in response to hypoxic stimulation, and there was a dependence between the NTR levels and the degree of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Application, College of Science, Gansu Agriculture University, No. 1 Yingmen village, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Application, College of Science, Gansu Agriculture University, No. 1 Yingmen village, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Yanjun Cui
- Institute of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Application, College of Science, Gansu Agriculture University, No. 1 Yingmen village, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Application, College of Science, Gansu Agriculture University, No. 1 Yingmen village, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Fang Nian
- Institute of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Application, College of Science, Gansu Agriculture University, No. 1 Yingmen village, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Zhixia Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Application, College of Science, Gansu Agriculture University, No. 1 Yingmen village, Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Wenting Wang
- College of Life and Health, Wuhan Vocational College of Software and Engineering, Wuhan 430205, China
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Kampaengsri S, Chansaenpak K, Pewklang T, Muangsopa P, Ketudat Cairns JR, Lai RY, Kamkaew A. Quercetin Nanoparticle-Based Hypoxia-Responsive Probe for Cancer Detection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1546-1555. [PMID: 36921070 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed functional nanomaterials via a phenolic-enabled nanotechnology strategy for hypoxia detection employing quercetin (QCT), an abundant flavonoid, as a polyphenolic system. The nano form of QCT was stabilized by coating it with polyethylene glycol (PEG) before loading it with a flavylium dye (Flav) as a pH indicator. The nanosystem, Flav@QCT-PEG, collapsed when it was in an acidic environment, i.e., pH 5, leading to the release of Flav, which activated the fluorescent signal. Therefore, Flav@QCT-PEG was applied to detect hypoxic tumors, known to be acidic, and responded to hypoxic environments in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sastiya Kampaengsri
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kantapat Chansaenpak
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Thitima Pewklang
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Prapassara Muangsopa
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.,Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rung-Yi Lai
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.,Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Das S, Indurthi HK, Asati P, Sharma DK. Small Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Sensing and Bioimaging of Nitroreductase. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samarpita Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engg. and Tech Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Up 221005
| | - Harish K. Indurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engg. and Tech Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Up 221005
| | - Pulkit Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engg. and Tech Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Up 221005
| | - Deepak K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engg. and Tech Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Up 221005
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Pewklang T, Wet-osot S, Wangngae S, Ngivprom U, Chansaenpak K, Duangkamol C, Lai RY, Noisa P, Sukwattanasinitt M, Kamkaew A. Flavylium-Based Hypoxia-Responsive Probe for Cancer Cell Imaging. Molecules 2021; 26:4938. [PMID: 34443527 PMCID: PMC8400153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A hypoxia-responsive probe based on a flavylium dye containing an azo group (AZO-Flav) was synthesized to detect hypoxic conditions via a reductase-catalyzed reaction in cancer cells. In in vitro enzymatic investigation, the azo group of AZO-Flav was reduced by a reductase in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) followed by fragmentation to generate a fluorescent molecule, Flav-NH2. The response of AZO-Flav to the reductase was as fast as 2 min with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μM. Moreover, AZO-Flav displayed high enzyme specificity even in the presence of high concentrations of biological interferences, such as reducing agents and biothiols. Therefore, AZO-Flav was tested to detect hypoxic and normoxic environments in cancer cells (HepG2). Compared to the normal condition, the fluorescence intensity in hypoxic conditions increased about 10-fold after 15 min. Prolonged incubation showed a 26-fold higher fluorescent intensity after 60 min. In addition, the fluorescence signal under hypoxia can be suppressed by an electron transport process inhibitor, diphenyliodonium chloride (DPIC), suggesting that reductases take part in the azo group reduction of AZO-Flav in a hypoxic environment. Therefore, this probe showed great potential application toward in vivo hypoxia detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Pewklang
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Sirawit Wet-osot
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Sirilak Wangngae
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Utumporn Ngivprom
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Kantapat Chansaenpak
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Chuthamat Duangkamol
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Rung-Yi Lai
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Parinya Noisa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, Institute of Agricultural Technology, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Mongkol Sukwattanasinitt
- Thailand Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
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Zuo Y, Jiao Y, Ma C, Duan C. A Novel Fluorescent Probe for Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Application in Bio-Imaging. Molecules 2021; 26:3352. [PMID: 34199465 PMCID: PMC8199646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays an important role in the human body and monitoring its level is meaningful due to the relationship between its level and diseases. A fluorescent sensor (CMB) based on coumarin was designed and its ability for detecting hydrogen peroxide by fluorescence signals was also studied. The CMB showed an approximate 25-fold fluorescence enhancement after adding H2O2 due to the interaction between the CMB and H2O2 and had the potential for detecting physiological H2O2. It also showed good biocompatibility and permeability, allowing it to penetrate cell membranes and zebrafish tissues, thus it can perform fluorescence imaging of H2O2 in living cells and zebrafish. This probe is a promising tool for monitoring the level of H2O2 in related physiological and pathological research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.Z.); (C.M.); (C.D.)
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Wangngae S, Pewklang T, Chansaenpak K, Ganta P, Worakaensai S, Siwawannapong K, Kluaiphanngam S, Nantapong N, Lai RY, Kamkaew A. A chalcone-based fluorescent responsive probe for selective detection of nitroreductase activity in bacteria. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new chalcone-based fluorescent turn-on probe (3c) responsive to nitroreductase (NTR) activity and its application toward the detection of bacteria are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirilak Wangngae
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima 30000
- Thailand
| | - Thitima Pewklang
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima 30000
- Thailand
| | - Kantapat Chansaenpak
- National Nanotechnology Center
- National Science and Technology Development Agency
- Thailand Science Park
- Pathum Thani 12120
- Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Ganta
- School of Preclinical Sciences
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
| | - Suphanida Worakaensai
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima 30000
- Thailand
| | - Kittipan Siwawannapong
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima 30000
- Thailand
| | - Surayut Kluaiphanngam
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima 30000
- Thailand
| | - Nawarat Nantapong
- School of Preclinical Sciences
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
| | - Rung-Yi Lai
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima 30000
- Thailand
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima 30000
- Thailand
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