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Willner DL, Paudel S, Halleran AD, Solini GE, Gray V, Saha MS. Transcriptional dynamics during Rhodococcus erythropolis infection with phage WC1. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:107. [PMID: 38561651 PMCID: PMC10986025 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Belonging to the Actinobacteria phylum, members of the Rhodococcus genus thrive in soil, water, and even intracellularly. While most species are non-pathogenic, several cause respiratory disease in animals and, more rarely, in humans. Over 100 phages that infect Rhodococcus species have been isolated but despite their importance for Rhodococcus ecology and biotechnology applications, little is known regarding the molecular genetic interactions between phage and host during infection. To address this need, we report RNA-Seq analysis of a novel Rhodococcus erythopolis phage, WC1, analyzing both the phage and host transcriptome at various stages throughout the infection process. RESULTS By five minutes post-infection WC1 showed upregulation of a CAS-4 family exonuclease, putative immunity repressor, an anti-restriction protein, while the host showed strong upregulation of DNA replication, SOS repair, and ribosomal protein genes. By 30 min post-infection, WC1 DNA synthesis genes were strongly upregulated while the host showed increased expression of transcriptional and translational machinery and downregulation of genes involved in carbon, energy, and lipid metabolism pathways. By 60 min WC1 strongly upregulated structural genes while the host showed a dramatic disruption of metal ion homeostasis. There was significant expression of both host and phage non-coding genes at all time points. While host gene expression declined over the course of infection, our results indicate that phage may exert more selective control, preserving the host's regulatory mechanisms to create an environment conducive for virion production. CONCLUSIONS The Rhodococcus genus is well recognized for its ability to synthesize valuable compounds, particularly steroids, as well as its capacity to degrade a wide range of harmful environmental pollutants. A detailed understanding of these phage-host interactions and gene expression is not only essential for understanding the ecology of this important genus, but will also facilitate development of phage-mediated strategies for bioremediation as well as biocontrol in industrial processes and biomedical applications. Given the current lack of detailed global gene expression studies on any Rhodococcus species, our study addresses a pressing need to identify tools and genes, such as F6 and rpf, that can enhance the capacity of Rhodococcus species for bioremediation, biosynthesis and pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Willner
- Data Science Program, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Sudip Paudel
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
- Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Halleran
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
- Atalaya Capital Management, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace E Solini
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Gray
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Margaret S Saha
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA.
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Costa S, Tedeschi P, Ferraro L, Beggiato S, Grandini A, Manfredini S, Buzzi R, Sacchetti G, Valacchi G. Biological activity of new bioactive steroids deriving from biotransformation of cortisone. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:250. [PMID: 36419154 PMCID: PMC9685055 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisone is a metabolite belonging to the corticosteroid class that is used pharmaceutically directly as a drug or prodrug. In addition to its large consumption, its use is linked to several side effects, so pharmaceutical research aims to develop effective drugs with low or no side effects, alternative compounds to cortisone are part of an active investment in ongoing research on drug discovery. Since biotransformation can be considered a source of new molecules with potential therapeutic use, the present work focuses on a preliminary in vitro study aimed at evaluating the mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of SCA and SCB molecules obtained from the biotransformation of cortisone using Rh. Rhodnii strain DSM 43960. The results obtained are very encouraging due to the safety of biotransformed compounds with reference to genotoxicity checked by Ames test, to the very high antioxidant capacity and to the anti-inflammatory activity. In fact, thecompounds inhibited both the TNFα-stimulated expression and secretion of NFkB target cytokines, and COX activity, and can activate the glucocorticoid receptor. Finally SCA and SCB exhibited neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Costa
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy ,grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy ,grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grandini
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raissa Buzzi
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy ,grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074North Carolina Research Campus, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA ,grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Korea
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Ivshina I, Bazhutin G, Tyumina E. Rhodococcus strains as a good biotool for neutralizing pharmaceutical pollutants and obtaining therapeutically valuable products: Through the past into the future. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:967127. [PMID: 36246215 PMCID: PMC9557007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.967127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients present a substantial risk when they reach the environment and drinking water sources. As a new type of dangerous pollutants with high chemical resistance and pronounced biological effects, they accumulate everywhere, often in significant concentrations (μg/L) in ecological environments, food chains, organs of farm animals and humans, and cause an intense response from the aquatic and soil microbiota. Rhodococcus spp. (Actinomycetia class), which occupy a dominant position in polluted ecosystems, stand out among other microorganisms with the greatest variety of degradable pollutants and participate in natural attenuation, are considered as active agents with high transforming and degrading impacts on pharmaceutical compounds. Many representatives of rhodococci are promising as unique sources of specific transforming enzymes, quorum quenching tools, natural products and novel antimicrobials, biosurfactants and nanostructures. The review presents the latest knowledge and current trends regarding the use of Rhodococcus spp. in the processes of pharmaceutical pollutants’ biodegradation, as well as in the fields of biocatalysis and biotechnology for the production of targeted pharmaceutical products. The current literature sources presented in the review can be helpful in future research programs aimed at promoting Rhodococcus spp. as potential biodegraders and biotransformers to control pharmaceutical pollution in the environment.
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Aspergillus oryzae Grown on Rice Hulls Used as an Additive for Pretreatment of Starch-Containing Wastewater from the Pulp and Paper Industry. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From an industrial point of view, the use of microorganisms as a wastewater bioremediation practice represents a sustainable and economic alternative for conventional treatments. In this work, we investigated the starch bioremediation of paper mill wastewater (PMW) with Aspergillus oryzae. This amylase-producing fungus was tested in submerged fermentation technology (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) on rice hulls. The tests were conducted to assay the concentration of the reducing sugars on paper mill wastewater. The bioremediation of starch in the wastewater was carried out by A. oryzae, which proved capable of growing in this complex media as well as expressing its amylase activity.
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