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Zhang X, Chen T, Li Z, Wang X, Bao H, Zhao C, Zhao X, Lu X, Xu G. Fine-Scale Characterization of Plant Diterpene Glycosides Using Energy-Resolved Untargeted LC-MS/MS Metabolomics Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:603-612. [PMID: 38391322 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant diterpene glycosides are essential for diverse physiological processes. Comprehensive structural characterization proved to be a challenge due to variations in glycosylation patterns, diverse aglycone structures, and the absence of comprehensive reference databases. In this study, a method for fine-scale characterization was proposed based on energy-resolved (ER) untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics analysis using steviol glycosides as a demonstration. Energy-dependent fragmentation patterns were unveiled by a series of model compounds. Distinct glycosylation sites were discerned by leveraging varying fragmentation energies for the precursor ions. The sugar moiety linkage at C19OOH (R1) exhibited facile and intact cleavage at low collision energies, while the sugar moiety at C13-OH (R2) demonstrated consecutive cleavage with increasing energy. Aglycone ions exhibited a higher relative intensity at NCE 50, with relative intensities ranging from 95% to 100%. Subsequently, aglycone candidates, R1 sugar composition, and R2 sugar sequence were deduced through ER-MS/MS analysis. The developed method was applied to Stevia rebaudiana leaves. A total of 91 diterpene glycosides were unambiguously identified, including 16 steviol glycosides with novel acetylglycosylation patterns. This method offers a rapid alternative for glycan analysis and the structural differentiation of isomers. The developed method enhances the understanding of diterpene glycosides in plants, providing a reliable tool for the in-depth characterization of complex metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqiong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zaifang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Han Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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Proietti G, Burico M, Quintiero CM, Giovagnoni E, Mercati V, Gianni M, Mattoli L. Ready Biodegradability study and insights with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a quadrupole time of flight of a Metformin-based drug and of Metarecod, a natural substance-based medical device. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4924. [PMID: 37365837 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Drugs are indispensable products with incontrovertible benefits to human health and lifestyle. However, due to their overuse and improper disposal, unwanted residues of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been found in different compartments of the environment and now are considered as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, they are very likely to have a boomerang effect on human health, because they can enter into the food cycle. In the current legislation framework, one of the tests first used to evaluate biodegradation of APIs as well as chemical compounds is the ready biodegradability test (RBT). This test can be performed according to a series of protocols prepared by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and usually is carried out on pure compounds. RBTs, largely used due to their relatively low cost, perceived standardization, and straightforward implementation and interpretation, are known to have a number of well-documented limitations. In this work, following a recently reported approach, we propose to improve the evaluation of the RBT results applying advanced analytical techniques based on mass spectrometry, not only to the APIs but also to complex formulated products, as the biodegradability can potentially be affected by the formulation. We evaluated the ready biodegradability of two therapeutic products, Product A-a drug based on Metformin-and Product B-Metarecod a natural substance-based medical device-through the acquisition of the fingerprint by ultra-high-performance chromatograph coupled to a quadrupole time of flight (UHPLC-qToF) of samples coming from the RBT OECD 301F. Untargeted and targeted evaluation confirmed the different behavior of the two products during the respirometry-manometric test, which showed a difficulty of the Metformin-based drug to come back in the life cycle, whereas Metarecod resulted ready biodegradable. The positive results of this research will hopefully be useful in the future for a better evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio of APIs extended to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Proietti
- Metabolomics & Analytical Sciences, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Michela Burico
- Metabolomics & Analytical Sciences, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentino Mercati
- Metabolomics & Analytical Sciences, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Mattia Gianni
- Metabolomics & Analytical Sciences, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Luisa Mattoli
- Metabolomics & Analytical Sciences, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
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Wang Y, Luo X, Chen L, Mustapha AT, Yu X, Zhou C, Okonkwo CE. Natural and low-caloric rebaudioside A as a substitute for dietary sugars: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:615-642. [PMID: 36524621 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For health and safety concerns, traditional high-calorie sweeteners and artificial sweeteners are gradually replaced in food industries by natural and low-calorie sweeteners. As a natural and high-quality sugar substitute, steviol glycosides (SvGls) are continually scrutinized regarding their safety and application. Recently, the cultivation of organic stevia has been increasing in many parts of Europe and Asia, and it is obvious that there is a vast market for sugar substitutes in the future. Rebaudioside A, the main component of SvGls, is gradually accepted by consumers due to its safe, zero calories, clear, and sweet taste with no significant undesirable characteristics. Hence, it can be used in various foods or dietary supplements as a sweetener. In addition, rebaudioside A has been demonstrated to have many physiological functions, such as antihypertension, anti-diabetes, and anticaries. But so far, there are few comprehensive reviews of rebaudioside A. In this review article, we discuss the physicochemical properties, metabolic process, safety, regulatory, health benefits, and biosynthetic pathway of rebaudioside A and summarize the modification methods and state-of-the-art production and purification techniques of rebaudioside A. Furthermore, the current problems hindering the future production and application of rebaudioside A are analyzed, and suggestions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | | | - Xiaojie Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Clinton Emeka Okonkwo
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Special Issue: "James D. McChesney, Vision, Passion and Leadership in the Development of Plant-Derived Natural Products". Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247415. [PMID: 34946496 PMCID: PMC8707692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Characterization of Microbial Degradation Products of Steviol Glycosides. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226916. [PMID: 34834008 PMCID: PMC8625998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Steviol glycosides were subjected to bacteria present in a soil sample collected from a Stevia plantation in Paraguay. During the incubation experiments, next to the aglycon steviol, steviol degradation products were also formed. X-ray analysis and NMR methods in combination with chemical synthesis and GIAO NMR calculations were used to fully characterize the structure of these compounds as a tricyclic ketone and the corresponding reduced form. They were nicknamed monicanone and monicanol. The latter has the (S)-configuration at the alcohol site.
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