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Zaman S, Khan N, Zahoor M, Ullah R, Bari A, Sohail. Phytochemical-mediated regulation of aflatoxigenic fungi contamination in a shifting climate and environment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:272. [PMID: 38958785 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination poses a significant problem in developing countries, particularly in northern Pakistan's fluctuating climate. This study aimed to assess aflatoxin contamination in medicinal and condiment plants in Upper Dir (dry-temperate) and Upper Swat (moist-temperate) districts. Plant samples were collected and screened for mycotoxins (Aflatoxin-B1 and Aflatoxin-B-2). Results showed high levels of AFB-1 (11,505.42 ± 188.82) as compared to AFB-2 (846 ± 241.56). The maximum contamination of AFB-1 in Coriandrum sativum (1154.5 ± 13.43 ng to 3328 ± 9.9 ng) followed by F. vulgare (883 ± 9.89 ng to 2483 ± 8.4 ng), T. ammi (815 ± 11.31 ng to 2316 ± 7.1 ng), and C. longa (935.5 ± 2.12 ng to 2009 ± 4.2 ng) while the minimum was reported in C. cyminum (671 ± 9.91 ng to 1995 ± 5.7 ng). Antifungal tests indicated potential resistance in certain plant species (C. cyminum) while A. flavus as the most toxins contributing species due to high resistance below 80% (54.2 ± 0.55 to 79.5 ± 2.02). HPLC analysis revealed hydroxyl benzoic acid (5136 amu) as the dominant average phytochemical followed by phloroglucinol (4144.31 amu) with individual contribution of 8542.08 amu and 12,181.5 amu from C. cyaminum. The comparison of average phytochemicals revealed the maximum concentration in C. cyminum (2885.95) followed by C. longa (1892.73). The findings revealed a statistically significant and robust negative correlation (y = - 2.7239 × + 5141.9; r = - 0.8136; p < 0.05) between average mycotoxins and phytochemical concentrations. Temperature positively correlated with aflatoxin levels (p < 0.01), while humidity had a weaker correlation. Elevation showed a negative correlation (p < 0.05), while geographical factors (latitude and longitude) had mixed correlations (p < 0.05). Specific regions exhibited increasing aflatoxin trends due to climatic and geographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Zaman
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Nasrullah Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Departement of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Departement of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Upadhyay DB, Mokariya JA, Patel PJ, Patel SG, Das A, Nandi A, Nogales J, More N, Kumar A, Rajani DP, Narayan M, Kumar J, Banerjee S, Sahoo SK, Patel HM. Indole clubbed 2,4-thiazolidinedione linked 1,2,3-triazole as a potent antimalarial and antibacterial agent against drug-resistant strain and molecular modeling studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300673. [PMID: 38247229 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In the face of escalating challenges of microbial resistance strains, this study describes the design and synthesis of 5-({1-[(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives, which have demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties. Compared with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin on the respective strains, compounds 5a, 5d, 5g, 5l, and 5m exhibited potent antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 16 to 25 µM. Almost all the synthesized compounds showed lower MIC compared to standards against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Additionally, the majority of the synthesized compounds demonstrated remarkable antifungal activity, against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, as compared to nystatin, griseofulvin, and fluconazole. Furthermore, the majority of compounds exhibited notable inhibitory effects against the Plasmodium falciparum strain, having IC50 values ranging from 1.31 to 2.79 μM as compared to standard quinine (2.71 μM). Cytotoxicity evaluation of compounds 5a-q on SHSY-5Y cells at up to 100 μg/mL showed no adverse effects. Comparison with control groups highlights their noncytotoxic characteristics. Molecular docking confirmed compound binding to target active sites, with stable protein-ligand complexes displaying drug-like molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed dynamic stability and interactions. Rigorous tests and molecular modeling unveil the effectiveness of the compounds against drug-resistant microbes, providing hope for new antimicrobial compounds with potential safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti B Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jaydeep A Mokariya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Paras J Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Subham G Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anwesha Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Arijit Nandi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Joaquina Nogales
- Department of Cellular and Systems Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nachiket More
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Dhanji P Rajani
- Microcare Laboratory and Tuberculosis Diagnosis & Research Center, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jyotish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Cellular and Systems Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, SV National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitendra M Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
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3
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Muszalska-Kolos I, Dwiecki PM. Searching for Conjugates as New Structures for Antifungal Therapies. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38470824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The progressive increase in fungal infections and the decrease in the effectiveness of current therapy explain research on new drugs. The synthesis of compounds with proven antifungal activity, favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties affecting their pharmaceutical availability and bioavailability, and limiting or eliminating side effects has become the goal of many studies. The publication describes the directions of searching for new compounds with antifungal activity, focusing on conjugates. The described modifications include, among others, azoles or amphotericin B in combination with fatty acids, polysaccharides, proteins, and synthetic polymers. The benefits of these combinations in terms of activity, mechanism of action, and bioavailability were indicated. The possibilities of creating or using nanoparticles, "umbrella" conjugates, siderophores (iron-chelating compounds), and monoclonal antibodies were also presented. Taking into account the role of vaccinations in prevention, the scope of research related to developing a vaccine protecting against fungal infections was also indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Muszalska-Kolos
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Mariusz Dwiecki
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Pharmaceutical Company "Ziołolek" Sp. z o.o., Starolecka 189, 61-341 Poznan, Poland
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4
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Elmongy EI, Alanazi WS, Aldawsari AI, Alfaouri AA, Binsuwaidan R. Antimicrobial Evaluation of Sulfonamides after Coupling with Thienopyrimidine Coplanar Structure. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:188. [PMID: 38399403 PMCID: PMC10892651 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This work describes the design and synthesis of three series of hybrids of thienopyrimidines and sulfonamides. Dihydrofolate reductase enzyme was selected as a target for the in-silico screening of the synthesized thienopyrimidine-sulfonamide hybrid as an antibacterial, while squalene epoxidase was selected as an antifungal target protein. All screened compounds showed promising binding affinity ranges, with perfect fitting not exceeding 1.9 Å. The synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration tests against six bacterial strains in addition to two Candida strains. Compounds 8iii and 12ii showed varying degrees of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains, whereas the best antifungal activity against Candida was displayed by compound 8iii. Compound 12ii, the cyclohexathienopyrimidine coupled with sulfadiazine at position 3, has the best antibacterial activity, which is consistent with molecular docking results at the active site of the oxidoreductase protein. Interestingly, compound 12ii also has the highest docking binding energy at the antifungal squalene epoxidase active site. Investigating the physicochemical properties of the synthesized hybrids revealed their high tolerability with cell membranes, and moderate to poor oral bioavailability, and that all are drug-like candidates, among which 4i, the cyclohexathieno[2,3-d] pyrimidine core with sulphaguanidine incorporated at position 4, recorded the best score (1.58).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshaymaa I. Elmongy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo P.O. Box 11795, Egypt;
| | - Wejdan S. Alanazi
- College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Alhanouf I. Aldawsari
- College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Asma A. Alfaouri
- College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Reem Binsuwaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Osmaniye D, Baltacı Bozkurt N, Levent S, Benli Yardımcı G, Sağlık BN, Ozkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis, Antifungal Activities, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Studies of Novel Quinoxaline-Triazole Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24573-24585. [PMID: 37457491 PMCID: PMC10339406 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled use of antifungal drugs affects the development of resistance to existing drugs. Azole antifungals constitute a large part of antifungal therapy. Therefore, there is a need for new azole antifungals. Within the scope of this study, 17 new triazole derivative compounds were synthesized. Structure determinations were clarified by spectroscopic analysis methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HRMS). In addition, structure matching was completed using two-dimensional NMR techniques, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY. The antifungal effects of the compounds were evaluated on Candida strains by means of in vitro method. Compound 5d showed activity against Candida glabrata with a MIC90 = 2 μg/mL. Compound 5d showed activity against Candida krusei with a MIC90 = 2 μg/mL. This activity value, which is higher than fluconazole, is promising. In addition, the biofilm inhibition percentages of the compounds were calculated. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations performed with compound 5d are in harmony with activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Osmaniye
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory (MERLAB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Nurnehir Baltacı Bozkurt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory (MERLAB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Benli Yardımcı
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory (MERLAB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozkay
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory (MERLAB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
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Al-Wabli RI, Issa IS, Al-Mutairi MS, Almomen AA, Attia MI. A Facile Synthesis and Molecular Characterization of Certain New Anti-Proliferative Indole-Based Chemical Entities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097862. [PMID: 37175570 PMCID: PMC10178769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently develop drug resistance, which leads to chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Additionally, chemotherapies are hindered by their high toxicity. Therefore, the development of new chemotherapeutic drugs with improved clinical outcomes and low toxicity is a major priority. Several indole derivatives exhibit distinctive anti-cancer mechanisms which have been associated with various molecular targets. In this study, target compounds 4a-q were obtained through the reaction of substituted benzyl chloride with hydrazine hydrate, which produces benzyl hydrazine. Subsequently, the appropriate substituted benzyl hydrazine was allowed to react with 1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid or 5-methoxy-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide as a coupling agent. All compounds exhibited cytotoxicity in three cell lines, namely, MCF-7, A549, and HCT. Compound 4e exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, with an average IC50 of 2 µM. Moreover, a flow cytometry study revealed a significantly increased prevalence of Annexin-V and 7-AAD positive cell populations. Several derivatives of 4a-q showed moderate to high cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines, with compound 4e having the highest cytotoxicity, indicating that it may possess potential apoptosis-inducing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem I Al-Wabli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman S Issa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha S Al-Mutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aliyah A Almomen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed I Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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N-Derivatives of ( Z)-Methyl 3-(4-Oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl)-1 H-indole-2-carboxylates as Antimicrobial Agents-In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010131. [PMID: 36678628 PMCID: PMC9865890 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the experimental evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of seventeen new (Z)-methyl 3-(4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate derivatives. All tested compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against eight Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Their activity exceeded those of ampicillin as well as streptomycin by 10-50 fold. The most sensitive bacterium was En. Cloacae, while E. coli was the most resistant one, followed by M. flavus. The most active compound appeared to be compound 8 with MIC at 0.004-0.03 mg/mL and MBC at 0.008-0.06 mg/mL. The antifungal activity of tested compounds was good to excellent with MIC in the range of 0.004-0.06 mg/mL, with compound 15 being the most potent. T. viride was the most sensitive fungal, while A. fumigatus was the most resistant one. Docking studies revealed that the inhibition of E. coli MurB is probably responsible for their antibacterial activity, while 14a-lanosterol demethylase of CYP51Ca is involved in the mechanism of antifungal activity. Furthermore, drug-likeness and ADMET profile prediction were performed. Finally, the cytotoxicity studies were performed for the most active compounds using MTT assay against normal MRC5 cells.
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8
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Synthesis of Novel Indole Schiff Base Compounds and Their Antifungal Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206858. [PMID: 36296452 PMCID: PMC9609699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel indole Schiff base derivatives (2a–2t) containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold modified with a thioether group were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-MS. In addition, the antifungal activity of synthesized indole derivatives was investigated against Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum), Fusariummoniliforme (F.moniliforme), Curvularia lunata (C. lunata), and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotiana (P. p. var. nicotianae) using the mycelium growth rate method. Among the synthesized indole derivatives, compound 2j showed the highest inhibition rates of 100%, 95.7%, 89%, and 76.5% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL against F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F.moniliforme, and P. p. var. nicotianae, respectively. Similarly, compounds 2j and 2q exhibited higher inhibition rates of 81.9% and 83.7% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL against C. lunata. In addition, compound 2j has been recognized as a potential compound for further investigation in the field of fungicides.
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Mathada BS, Somappa SB. An insight into the recent developments in anti-infective potential of indole and associated hybrids. J Mol Struct 2022; 1261:132808. [PMID: 35291692 PMCID: PMC8913251 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prevention, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment of infections are the main challenges in the overall management of infectious diseases. The best example is the ongoing SARs-COV-2(COVID-19) pandemic; the entire world is extremely worried about at present. Interestingly, heterocyclic moieties provide an ideal scaffold on which suitable pharmacophores can be designed to construct novel drugs. Indoles are amongst the most essential class of heteroaromatics in medicinal chemistry, which are ubiquitous across natural sources. The aforesaid derivatives have become invaluable scaffolds because of their wide spectrum therapeutic applications. Therefore, many researchers are focused on the design and synthesis of indole and associated hybrids of biological relevance. Hence, in the present review, we concisely discuss the indole containing natural sources, marketed drugs, clinical candidates, and their biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-TB, antiviral, antimalarial, and anti-leishmanial activities. The structure-activity relationships study of indole derivatives is also presented for a better understanding of the identified structures. The literature data presented for the anti-infective agents herein covers largely for the last twelve years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasidhar B Somappa
- Organic Chemistry Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Novel 1, 2, 4-Triazoles as Antifungal Agents. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4584846. [PMID: 35360519 PMCID: PMC8964166 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4584846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative antifungal agents is essential. Some fungicidal agents are no longer effective due to resistance development, various side effects, and high toxicity. Therefore, the synthesis and development of some new antifungal agents are necessary. 1,2,4-Triazole is one of the most essential pharmacophore systems between five-membered heterocycles. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound showed potential antifungal activity. The 1,2,4-triazole core is present as the nucleus in a variety of antifungal drug categories. The most potent and broad activity of triazoles have confirmed them as pharmacologically significant moieties. The goal of this review is to highlight recent developments in the synthesis and SAR study of 1,2,4-triazole as a potential fungicidal compound. In this study, we provide the results of a biological activity evaluation using various structures and figures. Literature investigation showed that 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives reveal the extensive span of antifungal activity. This review will assist researchers in the development of new potential antifungal drug candidates with high effectiveness and selectivity.
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