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Conca S, Gatto V, Samiolo R, Giovando S, Cassani A, Tarabra E, Beghetto V. Characterisation and tanning effects of purified chestnut and sulfited quebracho extracts. COLLAGEN AND LEATHER 2024; 6:28. [PMID: 39246408 PMCID: PMC11378616 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Vegetable tannins are environmentally friendly tanning agents. However, they generally impart a dark colour to the tanned leather and highly contribute to the organic load in wastewaters. In this study, we employed a purification protocol separately on chestnut tannin (CT) and sulfited quebracho tannin (QT) to obtain the purified fractions (PCT and PQT). These samples were characterised by GPC, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and HPLC-DAD techniques and applied for tanning tests. Through the purification process, non-tannin components and smaller molecules such as gallic acid, glucopyranose, and catechin were effectively removed from CT and QT, which consequently led to the reduced moisture content, pH value, and lighter colour of purified fractions. The crust leathers processed with PCT and PQT showed desirable light shades. Moreover, the organic loads in PCT and PQT tanning wastewater were reduced by 13.5% and 19.1%, respectively, when compared to those in traditional CT and QT tanning wastewater. Additionally, the physical and mechanical characteristics of crust leathers processed with PCT and PQT were comparable to those processed with CT and QT. Thus, purification of vegetable tannins may serve as a feasible strategy for producing light-colored vegetable-tanned leather while minimizing organic pollutant discharge during the vegetable tanning process. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42825-024-00171-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Conca
- Crossing S.R.L., Viale Della Repubblica 193/B, Treviso, 31100 Italy
| | - Vanessa Gatto
- Crossing S.R.L., Viale Della Repubblica 193/B, Treviso, 31100 Italy
| | - Riccardo Samiolo
- Crossing S.R.L., Viale Della Repubblica 193/B, Treviso, 31100 Italy
| | - Samuele Giovando
- CRCF Srl for Silvateam Spa, Via Torre 7, San Michele Mondovì, 12080 Italy
| | - Andrea Cassani
- CRCF Srl for Silvateam Spa, Via Torre 7, San Michele Mondovì, 12080 Italy
| | - Elisa Tarabra
- CRCF Srl for Silvateam Spa, Via Torre 7, San Michele Mondovì, 12080 Italy
| | - Valentina Beghetto
- Crossing S.R.L., Viale Della Repubblica 193/B, Treviso, 31100 Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, 30172 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Per Le Reattività Chimiche E La Catalisi (CIRCC), Via C. Ulpiani 27, Bari, 70126 Italy
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Chai W, Wu Y, Li X, Zeng S, Cheng Y, Jiang W, Pan Q, Xia X, Chen G. Relationships between degree of polymerization and activities: A study on condensed tannins from the bark of Ficus altissima. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133306. [PMID: 38909729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Condensed tannins were isolated from the bark of Ficus altissima and fractionated into four subcomponents on a Sephadex LH-20 column with 60 %, 80 %, 100 % methanol, and 70 % acetone, separately. Their structures were characterized by MALDI-TOF MS coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS and confirmed to be polymers of B-type procyanidin glucosides, procyanidins, and prodelphinidin glucosides. The degree of polymerization (DP) of these polymers was as high as 21, and the mDPs of the four subcomponents were calculated as 2.4, 6.6, 10.5 and 13.4, respectively. They competitively or noncompetitively suppressed the activities of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. And they also showed a powerful antioxidative activity. Correlation analyses verified that the anti-tyrosinase capacity exhibited a significant positive correlation (R2monophenolase = 0.9167 and R2diphenolase = 0.9302) with mDP within the methanol-water system, and the anti-α-glucosidase activity also showed a significant positive correlation with the mDP (R2 = 0.9187). In contrast, the antioxidant capability showed a significant negative correlation with the mDP (R2DPPH = 0.9258, R2ABTS = 0.9372). This study confirmed that condensed tannins from the bark of F. altissima were desirable anti-tyrosinase, anti-α-glucosidase, and antioxidant agents, and elucidated the relationships of their mDP (molecular weight) and activities, which provided a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of these polymers in the food, cosmetics, medicine and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Chai
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Yifeng Wu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Shanmei Zeng
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Wumei Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Qiuxia Pan
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Xiaolei Xia
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Jiangxi Guangya Food Co., Ltd, Le 'an, Fuzhou, Jiangxi 330022, China
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Yedla P, Babalghith AO, Andra VV, Syed R. PROTACs in the Management of Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093698. [PMID: 37175108 PMCID: PMC10179857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments with targeted therapy have gained immense interest due to their low levels of toxicity and high selectivity. Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have drawn special attention in the development of cancer therapeutics owing to their unique mechanism of action, their ability to target undruggable proteins, and their focused target engagement. PROTACs selectively degrade the target protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which describes a different mode of action compared to conventional small-molecule inhibitors or even antibodies. Among different cancer types, prostate cancer (PC) is the most prevalent non-cutaneous cancer in men. Genetic alterations and the overexpression of several genes, such as FOXA1, AR, PTEN, RB1, TP53, etc., suppress the immune response, resulting in drug resistance to conventional drugs in prostate cancer. Since the progression of ARV-110 (PROTAC for PC) into clinical phases, the focus of research has quickly shifted to protein degraders targeting prostate cancer. The present review highlights an overview of PROTACs in prostate cancer and their superiority over conventional inhibitors. We also delve into the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and explain the structural design and linkerology strategies for PROTAC molecules. Additionally, we touch on the various targets for PROTAC in prostate cancer, including the androgen receptor (AR) and other critical oncoproteins, and discuss the future prospects and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornachandra Yedla
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology Hospitals, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500082, India
| | - Ahmed O Babalghith
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vindhya Vasini Andra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Omega Hospitals, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Riyaz Syed
- Department of Chemiinformatics, Centella Scientific, JHUB, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad 500085, India
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Villanueva X, Zhen L, Ares JN, Vackier T, Lange H, Crestini C, Steenackers HP. Effect of chemical modifications of tannins on their antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:987164. [PMID: 36687646 PMCID: PMC9853077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.987164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tannins have demonstrated antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, but there are still unknown aspects on how the chemical properties of tannins affect their biological properties. We are interested in understanding how to modulate the antibiofilm activity of tannins and in delineating the relationship between chemical determinants and antibiofilm activity. Materials and methods The effect of five different naturally acquired tannins and their chemical derivatives on biofilm formation and planktonic growth of Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined in the Calgary biofilm device. Results Most of the unmodified tannins exhibited specific antibiofilm activity against the assayed bacteria. The chemical modifications were found to alter the antibiofilm activity level and spectrum of the tannins. A positive charge introduced by derivatization with higher amounts of ammonium groups shifted the anti-biofilm spectrum toward Gram-negative bacteria, and derivatization with lower amounts of ammonium groups and acidifying derivatization shifted the spectrum toward Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, the quantity of phenolic OH-groups per molecule was found to have a weak impact on the anti-biofilm activity of the tannins. Conclusion We were able to modulate the antibiofilm activity of several tannins by specific chemical modifications, providing a first approach for fine tuning of their activity and antibacterial spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Villanueva
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Lili Zhen
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy,CSGI – Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - José Nunez Ares
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Thijs Vackier
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Heiko Lange
- CSGI – Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Crestini
- CSGI – Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy,Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Hans P. Steenackers
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium,*Correspondence: Hans P. Steenackers,
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Zhen L, Lange H, Zongo L, Crestini C. Chemical Derivatization of Commercially Available Condensed and Hydrolyzable Tannins. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:10154-10166. [PMID: 34484990 PMCID: PMC8411582 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel valorization routes for tannins were opened by the development of a simple, straightforward, robust, and flexible approach to the selective functionalization of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins. Irrespective of the different degrees of polymerization, different commercial tannins were efficiently functionalized by the generation of an ether linkage bound to a short linker carrying the desired functional group. Functionalizations could be realized at varying degrees of technical loadings, i.e., amounts of introduced tannin-alien functionalities per number of phenolic hydroxyl groups. The same strategy was found suitable for the synthesis of polyethylene glycol-functionalized tannin copolymers. Condensed tannins functionalized with carboxylic acid moieties could be converted into a tannin-oligopeptide hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhen
- University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Chemical Science
and Technologies, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
- CSGI—Center
for Colloid and Surface Science, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Heiko Lange
- CSGI—Center
for Colloid and Surface Science, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luc Zongo
- University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Chemical Science
and Technologies, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Crestini
- CSGI—Center
for Colloid and Surface Science, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- University
of Venice “Ca” Foscari’, Department of Molecular
Science and Nanosystems, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
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