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Wang Z, Ahmad W, Zhu A, Zhao S, Ouyang Q, Chen Q. Recent advances review in tea waste: High-value applications, processing technology, and value-added products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174225. [PMID: 38914337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Tea waste (TW) includes pruned tea tree branches, discarded summer and fall teas, buds and wastes from the tea making process, as well as residues remaining after tea preparation. Effective utilization and proper management of TW is essential to increase the economic value of the tea industry. Through effective utilization of tea waste, products such as activated carbon, biochar, composite membranes, and metal nanoparticle composites can be produced and successfully applied in the fields of fuel production, composting, preservation, and heavy metal adsorption. Comprehensive utilization of tea waste is an effective and sustainable strategy to improve the economic efficiency of the tea industry and can be applied in various fields such as energy production, energy storage and pharmaceuticals. This study reviews recent advances in the strategic utilization of TW, including its processing, conversion technologies and high value products obtained, provides insights into the potential applications of tea waste in the plant, animal and environmental sectors, summarizes the effective applications of tea waste for energy and environmental sustainability, and discusses the effectiveness, variability, advantages and disadvantages of different processing and thermochemical conversion technologies. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of producing new products from tea wastes and their derivatives are analyzed, and recommendations for future development of high-value products to improve the efficiency and economic value of tea by-products are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Afang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Songguang Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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2
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Lin CF, Karlsson O, Myronycheva O, Das O, Mensah RA, Mantanis GI, Jones D, Antzutkin ON, Försth M, Sandberg D. Phosphorylated and carbamylated Kraft lignin for improving fire- and biological-resistance of Scots pine wood. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133734. [PMID: 39002903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In this study, Kraft lignin was modified by ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and urea for achieving phosphorylation and carbamylation, aiming to protect wood against biological and fire attack. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with a water solution containing Kraft lignin, ADP, and urea, followed by heat treatment at 150 °C, resulting in changes in the properties of the Kraft lignin as well as the wood matrix. Infrared spectroscopy, 13C cross-polarisation magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and direct excitation single-pulse 31P MAS NMR analyses suggested the grafting reaction of phosphate and carbamylate groups onto the hydroxyl groups of Kraft lignin. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the condensed Kraft lignin filled the lumen as well as partially penetrating the wood cell wall. The modified Kraft lignin imparted fire-retardancy and increased char residue to the wood at elevated temperature, as confirmed by limiting oxygen index, microscale combustion calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The modified wood exhibited superior resistance against mold and decay fungi attack under laboratory conditions. The modified wood had a similar modulus of elasticity to the unmodified wood, while experiencing a reduction in the modulus of rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Lin
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden.
| | - Olov Karlsson
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Olena Myronycheva
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Oisik Das
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Rhoda Afriyie Mensah
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - George I Mantanis
- Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology, Department of Forestry, Wood Sciences and Design, University of Thessaly, GR-431 00 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dennis Jones
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Oleg N Antzutkin
- Chemistry of Interfaces, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Dick Sandberg
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden
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Mušič B, Pečnik JG, Pondelak A. Stabilization of Fish Protein-Based Adhesive by Reduction of Its Hygroscopicity. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2195. [PMID: 39125221 PMCID: PMC11314626 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-based fish adhesives have historically been used in various bonding applications; however, due to the protein's high affinity for water absorption, these adhesives become destabilized in high-moisture environments, resulting in reduced bondline strength and early failure. This limitation makes them unsuitable for industrial applications with higher demands. To address this issue, water-insoluble raw powder materials such as iron, copper, or zeolite were incorporated into natural fish adhesives. In this study, the hygroscopicity, dry matter content, thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, surface tension measurements, vapour permeability, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the modified adhesives were determined. In addition, the bonding properties of the modified adhesives were evaluated by the tensile shear strength of the lap joints, and mould growth was visually inspected. The resulting modified protein-based adhesives demonstrated improved stability in high humidity environments. Enhancing the hygroscopic properties of protein-based fish adhesives has the potential to unlock new opportunities and applications, providing a healthier and more environmentally sustainable alternative to petroleum-based adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Mušič
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva Ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | | | - Andreja Pondelak
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva Ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Ares-Elejoste P, Pérez A, Gondra K, Seoane-Rivero R. Development of New Lignin-Based Coatings with Ultraviolet Resistance for Biobased Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2175. [PMID: 39125204 PMCID: PMC11314867 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a challenge in searching for more sustainable alternatives to decrease the environmental impact of composite materials. In this work, we fabricate new composites based on a biobased-content epoxy system, lignin, and flax fiber; considering these materials could be promising due to their high renewable content of around 40%. In addition, another key requirement for composites, besides being sustainable, is that they present improved properties such as UV resistance. Therefore, throughout this work, priority was given to improving UV resistance in addition to taking into account sustainability. In order to carry out a complete characterization of the materials developed, the mechanical properties, brightness, and thermal, rheological, and fire behavior of these kinds of materials were analyzed by using vacuum-assisted resin infusion processes. By way of conclusion, it should be noted that the manufactured composite with the optimized formulation showed improved UV resistance using lignin and that it could be applied on internal and external walls according to the railway fire regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubén Seoane-Rivero
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain
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5
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Valchev I, Savov V, Yordanov I, Petrin S, Antov P. Effect of Hot-Pressing Temperature on the Properties of Eco-Friendly Fiberboard Panels Bonded with Hydrolysis Lignin and Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1059. [PMID: 38674979 PMCID: PMC11054965 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the natural binder in wood and lignocellulosic plants and is regarded as the main natural and renewable source of phenolic compounds. Its incorporation in the composition of fiberboards will enhance both the environmental performance of the panels and the complex use of natural resources. In recent years, the increased valorization of hydrolysis lignin in value-added applications, including adhesives for bonding fiberboard panels, has gained significant research interest. Markedly, a major drawback is the retention of lignin in the pulp until the hot-pressing process. This problem could be overcome by using a small content of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin in the adhesive mixture as an auxiliary binder. The aim of this research work was to investigate and evaluate the effect of the hot-pressing temperature, varied from 150 °C to 200 °C, in a modified hot-press cycle on the main physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard panels bonded with unmodified technical hydrolysis lignin (THL) as the main binder and PF resin as an auxiliary one. It was found that panels with very good mechanical properties can be fabricated even at a hot-pressing temperature of 160 °C, while to provide the panels with satisfactory waterproof properties, it is necessary to have a hot-pressing temperature of at least 190 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Valchev
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1757 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.V.); (I.Y.); (S.P.)
| | - Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivaylo Yordanov
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1757 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.V.); (I.Y.); (S.P.)
| | - Stoyko Petrin
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1757 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.V.); (I.Y.); (S.P.)
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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6
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Ma Y, Lin J, Li M, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Liang D, Cho DH, Zhao G. Effect of lignin on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked and grilled meat products. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129574. [PMID: 38246464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In order to explore the influence of wood types on formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in traditional smoked and grilled meat products, the effect of lignin in woods on formation of PAHs was investigated in meat model systems. The results showed that PAHs formation was much dependent on the heating conditions. The addition of lignin led to significantly increased PAHs, which being connected with lignin structure. In comparison, the formation of PAHs was more facilitated by lignin with G structure than that with G/S structure. However, further study of adding lignin precursors demonstrated that lignin precursors with S structure were more favorable to the formation of PAHs than those with G structure. It was proposed that the relative content and activity of G/S structure of lignin in wood played a significant role in the formation of PAHs, which might provide theoretical reference for inhibition of PAHs fundamentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Laboratory of Meat Processing and Safety in Henan province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ju Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Laboratory of Meat Processing and Safety in Henan province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Miaoyun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Laboratory of Meat Processing and Safety in Henan province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yaodi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Laboratory of Meat Processing and Safety in Henan province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Laboratory of Meat Processing and Safety in Henan province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Laboratory of Meat Processing and Safety in Henan province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dong Hyun Cho
- College of Convergence and Integrated Science, Kyonggi University, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaiming Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; International Joint Laboratory of Meat Processing and Safety in Henan province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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7
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Peng Z, Jiang X, Si C, Joao Cárdenas-Oscanoa A, Huang C. Advances of Modified Lignin as Substitute to Develop Lignin-Based Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300174. [PMID: 37338272 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, phenols used to prepare phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin adhesives are obtained from phenolic compounds and various chemicals, which are extracted from petroleum-based raw materials. Lignin, a sustainable phenolic macromolecule in the cell wall of biomass with an aromatic ring and a phenolic hydroxyl group similar to those of phenol, can be an ideal substitute for phenol in PF resin adhesives. However, only a few lignin-based adhesives are produced on a large scale in industry, mainly because of the low activity of lignin. Preparing lignin-based PF resin adhesives with exceptional achievements by modifying lignin instead of phenol is an efficient method to improve the economic benefits and protect the environment. In this review, the latest progress in the preparation of PF resin adhesives via lignin modification, including chemical, physical, and biological modifications, is discussed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of different lignin modification methods for adhesives are compared and discussed, and future research directions for the synthesis of lignin-based PF resin adhesives are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Peng
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Forestry Biomaterials, North Carolina State University Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Chuanling Si
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Aldo Joao Cárdenas-Oscanoa
- Forest Industry Department, Faculty of Forest Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, 15024, Perú
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
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8
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Vitrone F, Brinker S, Ramos D, Ferrando F, Salvadó J, Mai C. Approaching Self-Bonded Medium Density Fiberboards Made by Mixing Steam Exploded Arundo donax L. and Wood Fibers: A Comparison with pMDI-Bonded Fiberboards on the Primary Properties of the Boards. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4343. [PMID: 37374527 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an unexplored method to produce formaldehyde-free MDF. Steam exploded Arundo donax L. (STEX-AD) and untreated wood fibers (WF) were mixed at different mixing rates (0/100, 50/50, and 100/0, respectively) and two series of boards were manufactured, with 4 wt% of pMDI, based on dry fibers, and self-bonded. The mechanical and physical performance of the boards was analyzed as a function of the adhesive content and the density. The mechanical performance and dimensional stability were determined by following European standards. The material formulation and the density of the boards had a significant effect on both mechanical and physical properties. The boards made solely of STEX-AD were comparable to those made with pMDI, while the panels made of WF without adhesive were those that performed the worst. The STEX-AD showed the ability to reduce the TS for both pMDI-bonded and self-bonded boards, although leading to a high WA and a higher short-term absorption for the latter. The results presented show the feasibility of using STEX-AD in the manufacturing of self-bonded MDF and the improvement of dimensional stability. Nonetheless, further studies are needed especially to address the enhancement of the internal bond (IB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vitrone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rovira I Virgili University, Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sascha Brinker
- Department of Wood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Diego Ramos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rovira I Virgili University, Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ferrando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rovira I Virgili University, Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joan Salvadó
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rovira I Virgili University, Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carsten Mai
- Department of Wood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
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9
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Wibowo ES, Park BD. Chemical and Thermal Characteristics of Ion-Exchanged Lignosulfonate. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062755. [PMID: 36985727 PMCID: PMC10052178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignosulfonate features sulfonate groups, which makes it soluble in water and hence, suitable for a wide range of applications. However, its characterization is challenging because of its limited solubility in organic solvents. Thus, this study investigated the chemical and thermal characteristics of ion-exchanged sodium lignosulfonate (Na-LS) and compared it with those of industrial kraft lignin derived from softwood and hardwood. The results demonstrated that the ion exchange successfully converted Na-LS to lignosulfonic acid (H-LS), as proven by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and elemental analysis. H-LS has a greater apparent molecular weight than those of Na-LS and softwood and hardwood kraft lignin (SKL and HKL). According to 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, H-LS has less phenolic OH than SKL and HKL, indicating that it has more polymeric chains. Furthermore, H-LS has substantially more native side chains, such as β-O-4 units, than SKL and HKL. Thermal analysis revealed that H-LS has a greater glass temperature (Tg) than SKL and HKL, although Na-LS has a lower Tg than SKL and HKL. In addition, H-LS degraded faster than Na-LS did because the acid condition accelerated degradation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko Setio Wibowo
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Byung-Dae Park
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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10
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Savov V, Antov P, Zhou Y, Bekhta P. Eco-Friendly Wood Composites: Design, Characterization and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040892. [PMID: 36850175 PMCID: PMC9966963 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing transition from a linear to a circular, low-carbon bioeconomy is crucial for reducing the consumption of global natural resources, minimizing waste generation, reducing carbon emissions, and creating more sustainable growth and jobs, the prerequisites necessary to achieve climate neutrality targets and stop biodiversity loss [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Yonghui Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Pavlo Bekhta
- Department of Wood-Based Composites, Cellulose and Paper, Ukrainian National Forestry University, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine
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Li F, Li Y, Novoselov KS, Liang F, Meng J, Ho SH, Zhao T, Zhou H, Ahmad A, Zhu Y, Hu L, Ji D, Jia L, Liu R, Ramakrishna S, Zhang X. Bioresource Upgrade for Sustainable Energy, Environment, and Biomedicine. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:35. [PMID: 36629933 PMCID: PMC9833044 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We conceptualize bioresource upgrade for sustainable energy, environment, and biomedicine with a focus on circular economy, sustainability, and carbon neutrality using high availability and low utilization biomass (HALUB). We acme energy-efficient technologies for sustainable energy and material recovery and applications. The technologies of thermochemical conversion (TC), biochemical conversion (BC), electrochemical conversion (EC), and photochemical conversion (PTC) are summarized for HALUB. Microalgal biomass could contribute to a biofuel HHV of 35.72 MJ Kg-1 and total benefit of 749 $/ton biomass via TC. Specific surface area of biochar reached 3000 m2 g-1 via pyrolytic carbonization of waste bean dregs. Lignocellulosic biomass can be effectively converted into bio-stimulants and biofertilizers via BC with a high conversion efficiency of more than 90%. Besides, lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to a current density of 672 mA m-2 via EC. Bioresource can be 100% selectively synthesized via electrocatalysis through EC and PTC. Machine learning, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle analysis are essential to various upgrading approaches of HALUB. Sustainable biomaterials, sustainable living materials and technologies for biomedical and multifunctional applications like nano-catalysis, microfluidic and micro/nanomotors beyond are also highlighted. New techniques and systems for the complete conversion and utilization of HALUB for new energy and materials are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Li
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Li
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - K S Novoselov
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jiashen Meng
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, 14014, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Yinlong Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Liangxing Hu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Ji
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Litao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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12
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Rosenfeld C, Solt-Rindler P, Sailer-Kronlachner W, Kuncinger T, Konnerth J, Geyer A, van Herwijnen HWG. Effect of Mat Moisture Content, Adhesive Amount and Press Time on the Performance of Particleboards Bonded with Fructose-Based Adhesives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8701. [PMID: 36500198 PMCID: PMC9735780 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluates the performance of laboratory, single-layered particleboards made out of fructose-hydroxymethylfurfural-bishexamethylenetriamine (SusB) adhesive as a sustainable alternative. Several production parameters such as mat moisture content (MMC), adhesive amount and press time were varied and their effect on the bonding efficiency investigated. The internal bond strength (IB) and thickness swelling after 24 h of water immersion (TS) were taken as evaluation criteria for the bonding efficiency. pMDI-bonded particleboards were produced as fossil-based, formaldehyde-free reference. Particleboard testing was complemented by tensile shear strength measurements and thermal analysis. It was found that the MMC has the highest impact on the internal bond strength of SusB-bonded particleboards. In the presence of water, the reaction enthalpy of the main curing reaction (occurring at 117.7 °C) drops from 371.9 J/mol to 270.5 J/mol, leading to side reactions. By reducing the MMC from 8.7%, the IB increases to 0.61 N/mm2, thus surpassing P2 requirements of the European standard EN312. At a press factor of 10 s/mm, SusB-bonded particleboards have a similar IB strength as pMDI-bonded ones, with 0.59 ± 0.12 N/mm2 compared to 0.59 ± 0.09 N/mm2. Further research on the improvement of the dimensional stabilization of SusB-bonded PBs is needed, as the TS ranges from 30-40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rosenfeld
- Wood K Plus-Competence Center of Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Pia Solt-Rindler
- Wood K Plus-Competence Center of Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wilfried Sailer-Kronlachner
- Wood K Plus-Competence Center of Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Andreas Geyer
- Fritz EGGER GmbH & Co.OG., A-3105 St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Hendrikus W. G. van Herwijnen
- Wood K Plus-Competence Center of Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Str. 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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Xiong W, Ouyang J, Wang X, Hua Z, Zhao L, Li M, Lu Y, Yin W, Liu G, Zhou C, Luo Y, Xu B. Semi-Embedding Zn-Co 3O 4 Derived from Hybrid ZIFs into Wood-Derived Carbon for High-Performance Supercapacitors. Molecules 2022; 27:8572. [PMID: 36500661 PMCID: PMC9739616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal oxides (TMOs) can provide high theoretical capacitance due to the change of multiple valence states of transition metals. However, their intrinsic drawbacks, including poor electrical conductivity, lower energy density, and huge volume expansion, will result in the pulverization of electrode materials and restricted electrochemical kinetics, thus leading to poor rate capability and rapid capacity fading. Composite electrodes based on transition metal oxides and carbon-based materials are considered to be promising candidates for overcoming these limitations. Herein, we reported a preparation method of hybrid ZIFs derived Zn-doped Co3O4/carbon (Zn-Co3O4/C-230) particles semi-embedded in wood-derived carbon skeleton for integrated electrodes. A large specific surface area, excellent conductivity, and electrochemical stability provide a larger electrochemical activity and potential window for the electrode. Prepared Zn-Co3O4@CW-230 electrode (0.6 mm thick) displays ultrahigh area specific capacitances of 7.83 and 6.46 F cm-2 at the current densities of 5 and 30 mA cm-2, respectively. Moreover, a symmetric supercapacitor assembled by two identical Zn-Co3O4@CW-230 electrodes delivers a superior area-specific capacitance of 2.61 F cm-2 at the current densities of 5 mA cm-2 and great energy densities of 0.36 mWh cm-2 (6.0 mWh cm-3) at 2.5 mW cm-2, while maintaining 97.3% of initial capacitance over 10,000 cycles. It notably outperforms those of most carbon-based metal oxides, endowing the Zn-Co3O4@CW-230 with extensive prospects for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Xiong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiaoman Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ziheng Hua
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yuxin Lu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Gonggang Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Cui Zhou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yongfeng Luo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Science, Material Science and Engineering School, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Binghui Xu
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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14
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Velasco-Rodríguez Ó, Fil M, Heggeset TMB, Degnes KF, Becerro-Recio D, Kolsaková K, Haugen T, Jønsson M, Toral-Martínez M, García-Estrada C, Sola-Landa A, Josefsen KD, Sletta H, Barreiro C. Characterization of Microbial Diversity in Decayed Wood from a Spanish Forest: An Environmental Source of Industrially Relevant Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1249. [PMID: 35744767 PMCID: PMC9227542 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotting wood is inhabited by a large diversity of bacteria, fungi, and insects with complex environmental relationships. The aim of this work was to study the composition of the microbiota (bacteria and fungi) in decaying wood from a northwest Spanish forest as a source of industrially relevant microorganisms. The analyzed forest is situated in a well-defined biogeographic area combining Mediterranean and temperate macrobioclimates. Bacterial diversity, determined by metagenome analyses, was higher than fungal heterogeneity. However, a total of 194 different cultivable bacterial isolates (mainly Bacillaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Paenibacillaceae, and Microbacteriaceae) were obtained, in contrast to 343 fungal strains (mainly Aspergillaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Coniochaetaceae). Isolates traditionally known as secondary metabolite producers, such as Actinobacteria and members of the Penicillium genus, were screened for their antimicrobial activity by the detection of antibiotic biosynthetic clusters and competitive bioassays against fungi involved in wood decay. In addition, the ability of Penicillium isolates to degrade cellulose and release ferulic acid from wood was also examined. These results present decaying wood as an ecologically rich niche and a promising source of biotechnologically interesting microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Velasco-Rodríguez
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda Real 1, 24006 León, Spain; (Ó.V.-R.); (M.F.); (D.B.-R.); (K.K.); (M.T.-M.); (C.G.-E.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Mariana Fil
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda Real 1, 24006 León, Spain; (Ó.V.-R.); (M.F.); (D.B.-R.); (K.K.); (M.T.-M.); (C.G.-E.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Tonje M. B. Heggeset
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; (T.M.B.H.); (K.F.D.); (T.H.); (M.J.); (K.D.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Kristin F. Degnes
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; (T.M.B.H.); (K.F.D.); (T.H.); (M.J.); (K.D.J.); (H.S.)
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda Real 1, 24006 León, Spain; (Ó.V.-R.); (M.F.); (D.B.-R.); (K.K.); (M.T.-M.); (C.G.-E.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Katarina Kolsaková
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda Real 1, 24006 León, Spain; (Ó.V.-R.); (M.F.); (D.B.-R.); (K.K.); (M.T.-M.); (C.G.-E.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Tone Haugen
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; (T.M.B.H.); (K.F.D.); (T.H.); (M.J.); (K.D.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Malene Jønsson
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; (T.M.B.H.); (K.F.D.); (T.H.); (M.J.); (K.D.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Macarena Toral-Martínez
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda Real 1, 24006 León, Spain; (Ó.V.-R.); (M.F.); (D.B.-R.); (K.K.); (M.T.-M.); (C.G.-E.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda Real 1, 24006 León, Spain; (Ó.V.-R.); (M.F.); (D.B.-R.); (K.K.); (M.T.-M.); (C.G.-E.); (A.S.-L.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Alberto Sola-Landa
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda Real 1, 24006 León, Spain; (Ó.V.-R.); (M.F.); (D.B.-R.); (K.K.); (M.T.-M.); (C.G.-E.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Kjell D. Josefsen
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; (T.M.B.H.); (K.F.D.); (T.H.); (M.J.); (K.D.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Håvard Sletta
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; (T.M.B.H.); (K.F.D.); (T.H.); (M.J.); (K.D.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Carlos Barreiro
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda Real 1, 24006 León, Spain; (Ó.V.-R.); (M.F.); (D.B.-R.); (K.K.); (M.T.-M.); (C.G.-E.); (A.S.-L.)
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain
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15
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Savov V, Valchev I, Antov P, Yordanov I, Popski Z. Effect of the Adhesive System on the Properties of Fiberboard Panels Bonded with Hydrolysis Lignin and Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091768. [PMID: 35566951 PMCID: PMC9105454 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to propose an alternative technological solution for manufacturing fiberboard panels using a modified hot-pressing regime and hydrolysis lignin as the main binder. The main novelty of the research is the optimized adhesive system composed of unmodified hydrolysis lignin and reduced phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin content. The fiberboard panels were fabricated in the laboratory with a very low PF resin content, varying from 1% to 3.6%, and hydrolysis lignin addition levels varying from 7% to 10.8% (based on the dry wood fibers). A specific two-stage hot-pressing regime, including initial low pressure of 1.2 MPa and subsequent high pressure of 4 MPa, was applied. The effect of binder content and PF resin content in the adhesive system on the main properties of fiberboards (water absorption, thickness swelling, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength) was investigated, and appropriate optimization was performed to define the optimal content of PF resin and hydrolysis lignin for complying with European standards. It was concluded that the proposed technology is suitable for manufacturing fiberboard panels fulfilling the strictest EN standard. Markedly, it was shown that for the production of this type of panels, the minimum total content of binders should be 10.6%, and the PF resin content should be at least 14% of the adhesive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Ivo Valchev
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1757 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.V.); (I.Y.)
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Ivaylo Yordanov
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1757 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.V.); (I.Y.)
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16
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Euring M, Ostendorf K, Rühl M, Kües U. Enzymatic Oxidation of Ca-Lignosulfonate and Kraft Lignin in Different Lignin-Laccase-Mediator-Systems and MDF Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:788622. [PMID: 35155404 PMCID: PMC8831759 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.788622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase-mediator-oxidized lignin offers replacement for conventional chemical binders to produce fiberboards. Compared to the previously reported laccase–mediator system (LMS), a lignin-laccase-mediator-system (LLMS) has an advantage in that it requires much shorter fiber-enzyme incubation time due to significantly increased redox reactions. However, the cost of regularly applying laccase on an industrial scale is currently too high. We have employed CcLcc5 from cultures of the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea as a novel basi-laccase (a CAZy subfamily AA1_1 laccase) in medium-density fiberboard (MDF) production, in comparison to the commercial formulation Novozym 51003 with recombinantly produced asco-laccase MtL (a CAZy subfamily AA1_3 laccase-like multicopper oxidase from the ascomycete Myceliophthora thermophila). With the best-performing natural mediator 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), unpurified CcLcc5 was almost as good as formulated Novozym 51003 in increasing the molecular weight (MW) of the technical lignins tested, the hydrophilic high-MW Ca-lignosulfonate and the hydrophobic low-MW kraft lignin (Indulin AT). Oxygen consumption rates of the two distantly related, poorly conserved enzymes (31% sequence identity) with different mediators and lignosulfonate were also comparable, but Indulin AT significantly reduced the oxidative activity of Novozym 51003 unlike CcLcc5, regardless of the mediator used, either DMP or guaiacol. Oxygen uptake by both laccases was much faster with both technical lignins with DMP than with guaiacol. In case of lignosulfonate and DMP, 20–30 min of incubation was sufficient for full oxygen consumption, which fits in well in time with the usual binder application steps in industrial MDF production processes. LLMS-bonded MDF was thus produced on a pilot-plant scale with either crude CcLcc5 or Novozym 51003 at reduced enzyme levels of 5 kU/kg absolutely dry wood fiber with lignosulfonate and mediator DMP. Boards produced with CcLcc5 were comparably good as those made with Novozym 51003. Boards reached nearly standard specifications in internal bond strength (IB) and modulus of rupture (MOR), while thickness swelling (TS) was less good based on the hydrophilic character of lignosulfonate. LLMS-bonded MDF with Indulin AT and DMP performed better in TS but showed reduced IB and MOR values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Euring
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Burckhardt-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Euring, ; Ursula Kües,
| | - Kolja Ostendorf
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Burckhardt-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
- Current address, Department of Food and Feed Improvement Agents, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Gießen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kües
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Euring, ; Ursula Kües,
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Mo X, Zhang X, Fang L, Zhang Y. Research Progress of Wood-Based Panels Made of Thermoplastics as Wood Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:98. [PMID: 35012121 PMCID: PMC8747235 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) are selected as wood adhesives to bond wood particles (fibers, chips, veneers) by using the hot-pressing technique, the formaldehyde emission issue that has long existed in the wood-based panel industry can be effectively solved. In this study, in general, thermoplastic-bonded wood-based panels presented relatively higher mechanical properties and better water resistance and machinability than the conventional urea-formaldehyde resin-bonded wood-based panels. However, the bonding structure of the wood and thermoplastic materials was unstable at high temperatures. Compared with the wood-plastic composites manufactured by the extruding or injection molding methods, thermoplastic-bonded wood-based panels have the advantages of larger size, a wider raw material range and higher production efficiency. The processing technology, bonding mechanism and the performance of thermoplastic-bonded wood-based panels are comprehensively summarized and reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile, the existing problems of this new kind of panel and their future development trends are also highlighted, which can provide the wood industry with foundations and guidelines for using thermoplastics as environmentally friendly adhesives and effectively solving indoor pollution problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Mo
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lu Fang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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Raydan NDV, Leroyer L, Charrier B, Robles E. Recent Advances on the Development of Protein-Based Adhesives for Wood Composite Materials-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247617. [PMID: 34946693 PMCID: PMC8708089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrial market depends intensely on wood-based composites for buildings, furniture, and construction, involving significant developments in wood glues since 80% of wood-based products use adhesives. Although biobased glues have been used for many years, notably proteins, they were replaced by synthetic ones at the beginning of the 20th century, mainly due to their better moisture resistance. Currently, most wood adhesives are based on petroleum-derived products, especially formaldehyde resins commonly used in the particleboard industry due to their high adhesive performance. However, formaldehyde has been subjected to strong regulation, and projections aim for further restrictions within wood-based panels from the European market, due to its harmful emissions. From this perspective, concerns about environmental footprint and the toxicity of these formulations have prompted researchers to re-investigate the utilization of biobased materials to formulate safer alternatives. In this regard, proteins have sparked a new and growing interest in the potential development of industrial adhesives for wood due to their advantages, such as lower toxicity, renewable sourcing, and reduced environmental footprint. This work presents the recent developments in the use of proteins to formulate new wood adhesives. Herein, it includes the historical development of wood adhesives, adhesion mechanism, and the current hotspots and recent progress of potential proteinaceous feedstock resources for adhesive preparation.
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Winestrand S, Järnström L, Jönsson LJ. Fractionated Lignosulfonates for Laccase-Catalyzed Oxygen-Scavenging Films and Coatings. Molecules 2021; 26:6322. [PMID: 34684902 PMCID: PMC8537236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin derivatives have potential as antioxidants in advanced packaging materials through their ability to scavenge oxygen in reactions catalyzed by phenol-oxidizing enzymes, such as laccase. The effects of size fractionation of lignosulfonates on laccase-catalyzed reactions were investigated in experiments with aqueous solutions, films, and coated paperboard. Four industrial lignosulfonate preparations were compared: Feed (unfractionated), Prod (5-60 kDa enriched), Conc (≥60 kDa enriched), and Perm (≤60 kDa enriched). Extraction of lignosulfonates from films showed that the enzymic reaction increased the average molecular weight from <10,000 to up to 66,000. The enzymatic reaction resulted in an increase in the water contact angle of the films from the range 25-49° to 56-81°. The four preparations showed relatively small differences with regard to their ability to scavenge oxygen in aqueous solution and in experiments with coated paperboards in sealed chambers. Coatings with lignosulfonates where the contents of low-molecular weight material had been reduced (i.e., Prod and Conc) showed improved water resistance after the enzymic reaction. Thus, in both aqueous and solid media, fractionation of lignosulfonates had little effect on oxygen scavenging, but fractionation was beneficial for other reasons, such as improved cross-linking resulting in higher molecular weight and superior water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Järnström
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden;
| | - Leif J. Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
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20
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Characterization of Thermal Bio-Insulation Materials Based on Oil Palm Wood: The Effect of Hybridization and Particle Size. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193287. [PMID: 34641103 PMCID: PMC8512378 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm wood is the primary biomass waste produced from plantations, comprising up to 70% of the volume of trunks. It has been used in non-structural materials, such as plywood, lumber, and particleboard. However, one aspect has not been disclosed, namely, its use in thermal insulation materials. In this study, we investigated the thermal conductivity and the mechanical and physical properties of bio-insulation materials based on oil palm wood. The effects of hybridization and particle size on the properties of the panels were also evaluated. Oil palm wood and ramie were applied as reinforcements, and tapioca starch was applied as a bio-binder. Panels were prepared using a hot press at a temperature of 150 °C and constant pressure of 9.8 MPa. Thermal conductivity, bending strength, water absorption, dimensional stability, and thermogravimetric tests were performed to evaluate the properties of the panels. The results show that hybridization and particle size significantly affected the properties of the panels. The density and thermal conductivity of the panels were in the ranges of 0.66–0.79 g/cm3 and 0.067–0.154 W/mK, respectively. The least thermal conductivity, i.e., 0.067 W/mK, was obtained for the hybrid panels with coarse particles at density 0.66 g/cm3. The lowest water absorption (54.75%) and thickness swelling (18.18%) were found in the hybrid panels with fine particles. The observed mechanical properties were a bending strength of 11.49–18.15 MPa and a modulus of elasticity of 1864–3093 MPa. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that hybrid panels had better thermal stability than pure panels. Overall, the hybrid panels manufactured with a coarse particle size exhibited better thermal resistance and mechanical properties than did other panels. Our results show that oil palm wood wastes are a promising candidate for thermal insulation materials.
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Antov P, Savov V, Trichkov N, Krišťák Ľ, Réh R, Papadopoulos AN, Taghiyari HR, Pizzi A, Kunecová D, Pachikova M. Properties of High-Density Fiberboard Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde Resin and Ammonium Lignosulfonate as a Bio-Based Additive. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162775. [PMID: 34451315 PMCID: PMC8398458 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) as an eco-friendly additive to urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin for manufacturing high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels with acceptable properties and low free formaldehyde emission was investigated in this work. The HDF panels were manufactured in the laboratory with very low UF resin content (4%) and ALS addition levels varying from 4% to 8% based on the mass of the dry wood fibers. The press factor applied was 15 s·mm−1. The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling), mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength), and free formaldehyde emission were evaluated in accordance with the European standards. In general, the developed HDF panels exhibited acceptable physical and mechanical properties, fulfilling the standard requirements for HDF panels for use in load-bearing applications. Markedly, the laboratory-produced panels had low free formaldehyde emission ranging from 2.0 to 1.4 mg/100 g, thus fulfilling the requirements of the E0 and super E0 emission grades and confirming the positive effect of ALS as a formaldehyde scavenger. The thermal analyses performed, i.e., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the main findings of the research. It was concluded that ALS as a bio-based, formaldehyde-free adhesive can be efficiently utilized as an eco-friendly additive to UF adhesive formulations for manufacturing wood-based panels under industrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.S.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (Ľ.K.)
| | - Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Neno Trichkov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Ľuboš Krišťák
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (Ľ.K.)
| | - Roman Réh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Antonios N. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, GR-661 00 Drama, Greece;
| | - Hamid R. Taghiyari
- Wood Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Materials Engineering & New Technologies, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 16788-15811, Iran;
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 Rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France;
| | - Daniela Kunecová
- Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
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Ambient-Pressured Acid-Catalysed Ethylene Glycol Organosolv Process: Liquefaction Structure-Activity Relationships from Model Cellulose-Lignin Mixtures to Lignocellulosic Wood Biomass. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121988. [PMID: 34204467 PMCID: PMC8234995 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Raising the awareness of carbon dioxide emissions, climate global warming and fossil fuel depletion has renewed the transition towards a circular economy approach, starting by addressing active bio-economic precepts that all portion amounts of wood are valorised as products. This is accomplished by minimizing residues formed (preferably no waste materials), maximizing reaction productivity yields, and optimising catalysed chemical by-products. Within framework structure determination, the present work aims at drawing a parallel between the characterisation of cellulose–lignin mixture (derived system model) liquefaction and real conversion process in the acidified ethylene glycol at moderate process conditions, i.e., 150 °C, ambient atmospheric pressure and potential bio-based solvent, for 4 h. Extended-processing liquid phase is characterized considering catalyst-transformed reactant species being produced, mainly recovered lignin-based polymer, by quantitative 31P, 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as the size exclusion- (SEC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation for higher or lower molecular weight compound compositions, respectively. Such mechanistic pathway analytics help to understand the steps in mild organosolv biopolymer fractionation, which is one of the key industrial barriers preventing a more widespread manufacturing of the biomass-derived (hydroxyl, carbonyl or carboxyl) aromatic monomers or oligomers for polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes and (epoxy) resins.
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