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Tanwar SN, Parauha YR, There Y, Ameen F, Dhoble SJ. Inorganic nanoparticles: An effective antibiofilm strategy. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4878. [PMID: 39223925 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Biofilm is a common problem associated with human health. Pathogenicity and increase in resistance of bacteria require urgent development of effective ways for the treatment of bacterial diseases. Different strategies have been developed for the treatment of bacterial infections among which nanoparticles have shown greater prospects in battling with infections. Biofilms are resistant microbial colonies that possess resistance and, hence, cannot be killed by conventional drugs. Nanoparticles offer new avenues for treating biofilm-related infections involving multi-drug resistant organisms. They possess great antibiofilm properties, disrupting cell architecture and preventing colony formation. Green-synthesised nanoparticles are more effective and less toxic to human cells than commercially available or chemically synthesised antibiofilm nanoparticles. This review summarises the antibiofilm efficiency of plant-mediated nanoparticles and knowledge about biofilm inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nandkishor Tanwar
- Department of Microbiology, Taywade College, Mahadula-Koradi, Nagpur, India
- Department of Physics, R.T.M., Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Yatish Ratn Parauha
- Department of Physics, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, India
- Ramdeobaba University, Nagpur, India
| | - Yogesh There
- Department of Microbiology, Taywade College, Mahadula-Koradi, Nagpur, India
| | - Faud Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arbia
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Wintachai P, Jaroensawat N, Harding P, Wiwasuku T, Mitsuwan W, Septama AW. Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of Solanum lasiocarpum root extract synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles against Staphylococcus haemolyticus associated with bovine mastitis. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106724. [PMID: 38834135 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a cause of bovine mastitis, leading to inflammation in the mammary gland. This bacterial infection adversely affects animal health, reducing milk quality and yield. Its emergence has been widely reported, representing a significant economic loss for dairy farms. Interestingly, S. haemolyticus exhibits higher levels of antimicrobial resistance than other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. In this study, we synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl-NPs) using Solanum lasiocarpum root extract and evaluated their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against S. haemolyticus. The formation of the Ag/AgCl-NPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, which revealed maximum absorption at 419 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature of the Ag/AgCl-NPs, exhibiting a face-centered cubic lattice. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy elucidated the functional groups potentially involved in the Ag/AgCl-NPs synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the average particle size of the Ag/AgCl-NPs was 10 nm. Antimicrobial activity results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the Ag/AgCl-NPs treatment were 7.82-15.63 μg/mL towards S. haemolyticus. Morphological changes in bacterial cells treated with the Ag/AgCl-NPs were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Ag/AgCl-NPs reduced both the biomass of biofilm formation and preformed biofilm by approximately 20.24-94.66 % and 13.67-88.48 %. Bacterial viability within biofilm formation and preformed biofilm was reduced by approximately 21.56-77.54 % and 18.9-71.48 %, respectively. This study provides evidence of the potential of the synthesized Ag/AgCl-NPs as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against S. haemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phitchayapak Wintachai
- School of Science, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand.
| | - Nannapat Jaroensawat
- School of Science, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Phimphaka Harding
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Theanchai Wiwasuku
- School of Science, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Watcharapong Mitsuwan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bio-active Compound, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
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Akhter MS, Rahman MA, Ripon RK, Mubarak M, Akter M, Mahbub S, Al Mamun F, Sikder MT. A systematic review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants extract and their bio-medical applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29766. [PMID: 38828360 PMCID: PMC11140609 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have recently become considered as a crucial player in contemporary medicine, with therapeutic uses ranging from contrast agents in imaging to carriers for the transport of drugs and genes into a specific target. Nanoparticles have the ability to have more precise molecular interactions with the human body in order to target specific cells and tissues with minimal adverse effects and maximal therapeutic outcomes. With the least number of side effects and the greatest possible therapeutic benefit, nanoparticles can target particular cells and tissues through more precise molecular interactions with the human body. The majority of global public health problems are now treated with green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which substantially affect the fundamental structure of DNA and proteins and thus display their antimicrobial action. AgNPs can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and induce oxidative stress. By inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF)-1, pro-inflammatory mediators generated by silver nanoparticles are reduced, mucin hypersecretion is lessened, and gene activity is subsequently regulated to prevent infections. The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using various plants and their applications in antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities have been extensively discussed in this article. Also, because only natural substances are utilized in the manufacturing process, the particles that are created naturally are coated, stabilized, and play a vital role in these biomedical actions. The characterization of AgNPs, possibility of preparing AgNPSs with different shapes using biological method and their impact on functions and toxicities, impact of size, shape and other properties on AgNPs functions and toxicity profiles, limitations, and future prospects of green-mediated AgNPs have also been reported in this study. The major goal of this study is to provide readers with a comprehensive, informed, and up-to-date summary of the various AgNPs production and characterization methods and their under-investigational antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. This review provides instructions and suggestions for additional studies based on AgNPs. This evaluation also pushes researchers to look into natural resources like plant parts in order to create useful nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst. Sanjida Akhter
- Health and Environmental Epidemiology Laboratory (HEEL), Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Rezaul Karim Ripon
- Department of Environmental Health Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mahfuza Mubarak
- Health and Environmental Epidemiology Laboratory (HEEL), Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Akter
- Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Shamim Mahbub
- Nuclear Safety, Security & Safeguards Division, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority, 12/A, Shahid Shahabuddin Shorok, Agargaon, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Firoj Al Mamun
- Department of Public Health, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tajuddin Sikder
- Health and Environmental Epidemiology Laboratory (HEEL), Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
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Dilbar S, Sher H, Ali H, Ullah R, Ali A, Ullah Z. Antibacterial Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Salvia nubicola Extract against Ralstonia solanacearum, the Causal Agent of Vascular Wilt of Tomato. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31155-31167. [PMID: 37663485 PMCID: PMC10468922 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is a phytopathogen causing bacterial wilt diseases of tomato and affecting its productivity, which leads to prominent economic losses annually. As an alternative to conventional pesticides, green synthesized nanoparticles are believed to possess strong antibacterial activities besides being cheap and ecofriendly. Here, we present the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Sn-AgNPs) from medicinally important aqueous plant extracts of Salvia nubicola. Characterization of biologically synthesized nanoparticles was performed through UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. The antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was tested against the phytopathogen R. solanacearum through in vitro experiments. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts revealed the presence of substantial amounts of flavonoids (57.08 mg GAE/g), phenolics (42.30 mg GAE/g), tannins, and terpenoids. The HPLC phenolic profile indicated the presence of 25 possible bioactive compounds. Results regarding green synthesized silver nanoparticles revealed the conformation of different functional groups through FTIR analysis, which could be responsible for the bioreduction and capping of Ag ions into silver NPs. TEM results revealed the spherical, crystalline shape of nanoparticles with the size in the range of 23-63 nm, which validates SEM results. Different concentrations of Sn-AgNPs (T1 (500 μg/mL) to T7 (78.1 μg/mL)) with a combination of plant extracts (PE-Sn-AgNPs) and plant extracts alone exhibited an efficient inhibition of R. solanacearum. These findings could be used as an effective alternative preparation against the bacterial wilt of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Dilbar
- Centre
for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University
of Swat, Charbagh Swat 19120, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- Centre
for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University
of Swat, Charbagh Swat 19120, Pakistan
| | - Hina Ali
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King
Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Centre
for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University
of Swat, Charbagh Swat 19120, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ullah
- Centre
for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University
of Swat, Charbagh Swat 19120, Pakistan
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Abdalhamed AM, Zeedan GSG, Dorgham SM, Ghazy AA. In vivo experimentally study the effect of Nigella Sativa silver nanoparticles for treatment of salmonella species causing diarrhea in ruminants. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106133. [PMID: 37172661 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellais one of the main etiological agents of infectious diarrhea in large and small ruminants but emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains faster rate than previously, leads to develop of MDR strains among animals needs different alternative therapeutic strategies. Our study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa silver nanoparticles (NS AgNPs) on specific pathogen-free (SPF) Wister rats. Nigella sativa silver nanoparticles were prepared and confirmed their formation by optical observations, UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Rats in group G2 were infected experimentally with Salmonella spp and treated with ciprofloxacin orally for duration of 6 days at a dose rat 10 mg/kg. On the other hand, rats in group G1 were infected with salmonella and treated for 20 days with NS AgNPs in oral dose of (10 mg/kg rats), and the results were compared to control groups G3 which received bacterial infection without treatment and G4 control negative. The results of optical observation, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, and SEM revealed typical characteristics of prepared NS AgNPs. Liver, kidney function biomarkers, hematologic analysis, and histological examination the tissues of liver, kidney, and stomach of rat's model improved that NS AgNPs has antimicrobial effect and has the ability to decrease the inflammatory reaction caused by Salmonella spp infection. The results of our study indicate that NS AgNPs are effective in controlling MDR Salmonella spp in vivo without causing any adverse effects. Moreover, our findings suggest that reducing the use of antimicrobials could be a key factor in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and can provide valuable insights into identifying the most appropriate treatment strategies to tackle this issue effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Abdalhamed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt.
| | - Gamil S G Zeedan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Sohad M Dorgham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Alaa A Ghazy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
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Idris FN, Nadzir MM. Multi-drug resistant ESKAPE pathogens and the uses of plants as their antimicrobial agents. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:115. [PMID: 36917278 PMCID: PMC10013289 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Infections by ESKAPE (Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pathogens cause major concern due to their multi-drug resistance (MDR). The ESKAPE pathogens are frequently linked to greater mortality, diseases, and economic burden in healthcare worldwide. Therefore, the use of plants as a natural source of antimicrobial agents provide a solution as they are easily available and safe to use. These natural drugs can also be enhanced by incorporating silver nanoparticles and combining them with existing antibiotics. By focussing the attention on the ESKAPE organisms, the MDR issue can be addressed much better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Nazira Idris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Masrina Mohd Nadzir
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Kamaraj C, Ragavendran C, Manimaran K, Sarvesh S, Islam ARMT, Malafaia G. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cassia Auriculata: Targeting antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and evaluation of their possible effects on saltwater microcrustacean, Artemia Nauplii (non-target organism). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160575. [PMID: 36462660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their huge surface area to volume ratio, metallic nanoparticles are becoming increasingly important in numerous spheres of life. Here, initially, we aimed to evaluate the potential use of Cassia auriculata (CA) extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Then, we evaluated its antimicrobial potential and antioxidant capacity, as well as performed in silico analysis, and investigated the possible non-toxic effect of AgNPs on Artemia nauplii. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies were used to characterize the biosynthesized AgNPs. Our data indicate that Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were susceptible to the biosynthesized AgNPs, whose effect was concentration-response. With a ZOI of 10 mm, the AgNPs were most efficient against gram-positive B. cereus bacteria at the highest concentration (75 μg/mL). The biosynthesized AgNPs (at 25 to 125 μg/mL) showed good antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Oleanolic acid from CA exhibited strong binding affinity and high binding energy to E. coli and B. cereus (-9.66 and - 9.74 kcal/mol) on in silico research. According to the comparative non-toxicity analysis, AgNPs, AgNO3, and CA bark extract had the least toxic effects on A. nauplii, with respective mortality rates of 28.14, 32.26, and 38.42 %, respectively. In conclusion, the current work showed that AgNPs produced from CA bark could be a promising material for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, India
| | - Kumar Manimaran
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636011, Tamil Naddu, India
| | - Sabarathinam Sarvesh
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Ogunro OB, Oyeyinka BO, Gyebi GA, Batiha GES. Nutritional benefits, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicity of Spondias mombin Linn: a comprehensive review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:162-226. [PMID: 36632807 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spondias mombin is traditionally used as an herbal medicine for several human diseases and ailments in the tropical regions across the globe including the African countries. This study aimed to provide comprehensive information on nutritional benefits, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological properties and toxicology study of S. mombin. Information was gathered from documented literatures in scientific database. KEY FINDINGS The study revealed that S. mombin has nutritional values; with the leaf, fruit, flower, seed, and stem bark possessing a wide range of ethnomedicinal uses across several regions, with documented pharmacological properties. S. mombin has a frequent rate of ethnomedicinal utility in cases of abortion, constipation, fever, gonorrhea, postpartum hemorrhage, digestive pain, diarrhoea, dysentery and wounds. Ethnopharmacological studies showed that crude extracts and chemical compounds from S. mombin manifested in vivo and in vitro biological and pharmacological activities. About 102 isolated compounds from the leaf, fruit, or stem bark of S. mombin have been reported. SUMMARY Overall, S. mombin has several nutritive and ethnomedicinal benefits owing to its chemical constituents, which are linkable to the several pharmacological activities. There remains however, the need for dosage intake caution, upon the advice of medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Barnabas Oluwatomide Oyeyinka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Gideon Ampoma Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Nayab DE, Akhtar S. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from eucalyptus leaves can enhance shelf life of banana without penetrating in pulp. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281675. [PMID: 36888584 PMCID: PMC9994744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bananas are exposed to serious post-harvest problems resulting in agricultural and economic losses across the world. The severity of problem is linked with the process of rapid ripening and pathogens attack. Such problems have led to economic losses as well as a lower yield of nutritionally rich bananas. The global demand to increase the life span of bananas and their protection from pathogens-borne diseases urged the use of antimicrobial edible coatings of nanoparticles. The present experiment has explored the innovative development of green synthesized nanoparticles from Eucalyptus leaf extract (ELE) to increase the shelf life of bananas up to 32 days from the day of collection. Statistically significant results were recorded (P = 0.05) by applying five different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in ranges of 0.01-0.05%. Various morphological and physiological parameters such as color, decay, firmness, weight loss, pulp to peel ratio, pH, titrable acidity (TA), phenolic contents, protein estimation, ethylene production, starch content and total soluble sugars were measured in Cavendish banana (Basrai). Bananas treated with 0.01% AgNPs showed maximum control on its ripeness over morphological and physiological changes. The increase in shelf life was in order 0.01%>0.02%>0.03%>0.04%>0.05%> control. Further, AgNPs reduced the process of ripening by controlling ethylene production. The result has also proved the safety of banana consumption by simple removal of banana peel as penetration of AgNPs from the peel to the pulp was not detected. It is recommended to use 0.01% AgNPs to enhance the shelf life of banana without effecting its nutritive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durr-e- Nayab
- Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Shamim Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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Wei Z, Xu S, Jia H, Zhang H. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Mahonia fortunei extracts and characterization of its inhibitory effect on Chinese cabbage soft rot pathogen. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1030261. [PMID: 36338072 PMCID: PMC9635054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum causes soft rot in cabbage and significantly reduces plant yield. In this study, we employed Mhonia fortunei extracts to synthesis silver nanoparticles (Mf-AgNPs) and investigated their functions against P. carotovorum. The results showed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of AgNP was 412 nm under optimal synthesis conditions. Furthermore, the results of Scanning electron microscope-Energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed that the Mf-AgNPs had a spherical structure with an average diameter of 13.19 nm and the content of Ag0 ions accounted for 82.68% of the total elemental content. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that AgNPs had a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated the presence of various biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agents on the AgNP surface. Antibacterial activity was first evaluated by an inhibitory zone test, which revealed that 500 μg ml−1 of AgNPs had antibacterial activity against P. carotovorum and four model bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively with an antibacterial function comparable to 1 mM AgNO3 solution. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for P. carotovorum were 8 μg ml−1, respectively. Furthermore, AgNPs at 8 μg ml−1 completely inhibited the growth of P. carotovorum, decreased their tolerance to 0.25 mM H2O2 as well as considerably reduced colony formation after 1 h of treatment and thereafter. Treatment with Mf-AgNPs resulted in bacterial cell membrane destruction and biofilm formation inhibition, respectively. With an FIC (fractional inhibitory concentration) index of 0.174, AgNP and zhongshengmycin showed a significant synergistic effect. The infection of P. carotovorum to cabbage explants was significantly inhibited in vitro by a combination of 2 μg ml−1 Mf-AgNP and 5 μg ml−1 zhongshengmycin. In conclusion, the synthesized Mf-AgNP exhibited significant antibacterial activity against P. carotovorum.
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Gobinath R, Parasuraman S, Sreeramanan S, Enugutti B, Chinni SV. Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Spondias mombin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:870399. [PMID: 35620596 PMCID: PMC9128744 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:Spondias mombin is a plant that reported to have anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, antiasthmatic, and wound healing activities. Diabetes dyslipidemic effect of Spondias mombin leaves is not clear. Hence, current study planned to evaluate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of methanolic extract of leaves of Spondias mombin (MESM) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods: Phytochemicals were determined by standard method and antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Diabetes was induced by injecting a single dose of STZ (55 mg/kg) into female sprague dawley rats. After 3 days of induction of diabetes, the diabetic animals were treated for 28 days with MESM (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (20 mg/kg) orally. The body weight of rats and blood glucose levels were monitored at regular intervals during the experiment. At the end of study, blood sample was collected from all the animals and subjected to biochemical, lipid profile, and they were sacrificed and their organs such as pancreas, liver and kidney were used for histopathological analysis. Results: Quantitative analysis of MESM showed the presence of anthraquinone, tannins, saponins, steroid, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and reducing sugars. Reduction in body weight and elevated blood glucose were observed in diabetic rats. Treatment with MESM in a concentration of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg significantly reversed the elevated levels of blood glucose, reduced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total serum cholesterol (TC), serum triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and increased plasma insulin, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Conclusion: MESM exhibited a significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities against STZ-induced diabetes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachawolran Gobinath
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
- Department of Foundation, RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, Georgetown, Malaysia
| | | | - Subramaniam Sreeramanan
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Georgetown, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
- National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
| | - Balaji Enugutti
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Suresh V. Chinni
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Suresh V. Chinni,
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12
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El-Bendary MA, Afifi SS, Moharam ME, Abo Elsoud MM, Gawdat NA. Optimization of Bacillus subtilis growth parameters for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using response surface methodology. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:183-194. [PMID: 35416757 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2056899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most widely biosynthesized and used nanomaterials. They have different unique properties and a wide range of applications. This study is concerned with optimization of the growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis NRC1 for the biosynthesis of AgNPs using two designs of response surface methodology (RSM) statistical analysis. The data obtained from Plackett-Burman design (PBD) followed by central composite design (CCD), showed a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values of AgNPs biosynthesis. The optimum conditions were 0.7% (w/v) casein hydrolysate, 5% dextrin (w/v), pH 7.5 and 57 × 106 CFU/ml inoculum size. The model was highly valid and could be applied with a confidence factor of 99.47%. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these AgNPs synthesized using the extracellular filtrate after growth of Bacillus subtilis NRC1 in the optimized medium was found to be 41-43µg/ml for all tested microorganisms with exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa where MIC was 169 µg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda A El-Bendary
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salwa S Afifi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maysa E Moharam
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Abo Elsoud
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha A Gawdat
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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13
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de Freitas MA, da Cruz RP, dos Santos ATL, Almeida-Bezerra JW, Machado AJT, dos Santos JFS, Rocha JE, Boligon AA, Bezerra CF, de Freitas TS, do Nascimento Silva MK, Mendonça ACAM, da Costa JGM, Coutinho HDM, da Cunha FAB, Filho JR, Morais-Braga MFB. HPLC-DAD analysis and antimicrobial activities of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae). 3 Biotech 2022; 12:61. [PMID: 35186658 PMCID: PMC8818589 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondias mombin is used in the folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, indicating that extracts obtained from this species may present pharmacological activities against pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this work was to investigate the chemical composition and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from the leaves (aqueous) and bark (hydroethanolic) of S. mombin both as single treatments and in combination with conventional drugs. Following a qualitative chemical prospection, the extracts were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution. The combined activity of drugs and extracts was verified by adding a subinhibitory concentration of the extract in the presence of variable drug concentrations. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was determined by a subculture of the microdilution test, while the effect of the in vitro treatments on morphological transition was analyzed by subculture in moist chambers. While the qualitative analysis detected the presence of phenols and flavonoids, the HPLC analysis identified quercetin, caffeic acid, and catechin as major components in the leaf extract, whereas kaempferol and quercetin were found as major compounds in the bark extract. The extracts showed effective antibacterial activities only against the Gram-negative strains. With regard to the combined activity, the leaf extract potentiated the action of gentamicin and imipenem (against Staphylococcus aureus), while the bark extract potentiated the effect of norfloxacin (against S. aureus), imipenem (against Escherichia coli), and norfloxacin (against Pseudomonas aeruginosa). A more significant antifungal (fungistatic) effect was achieved with the bark extract (even though at high concentrations), which further enhanced the activity of fluconazole. The extracts also inhibited the emission of filaments by Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Together, these findings suggest that that the extract constituents may act by favoring the permeability of microbial cells to conventional drugs, as well as by affecting virulence mechanisms in Candida strains.
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14
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Current Knowledge on the Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Antimicrobial Properties of Metal-Based Nanoparticles. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020437. [PMID: 35208891 PMCID: PMC8877623 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in recent years has been alarming and represents a major public health problem. The development of effective antimicrobial agents remains a key challenge. Nanotechnologies have provided opportunities for the use of nanomaterials as components in the development of antibacterial agents. Indeed, metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) show an effective role in targeting and killing bacteria via different mechanisms, such as attraction to the bacterial surface, destabilization of the bacterial cell wall and membrane, and the induction of a toxic mechanism mediated by a burst of oxidative stress (e.g., the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)). Considering the lack of new antimicrobial drugs with novel mechanisms of action, the induction of oxidative stress represents a valuable and powerful antimicrobial strategy to fight MDR bacteria. Consequently, it is of particular interest to determine and precisely characterize whether NPs are able to induce oxidative stress in such bacteria. This highlights the particular interest that NPs represent for the development of future antibacterial drugs. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update on the latest advances in research focusing on the study and characterization of the induction of oxidative-stress-mediated antimicrobial mechanisms by metal-based NPs.
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Kavitha A, Shanmugan S, Awuchi C, Kanagaraj C, Ravichandran S. Synthesis and enhanced antibacterial using plant extracts with silver nanoparticles: Therapeutic application. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Haj Bloukh S, Edis Z, Abu Sara H, Alhamaidah MA. Antimicrobial Properties of Lepidium sativum L. Facilitated Silver Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091352. [PMID: 34575428 PMCID: PMC8466285 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance toward commonly used medicinal drugs is a dangerously growing threat to our existence. Plants are naturally equipped with a spectrum of biomolecules and metabolites with important biological activities. These natural compounds constitute a treasure in the fight against multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The development of plant-based antimicrobials through green synthesis may deliver alternatives to common drugs. Lepidium sativum L. (LS) is widely available throughout the world as a fast-growing herb known as garden cress. LS seed oil is interesting due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Nanotechnology offers a plethora of applications in the health sector. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are used due to their antimicrobial properties. We combined LS and AgNP to prevent microbial resistance through plant-based synergistic mechanisms within the nanomaterial. AgNP were prepared by a facile one-pot synthesis through plant-biomolecules-induced reduction of silver nitrate via a green method. The phytochemicals in the aqueous LS extract act as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents of AgNP. The composition of the LS-AgNP biohybrids was confirmed by analytical methods. Antimicrobial testing against 10 reference strains of pathogens exhibited excellent to intermediate antimicrobial activity. The bio-nanohybrid LS-AgNP has potential uses as a broad-spectrum microbicide, disinfectant, and wound care product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Haj Bloukh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates; (S.H.B.); (H.A.S.); (M.A.A.)
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zehra Edis
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| | - Hamid Abu Sara
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates; (S.H.B.); (H.A.S.); (M.A.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mustafa Ameen Alhamaidah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates; (S.H.B.); (H.A.S.); (M.A.A.)
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Chlumsky O, Purkrtova S, Michova H, Sykorova H, Slepicka P, Fajstavr D, Ulbrich P, Viktorova J, Demnerova K. Antimicrobial Properties of Palladium and Platinum Nanoparticles: A New Tool for Combating Food-Borne Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157892. [PMID: 34360657 PMCID: PMC8346086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly used in the food processing plants as nanomaterials for food packaging, or as coatings on the food handling equipment, little is known about antimicrobial properties of palladium (PdNPs) and platinum (PtNPs) nanoparticles and their potential use in the food industry. In this study, common food-borne pathogens Salmonella enterica Infantis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were tested. Both NPs reduced viable cells with the log10 CFU reduction of 0.3–2.4 (PdNPs) and 0.8–2.0 (PtNPs), average inhibitory rates of 55.2–99% for PdNPs and of 83.8–99% for PtNPs. However, both NPs seemed to be less effective for biofilm formation and its reduction. The most effective concentrations were evaluated to be 22.25–44.5 mg/L for PdNPs and 50.5–101 mg/L for PtNPs. Furthermore, the interactions of tested NPs with bacterial cell were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM visualization confirmed that NPs entered bacteria and caused direct damage of the cell walls, which resulted in bacterial disruption. The in vitro cytotoxicity of individual NPs was determined in primary human renal tubular epithelial cells (HRTECs), human keratinocytes (HaCat), human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), human epithelial kidney cells (HEK 293), and primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Due to their antimicrobial properties on bacterial cells and no acute cytotoxicity, both types of NPs could potentially fight food-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Chlumsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (S.P.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (P.U.); (J.V.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabina Purkrtova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (S.P.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (P.U.); (J.V.); (K.D.)
| | - Hana Michova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (S.P.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (P.U.); (J.V.); (K.D.)
| | - Hana Sykorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (S.P.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (P.U.); (J.V.); (K.D.)
| | - Petr Slepicka
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Dominik Fajstavr
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Pavel Ulbrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (S.P.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (P.U.); (J.V.); (K.D.)
| | - Jitka Viktorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (S.P.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (P.U.); (J.V.); (K.D.)
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (S.P.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (P.U.); (J.V.); (K.D.)
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Horstmann C, Davenport V, Zhang M, Peters A, Kim K. Transcriptome Profile Alterations with Carbon Nanotubes, Quantum Dots, and Silver Nanoparticles: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060794. [PMID: 34070957 PMCID: PMC8224664 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revolutionized sequence-based research. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing has become the method of choice in studying the toxicity of chemical agents through observing and measuring changes in transcript levels. Engineered nanomaterial (ENM)-toxicity has become a major field of research and has adopted microarray and newer RNA-Seq methods. Recently, nanotechnology has become a promising tool in the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases in humans. However, due to their high stability, they are likely capable of remaining in the body and environment for long periods of time. Their mechanisms of toxicity and long-lasting effects on our health is still poorly understood. This review explores the effects of three ENMs including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) by cross examining publications on transcriptomic changes induced by these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen Horstmann
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Victoria Davenport
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Alyse Peters
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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