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Ez-Zahra Amrati F, Mssillou I, Boukhira S, Djiddi Bichara M, El Abdali Y, Galvão de Azevedo R, Mohamed C, Slighoua M, Conte R, Kiokias S, Soares Pontes G, Bousta D. Phenolic Composition of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Extract and Its Anti-Inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, and Antileukemia Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:786. [PMID: 38931453 PMCID: PMC11207108 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Crataegus monogyna (C. monogyna) is a prominent plant used in Moroccan traditional medicine. This study investigated the phenolic composition and the anti-inflammatory, the hepatoprotective, and the anticancer activities of a hydroethanolic extract of C. monogyna leaves and stems. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography identified the phenolic profile. The in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated using the MTT assay on HL-60 and K-562 myeloleukemia cells and liver (Huh-7) cell lines. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The hepatoprotective effect at 300 and 1000 mg/kg doses against the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity on rats was studied for seven days. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the extract's inhibitory potential against key targets: lipoxygenase, cytochrome P450, tyrosine kinase, and TRADD. The extract exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against K-562 and HL-60 cells, but not against lung cancer cells (Huh-7 line). The 1000 mg/kg dose demonstrated the most potent anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting edema by 99.10% after 6 h. C. monogyna extract displayed promising hepatoprotective properties. Procyanidin (-7.27 kcal/mol), quercetin (-8.102 kcal/mol), and catechin (-9.037 kcal/mol) were identified as the most active molecules against lipoxygenase, cytochrome P450, and tyrosine kinase, respectively. These findings highlight the untapped potential of C. monogyna for further exploration in treating liver damage, inflammation, and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ez-Zahra Amrati
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics (LBCGM), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 8106, Morocco
| | - Ibrahim Mssillou
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - Smahane Boukhira
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Guelmim 81000, Morocco;
| | - Mehdi Djiddi Bichara
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Health, Agrofood and Environment (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.D.B.); (Y.E.A.)
| | - Youness El Abdali
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Health, Agrofood and Environment (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.D.B.); (Y.E.A.)
| | - Renata Galvão de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus 69067-375, Brazil; (R.G.d.A.)
- Post-Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Chebaibi Mohamed
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Fez 30050, Morocco
- Biomedical and Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Meryem Slighoua
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Health, Agrofood and Environment (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.D.B.); (Y.E.A.)
| | - Raffaele Conte
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council, 05010 Naples, Italy;
| | - Sotirios Kiokias
- European Research Executive Agency (REA), 1210 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus 69067-375, Brazil; (R.G.d.A.)
- Post-Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Dalila Bousta
- National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taounate 34000, Morocco
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Ahmad I, Al-Dolaimy F, Kzar MH, Kareem AT, Mizal TL, Omran AA, Alazbjee AAA, Obaidur Rab S, Eskandar M, Alawadi AH, Alsalamy A. Microfluidic-based nanoemulsion of Ocimum basilicum extract: Constituents, stability, characterization, and potential biomedical applications for improved antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:411-423. [PMID: 37877737 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the findings from a study that aimed to identify and characterize the constituents of Ocimum basilicum extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, as well as assess the physicochemical properties and stability of nanoemulsions formulated with O. basilicum extract. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the O. basilicum extract contained 22 components, with Caryophyllene and Naringenin identified as the primary active constituents. The nanoemulsion formulation demonstrated excellent potential for use in the biomedical field, with a small and uniform particle size distribution, a negative zeta potential, and high encapsulation efficiency for the O. basilicum extract. The nanoemulsions exhibited spherical morphology and remained physically stable for up to 6 months. In vitro release studies indicated sustained release of the extract from the nanoemulsion formulation compared to the free extract solution. Furthermore, the developed nanoformulation exhibited enhanced anticancer properties against K562 cells while demonstrating low toxicity in normal cells (HEK293). The O. basilicum extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with a potential synergistic effect observed when combined with the nanoemulsion. These findings contribute to the understanding of the constituents and potential applications of O. basilicum extract and its nanoemulsion formulation in various fields, including healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. Further optimization and research are necessary to maximize the efficacy and antimicrobial activity of the extract and its nanoformulation. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This study characterized the constituents of O. basilicum extract and assessed the physicochemical properties and stability of its nanoemulsion formulation. The O. basilicum extract contained 22 components, with Caryophyllene and Naringenin identified as the primary active constituents. The nanoemulsion formulation demonstrated excellent potential for biomedical applications, with sustained release of the extract, low toxicity, and enhanced anticancer and antimicrobial properties. The findings contribute to the understanding of the potential applications of O. basilicum extract and its nanoemulsion formulation in healthcare and pharmaceutical industries, highlighting the need for further optimization and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mazin Hadi Kzar
- College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babil, Iraq
| | - Ashwaq Talib Kareem
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Thair L Mizal
- Department of Medical Engineering, Al-Esraa University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Aisha A Omran
- Department of Medical Engineering, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Safia Obaidur Rab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdoh Eskandar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hussien Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
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3
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Zafar S, Armaghan M, Khan K, Hassan N, Sharifi-Rad J, Habtemariam S, Kieliszek M, Butnariu M, Bagiu IC, Bagiu RV, Cho WC. New insights into the anticancer therapeutic potential of maytansine and its derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115039. [PMID: 37364476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maytansine is a pharmacologically active 19-membered ansamacrolide derived from various medicinal plants and microorganisms. Among the most studied pharmacological activities of maytansine over the past few decades are anticancer and anti-bacterial effects. The anticancer mechanism of action is primarily mediated through interaction with the tubulin thereby inhibiting the assembly of microtubules. This ultimately leads to decreased stability of microtubule dynamics and cause cell cycle arrest, resulting in apoptosis. Despite its potent pharmacological effects, the therapeutic applications of maytansine in clinical medicine are quite limited due to its non-selective cytotoxicity. To overcome these limitations, several derivatives have been designed and developed mostly by modifying the parent structural skeleton of maytansine. These structural derivatives exhibit improved pharmacological activities as compared to maytansine. The present review provides a valuable insight into maytansine and its synthetic derivatives as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameen Zafar
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Armaghan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Nazia Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monica Butnariu
- University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara, 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania.
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania; Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Vasile Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania; Preventive Medicine Study Center, Timisoara, Romania
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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De Vita D, Frezza C, Sciubba F, Toniolo C, Badiali C, Petrucci R, Bortolami M, Di Matteo P, Rocco D, Stringaro A, Colone M, Maxia A, Petrucci MT, Serafini M, Foddai S. Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Antileukemic Activity of Alkaloid-Enriched Extracts from Vinca sardoa (Stearn) Pignatti. Molecules 2023; 28:5639. [PMID: 37570609 PMCID: PMC10419533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinca sardoa (Stearn) Pignatti, known as Sardinian periwinkle, is widely diffused in Sardinia (Italy). This species contains indole alkaloids, which are known to have a great variety of biological activities. This study investigated the antileukemic activity against a B lymphoblast cell line (SUP-B15) of V. sardoa alkaloid-rich extracts obtained from plants grown in Italy, in Iglesias (Sardinia) and Rome (Latium). All the extracts showed a good capacity to induce reductions in cell proliferation of up to 50% at the tested concentrations (1-15 µg/mL). Moreover, none of the extracts showed cytotoxicity on normal cells at all the studied concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela De Vita
- Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.); (C.T.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Claudio Frezza
- Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.); (C.T.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.); (C.T.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (S.F.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.); (C.T.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Camilla Badiali
- Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.); (C.T.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Paola Di Matteo
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniele Rocco
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (M.B.); (P.D.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Annarita Stringaro
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Marisa Colone
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrea Maxia
- Laboratory of Economic and Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.); (C.T.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Sebastiano Foddai
- Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.); (C.T.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (S.F.)
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Abdulhafiz F, Mohammed A, Reduan MFH, Hamzah Z, Kari ZA, Téllez-Isaías G. Evaluation of anti-hyperuricemic effects of Alocasia longiloba Miq. (Keladi Candik) extracts in potassium oxonate induced rat model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18069. [PMID: 37483701 PMCID: PMC10362144 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia has become a significant public-health concern in recent years, and the available treatments have been reported to have an adverse side effect on patients. Alocasia longiloba has been used traditionally in Malaysia for treating gout, inflammation, and wounds. However, the plant has not been investigated for its effects on hyperuricemia. This study investigated the anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory effects of A. longiloba extracts in hyperuricemic rats induced by potassium oxonate (250 mg/kg body weight). Rats were given A. longiloba extracts or a standard drug for two-week, and blood and tissue samples were collected for analysis. Results show that A. longiloba extracts significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic rats and inhibited xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in the liver and kidney, which could be the mechanism underlying the urate-lowering effects. The extracts also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-18 and IL-1β) in serum samples and had hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects in hyperuricemic rats. The study supports the use of A. longiloba as a complementary therapy for treating hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferid Abdulhafiz
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science, Lincoln University College, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zulhazman Hamzah
- Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Castro DTH, Leite DF, da Silva Baldivia D, Dos Santos HF, Balogun SO, da Silva DB, Carollo CA, de Picoli Souza K, Dos Santos EL. Structural Characterization and Anticancer Activity of a New Anthraquinone from Senna velutina (Fabaceae). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:951. [PMID: 37513863 PMCID: PMC10385181 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel compound was isolated, identified, and its chemical structure was determined from the extract of the roots of Senna velutina. In addition, we sought to evaluate the anticancer potential of this molecule against melanoma and leukemic cell lines and identify the pathways of cell death involved. To this end, a novel anthraquinone was isolated from the barks of the roots of S. velutina, analyzed by HPLC-DAD, and its molecular structure was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Subsequently, their cytotoxic activity was evaluated by the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method against non-cancerous, melanoma, and leukemic cells. The migration of melanoma cells was evaluated by the scratch assay. The apoptosis process, caspase-3 activation, analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential, and measurement of ROS were evaluated by flow cytometry technique. In addition, the pharmacological cell death inhibitors NEC-1, RIP-1, BAPTA, Z-VAD, and Z-DEVD were used to confirm the related cell death mechanisms. With the results, it was possible to elucidate the novel compound characterized as 2'-OH-Torosaol I. In normal cells, the compound showed no cytotoxicity in PBMC but reduced the cell viability of all melanoma and leukemic cell lines evaluated. 2'-OH-Torosaol I inhibited chemotaxis of B16F10-Nex2, SK-Mel-19, SK-Mel-28 and SK-Mel-103. The cytotoxicity of the compound was induced by apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased levels of reactive oxygen species, and activation of caspase-3. In addition, the inhibitors demonstrated the involvement of necroptosis and Ca2+ in the death process and confirmed caspase-dependent apoptosis death as one of the main programmed cell death pathways induced by 2'-OH-Torosaol I. Taken together, the data characterize the novel anthraquinone 2'-OH-Torosaol I, demonstrating its anticancer activity and potential application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tsuyoshi Hiramatsu Castro
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism (GEBBAM), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira Leite
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism (GEBBAM), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Debora da Silva Baldivia
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism (GEBBAM), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Helder Freitas Dos Santos
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism (GEBBAM), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Sikiru Olaitan Balogun
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism (GEBBAM), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan da Silva
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Kely de Picoli Souza
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism (GEBBAM), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Edson Lucas Dos Santos
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism (GEBBAM), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
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Rahimi G, Yousefnia S, Angnes L, Negahdary M. Design a PEGylated nanocarrier containing lemongrass essential oil (LEO), a drug delivery system: Application as a cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abdulhafiz F, Reduan MFH, Hisam AH, Mohammad I, Abdul Wahab IR, Abdul Hamid FF, Mohammed A, Nordin ML, Shaari R, Bakar LA, Kari ZA, Wei LS, Goh KW, Ahmad Mohd Zain MR. LC-TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS based phytochemical profiling and evaluation of wound healing activity of Oroxylum Indicum (L.) Kurz (Beka). Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1050453. [PMID: 36483735 PMCID: PMC9723245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1050453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Beka (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz) has been used as a culinary herb and natural remedy by the local communities in Malaysia. The leaf of O. indicum is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea, high blood pressure, and improving digestive health. Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and wound healing properties (in vitro and in vivo models) of aqueous and ethanol extracts of O. indicum leaves. Methods: The total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents in the plant extracts were determined by the spectrophotometric methods. Further, the extract was characterized by Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The wound healing activity was assessed using the in vitro scratch wound-healing assay and in vivo excisional wound model. Results: The results show the ethanol leaves extract had the higher TPC (164 mg GAE/g) when compared with the aqueous leaves extract (30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g). The ethanol leaves extract was also found to have higher TFC (101 mg Catechin equivalents/g) than the aqueous leaves extract (76 mg Catechin equivalents/g). The ethanol leaves extract was then used for further chemical analysis. The LC-TOF-MS/MS analysis showed that the leaves extracts of O. indicum contains many important compounds such as Orientin, Chrysin, Pinoquercetin, Cupressuflavone, Puerarin xyloside, Forsythiaside and Paederoside. In GC-MS analysis, 19 compounds were identified in ethanolic leaves extract. The wound healing studies shows that O. indicum has promising wound healing activity by increasing the rate of wound contraction significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study showed that O. indicum leaf contains important phytochemicals and the wound healing potential of the O. indicum extract may probably be as a result of the presence of various phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferid Abdulhafiz
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | - Anwar Hazim Hisam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Ibtihal Mohammad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | - Rumaizi Shaari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Lee Seong Wei
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
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Elderdery AY, Alzahrani B, Hamza SMA, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Mok PL, Subbiah SK. Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2)-Chitosan-Farnesol Nanocomposites and Assessment of Their Anticancer Potential in Human Leukemic MOLT-4 Cell Line. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:5949086. [PMID: 36212987 PMCID: PMC9534707 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5949086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is the most prevalent cancer in children and one of the most common and deadly cancers that affect adults. Several metal oxide nanoparticles, biopolymers, and phytochemicals have been discovered to target cancer cells selectively while inflicting low to no damage to healthy cells. Among the existing nanoparticle synthesis methodologies, biologically synthesized nanoparticles using phytochemicals have emerged as a straightforward, economical, and environmentally sound strategy. The synergistic antitumor potential of ZnO-TiO2-chitosan-farnesol nanocomposites (NCs) against leukemia MOLT-4 cells was investigated in the current study. After synthesizing the NCs, characterization of the same was carried out using XRD, DLS, FESEM, TEM, PL, EDX, and FTIR spectroscopy. To analyze its anticancer activity, MOLT-4 cells were cultured and treated at diverse dosages of NCs. The cell viability upon treatment was examined by MTT assay. The morphological and nuclear modifications were observed by dual staining. ROS and MMP levels were observed by DCFH-DA staining and Rh-123 dye, respectively. Furthermore, the caspase 3, 8, and 9 levels were examined by performing ELISA. The XRD patterns exhibited a hexagonal structure of the NCs. In the DLS spectrum, the hydrodynamic diameter of the NCs was observed to be 126.2 nm. The electrostatic interface between the ZnO-TiO2-chitosan-farnesol NCs was confirmed by the FTIR spectra. A significant loss of cell viability in a dosage-dependent trend confirmed the cytotoxic effect of the NCs. An elevated ROS level and MMP depletion suggested apoptosis-associated cell death via the intrinsic pathway, which was confirmed by elevated expressions of caspase 3, 8, and 9 markers. Thus, the results showed that the synthesized NCs demonstrated a remarkable anticancer potential against leukemic cells and can be potentially valuable in cancer treatments. The findings from this study conclude that this is a new approach for modifying the physicochemical characteristics of ZnO-TiO2-chitosan-farnesol composites to increase their properties and synergistically exhibit anticancer properties in human leukemic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abozer Y. Elderdery
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siddiqa M. A. Hamza
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Umm Alqura University Algunfuda, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology & Therapeutic Department, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pooi Ling Mok
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Nath P, Majumder D, Debnath R, Debnath M, Singh Sekhawat S, Maiti D. Immunotherapeutic potential of ethanolic olive leaves extract (EOLE) and IL-28B combination therapy in ENU induced animal model of leukemia. Cytokine 2022; 156:155913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Abdulhafiz F. Plant Cell Culture Technologies: A promising alternatives to Produce High-Value Secondary Metabolites. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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12
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Hussnain Siddique M, Andleeb R, Ashraf A, Zubair M, Fakhar-e-Alam M, Hayat S, Muzammil S, Atif M, Shafeeq S, Afzal M. Integration of in silicoand in vitroapproaches to evaluate antioxidant and anticancer properties of Tribulus terrestris extracts. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Cytotoxicity of Newly Synthesized Quinazoline-Sulfonamide Derivatives in Human Leukemia Cell Lines and Their Effect on Hematopoiesis in Zebrafish Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094720. [PMID: 35563111 PMCID: PMC9104550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many quinazoline derivatives with pharmacological properties, such as anticancer activity, have been synthesized. Fourteen quinazoline derivatives bearing a substituted sulfonamide moiety (4a-n) were previously synthesized and fully characterized. These compounds exerted antiproliferative activity against cell lines derived from solid tumors. Herein, the antileukemic activities of these compounds (4a-n) against two different leukemia cell lines (Jurkat acute T cell and THP-1 acute monocytic) were investigated. Our investigation included examining their activity in vivo in a zebrafish embryo model. Remarkably, compounds 4a and 4d were the most potent in suppressing cell proliferation, with an IC50 value range of 4-6.5 µM. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that both compounds halted cell progression at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses also showed that both compounds effectively induced apoptosis by upregulating the expression of proapoptotic factors while downregulating that of antiapoptotic factors. In vivo animal toxicity assays performed in zebrafish embryos indicated that compound 4d was more toxic than compound 4a, with compound 4d inducing multiple levels of teratogenic phenotypes in zebrafish embryos at a sublethal concentration. Moreover, both compounds perturbed the hematopoiesis process in developing zebrafish embryos. Collectively, our data suggest that compounds 4a and 4d have the potential to be used as antileukemic agents.
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Expanding the Study of the Cytotoxicity of Incomptines A and B against Leukemia Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051687. [PMID: 35268788 PMCID: PMC8911839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heliangolide-type sesquiterpene lactones (HTSLs) are phytocompounds with several pharmacological activities including cytotoxic and antitumor activity. Both bioactivities are related to an α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety and an ester group on carbon C-8 in the sesquiterpene lactone (SL) structure. Two HTSLs, incomptines A (AI) and B (IB) isolated from Decachaeta incompta, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on three leukemia cell lines: HL-60, K-562, and REH cells. Both compounds were subjected to a molecular docking study using target proteins associated with cancer such as topoisomerase IIα, topoisomerase IIβ, dihydrofolate reductase, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, and Bcl-2-related protein A1. Results show that IA and IB exhibit cytotoxic activity against all cell lines used. The CC50 value of IA was 2–4-fold less than etoposide and methotrexate, two anticancer drugs used as positive controls. The cytotoxic activity of IB was close to that of etoposide and methotrexate. The molecular docking analysis showed that IA and IB have important interaction on all targets used. These findings suggest that IA and IB may serve as scaffolds for the development of new treatments for different types of leukemia.
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Nabizadeh F, Momtaz S, Ghanbari-Movahed M, Qalekhani F, Mohsenpour H, Aneva IY, Bishayee A, Farzaei MH, Bishayee A. Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia management using multitargeting bioactive natural compounds: A systematic and critical review. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106116. [PMID: 35122954 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pALL), a malignancy of the lymphoid line of blood cells, accounts for a large percentage of all childhood leukemia cases. Although the 5-year survival rate for children with ALL has greatly improved over years, using chemotherapeutics as its first-line treatment still causes short- and long-term side effects. Furthermore, induction of toxicity and resistance, as well as the high cost, limit their application. Phytochemicals, with remarkable cancer preventive and chemotherapeutic characteristics, may serve as old solutions to new challenges. Bioactive plant secondary metabolites have exhibited promising antileukemic and adjunctive effects by targeting various molecular processes, including autophagy, cell cycle, angiogenesis, and extrinsic/intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Although numerous reports have shown that numerous plant secondary metabolites can interfere with the progression of malignancies, including leukemia, there was no comprehensive review article on the effect of phytochemicals on pALL. This systematic review aims to provide critical and cohesive analysis of the potential of various naturally-occurring metabolites in the management of pALL with the understanding of underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nabizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Karaj 141554364, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanbari-Movahed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Farshad Qalekhani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technologies Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran
| | - Hadi Mohsenpour
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6742775333, Iran
| | - Ina Yosifova Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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Abdulhafiz F, Farhan Hanif Reduan M, Hamzah Z, Abdul Kari Z, Dawood MA, Mohammed A. Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment and Anti-hyperuricemic Activity of Alocasia longiloba Extracts on Sprague-Dawley Rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3184-3193. [PMID: 35844413 PMCID: PMC9280170 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is defined as a metabolic abnormality that occurs when serum uric acid (UA) level is abnormally high in the body. We previously reported that A. longiloba possesses various important phytochemicals and in vitro xanthine oxidase activity. Despite A. longiloba ethnomedicinal benefits, its toxicity and anti-hyperuricemic effects have not been reported. The present study was carried out to ensure the safety and investigate the anti-hyperuricemic effects of A. longiloba fruit and petiole ethanolic extracts on rats. In the acute toxicity study, extracts were orally administered at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight and closely monitored for 2-week for any toxicity effects. The rats were then sacrificed and samples were collected and analyzed for hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters. The anti-hyperuricemic effect of A. longiloba fruit or petiole extract was investigated through determination of UA levels on potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic rats. Extracts or standard drug treatments were orally administrated 1-h after PO administration for 14-day. Animals were euthanized and samples were collected for further experiments. The toxicity results show, no significant changes were observed in behavioral, bodyweight changes in experimental groups compared to the control. Moreover, there were no significant changes in hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters between extracts treated and control group. In the anti-hyperuricemia study, the fruit and petiole extracts treatments significantly reduced the level of UA in serum compared to the hyperuricemic model group. This study demonstrated that the extracts of A. longiloba have anti-hyperuricemic activity and was found to be non-toxic to rats in acute toxicity test.
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Janerin Induces Cell Cycle Arrest at the G2/M Phase and Promotes Apoptosis Involving the MAPK Pathway in THP-1, Leukemic Cell Line. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247555. [PMID: 34946628 PMCID: PMC8705386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Janerin is a cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone that has been isolated and characterized from different species of the Centaurea genus. In this study, janerin was isolated form Centaurothamnus maximus, and its cytotoxic molecular mechanism was studied in THP-1 human leukemic cells. Janerin inhibited the proliferation of THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Janerin caused the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by decreasing the CDK1/Cyclin-B complex. Subsequently, we found that janerin promoted THP-1 cell death through apoptosis as indicated by flow cytometry. Moreover, apoptosis induction was confirmed by the upregulation of Bax, cleaved PARP-1, and cleaved caspase 3 and the downregulation of an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 biomarker. In addition, immunoblotting indicated a dose dependent upregulation of P38-MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation during janerin treatment. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that janerin may be capable of inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the MAPK pathway, which would be one of the mechanisms underlying its anticancer activity. As a result, janerin has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for leukemia.
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Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101612. [PMID: 34679747 PMCID: PMC8533610 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid–liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study.
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