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Borghini F, Tamasi G, Loiselle SA, Baglioni M, Ferrari S, Bisozzi F, Costantini S, Tozzi C, Riccaboni A, Rossi C. Phenolic Profiles in Olive Leaves from Different Cultivars in Tuscany and Their Use as a Marker of Varietal and Geographical Origin on a Small Scale. Molecules 2024; 29:3617. [PMID: 39125022 PMCID: PMC11314593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Olive leaves are a rich source of polyphenols with healthful properties and represent one of the most abundant waste products of olive oil production. The aims of this study were to explore the phenolic composition of olive leaves from the three main Tuscan cultivars (Leccino, Moraiolo and Frantoio) collected in Siena and Grosseto provinces and to investigate the possible use of these compounds as varietal and geographic origin markers. Discriminant factorial analysis (DFA) was used for distinguishing between different cultivars and locations. Apigenin and caffeoyl-secologanoside showed significant differences between cultivars. DFA showed that ligstroside, apigenin and luteolin have the most influence in determining the differences between sites, whereas total polyphenols, olacein and hydroxytyrosol acetate allowed for separation between leaves from the same province. The results of the present study indicate that concentrations of phenolic compounds, measured through high-resolution mass spectrometry, can be used as a marker for both the cultivar and of geographical origin of olive leaves, and possibly of olive-related products, as well as across small geographic scales (less than 50 km distance between sites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borghini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (S.A.L.); (M.B.); (F.B.); (S.C.); (C.R.)
- Santa Chiara Lab, University of Siena, Via Valdimontone 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Gabriella Tamasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (S.A.L.); (M.B.); (F.B.); (S.C.); (C.R.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Steven Arthur Loiselle
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (S.A.L.); (M.B.); (F.B.); (S.C.); (C.R.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Michele Baglioni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (S.A.L.); (M.B.); (F.B.); (S.C.); (C.R.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- ISVEA, Istituto per Lo Sviluppo Viticolo Enologico ed Agroindustriale, Via Basilicata 1-5, Località Fosci, 53036 Poggibonsi, Italy;
| | - Flavia Bisozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (S.A.L.); (M.B.); (F.B.); (S.C.); (C.R.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Costantini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (S.A.L.); (M.B.); (F.B.); (S.C.); (C.R.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cristiana Tozzi
- Santa Chiara Lab, University of Siena, Via Valdimontone 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Angelo Riccaboni
- Santa Chiara Lab, University of Siena, Via Valdimontone 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (A.R.)
- Department of Business and Law, University of Siena, Piazza San Francesco 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (S.A.L.); (M.B.); (F.B.); (S.C.); (C.R.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Wang LH, Tan DH, Zhong XS, Jia MQ, Ke X, Zhang YM, Cui T, Shi L. Review on toxicology and activity of tomato glycoalkaloids in immature tomatoes. Food Chem 2024; 447:138937. [PMID: 38492295 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the lack of selection and limited intelligence in mechanical picking, some immature tomatoes that contain alkaloids are thrown away. Tomatine alkaloids are steroidal alkaloids naturally present in Solanaceae plants, which are distributed in small amounts in immature tomato fruits and decrease as the fruits ripen. Tomato glycoalkaloids are harmful to human health. However, in small quantities, there is some evidence that these compounds might be beneficial, as other non-antioxidant bioactivities. This article considers recent research on the biological effects of tomato glycoalkaloids in immature tomatoes, providing reference value for the potential development of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - De-Hong Tan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue-Song Zhong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mei-Qi Jia
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue Ke
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tong Cui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Piccolo V, Pastore A, Maisto M, Keivani N, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Summa V. Agri-Food Waste Recycling for Healthy Remedies: Biomedical Potential of Nutraceuticals from Unripe Tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Foods 2024; 13:331. [PMID: 38275698 PMCID: PMC10815480 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Unripe tomatoes represent an agri-food waste resulting from industrial by-processing products of tomatoes, yielding products with a high content of bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical properties. The food-matrix biological properties are attributed to the high steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) content. Among them, α-tomatine is the main SGA reported in unripe green tomatoes. This review provides an overview of the main chemical and pharmacological features of α-tomatine and green tomato extracts. The extraction processes and methods employed in SGA identification and the quantification are discussed. Special attention was given to the methods used in α-tomatine qualitative and quantitative analyses, including the extraction procedures and the clean-up methods applied in the analysis of Solanum lycopersicum L. extracts. Finally, the health-beneficial properties and the pharmacokinetics and toxicological aspects of SGAs and α-tomatine-containing extracts are considered in depth. In particular, the relevant results of the main in vivo and in vitro studies reporting the therapeutic properties and the mechanisms of action were described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (N.K.); (G.C.T.); (M.S.)
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Clemente I, Baglioni M, Bonechi C, Bisozzi F, Rossi C, Tamasi G. Green Hydrogels Loaded with Extracts from Solanaceae for the Controlled Disinfection of Agricultural Soils. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4455. [PMID: 38006179 PMCID: PMC10674755 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development established the goal of cutting the use of pesticides in the EU by 50% by 2030. However, a ban on pesticides could seriously affect the productivity of agriculture, resulting in severe issues due to global hunger and food deficiency. Controlled release (CR) of bioactive chemicals could play a valid alternative in this context. To this aim, two biodegradable polymers, namely sodium alginate (AL) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), were employed to obtain crosslinked hydrogel beads for the encapsulation and CR of glycoalkaloids extracted from tomato and potato leaves to be used as biocompatible disinfectants for agricultural soils. The physico-chemical characterization of the controlled-release systems was carried out by means of Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (FWI > 80%) and drying kinetics. The plant extracts and the encapsulation efficiency (~84%) were, respectively, characterized and evaluated by High-performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Finally, preliminary microbiological tests were conducted to test the efficacy of the most promising systems as biocidal formulations both in the lab and on a model soil, and interesting results were obtained in the reduction of bacterial and fungal load, which could lead to sustainable perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Clemente
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (C.B.); (F.B.); (C.R.); (G.T.)
- Siena Research Group-Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Michele Baglioni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (C.B.); (F.B.); (C.R.); (G.T.)
- Siena Research Group-Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudia Bonechi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (C.B.); (F.B.); (C.R.); (G.T.)
- Siena Research Group-Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Flavia Bisozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (C.B.); (F.B.); (C.R.); (G.T.)
- Siena Research Group-Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (C.B.); (F.B.); (C.R.); (G.T.)
- Siena Research Group-Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tamasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (C.B.); (F.B.); (C.R.); (G.T.)
- Siena Research Group-Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Faria-Silva C, de Sousa M, Carvalheiro MC, Simões P, Simões S. Alpha-tomatine and the two sides of the same coin: An anti-nutritional glycoalkaloid with potential in human health. Food Chem 2022; 391:133261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cangeloni L, Bonechi C, Leone G, Consumi M, Andreassi M, Magnani A, Rossi C, Tamasi G. Characterization of Extracts of Coffee Leaves (Coffea arabica L.) by Spectroscopic and Chromatographic/Spectrometric Techniques. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162495. [PMID: 36010495 PMCID: PMC9407380 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffea arabica L. leaves represent a viable alternative to the canonical matrices used for preparation of beverages, such as tea leaves and grounded coffee beans. Coffee leaves infusions are rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds and have a lower concentration of caffeine. Due to increasing interest in this field, a complete study of the bioactive compounds as chlorogenic acids, xanthones and alkaloids is noteworthy. C. arabica leaves were subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction, and the extracts were studied via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MSn) to identify and quantify the secondary metabolites profile through an untargeted data dependent approach. A quantitative analysis was performed for the major components—chlorogenic acids, mangiferin, caffeine and trigonelline—via HPLC-MS in Single Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode. In total, 39 compounds were identified. The presence of these bioactive compounds proved the strong potential of C. arabica leaves as functional food and as an alternative to classic infused beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cangeloni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudia Bonechi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gemma Leone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Consumi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Andreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Agnese Magnani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudio Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tamasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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