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Guo P, Chen H, Ma J, Zhang Y, Chen H, Wei T, Gao D, Li J. Enzyme-assisted extraction, characterization, and in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Potentilla anserina L. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1216572. [PMID: 37528998 PMCID: PMC10388540 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1216572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Potentilla anserina (Potentilla anserina L.), also known as ginseng fruit, is a plant that can be used as both medicine and food. Potentilla anserina L. has high medical value in Chinese medicine, such as strengthening the spleen and stomach, replenishing qi and blood, and astringing hemostasis. Methods In this study, polysaccharides of Potentilla anserina L. were extracted from the root using an enzyme-assisted extraction method. According to the principle of Box-Behnken design, response surface methodology was designed to optimize the extraction conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the structure and appearance of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides. The monosaccharide composition of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activities were also studied. Results Under the optimal extraction conditions (the ratio of solid to liquid, 1:15; ratio of cellulase to pectinase, 1:2; extraction pH, 8.0; enzyme reaction temperature, 60°C), the extraction yield of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides was 19.80 ± 0.01%, equal to the model prediction value 19.84%. The data of Fourier transform infrared spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharide was a kind of α-pyran polysaccharide, mainly consisting of galactose, glucose, rhamnose, and arabinose. The antioxidant results showed that Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides had a strong hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 0.367 mg/mL), superoxide anion scavenging ability (IC50 = 45.017 mg/mL), and a certain degree of total reducing ability. Discussion Enzyme-assisted extraction is an efficient method to extract Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides. The Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides could have potential use in functional foods as a natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinpu Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongfu Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ti Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Nephropathy Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang L, Yu H, Chen H, Huang Y, Bakunina I, de Sousa DP, Sun M, Zhang J. Application of molecular imprinting polymers in separation of active compounds from plants. Fitoterapia 2023; 164:105383. [PMID: 36481366 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting technique is becoming an appealing and prominent strategy to synthesize materials for target recognition and rapid separation. In recent years, it has been applied in separation of active compounds from various plants and has achieved satisfying results. This review aims to make a brief introduction of molecular imprinting polymers and their efficient application in the separation of various active components from plants, including flavonoids, organic acids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, anthraquinones, phenolics, terpenes, steroids, and diketones, which will provide some clues to help stimulating research into this fascinating and useful area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxuan Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; Pharmacy 2019, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Haifang Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yinghong Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Irina Bakunina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-970, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Mingna Sun
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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Gao D, Chen H, Li H, Yang X, Guo X, Zhang Y, Ma J, Yang J, Ma S. Extraction, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides derived from Arctium lappa L. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1149137. [PMID: 37025610 PMCID: PMC10070700 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1149137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Arctium lappa L. root has high nutritional and medicinal values and has been identified as a healthy food raw material by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. Methods In the present study, an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-(NH4)2SO4 was used to extract Arctium lappa L. polysaccharides (ALPs) from the Arctium lappa L. roots, the optimal extraction conditions of crude ALPs were optimized by using the single-factor experiment and response surface methodology. The structure and composition of ALPs were determined by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At the same time, the antioxidant activity of ALPs was investigated by in vitro antioxidant experiment. Results The optimized extraction parameters for extraction ALPs were as follows: the PEG relative molecular weight of 6,000, a quality fraction of PEG 25%, a quality fraction of (NH4)2SO4 18%, and an extraction temperature of 80°C. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of ALPs could reach 28.83%. FTIR, SEM and HPLC results showed that ALPs were typical acidic heteropolysaccharides and had uneven particle size distribution, an irregular shape, and a rough surface. The ALPs were chiefly composed of glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 70.19:10.95:11.16:6.90. In addition, the ALPs had intense antioxidant activity in vitro with IC50 values in the ·OH radical (1.732 mg/ml), DPPH radical (0.29 mg/ml), and superoxide anion (0.15 mg/ml) scavenging abilities. Discussion The results showed that ATPS was an efficient method to extract polysaccharides and could be used for the extraction of other polysaccharides. These results indicated that ALPs had great prospects as a functional food and could be exploited in multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Gao
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haixing Li
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuhua Yang
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingchen Guo
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinpu Ma
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jutian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jutian Yang
| | - Shuwen Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Taizishan Ecosystem Observatory of Carbon Neutralization, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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Shan J, Wu X, Li C, Hu J, Zhang Z, Liu H, Xia P, Huang X. Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by a Fe 3O 4/g-C 3N 4/rGO magnetic nanocomposite mechanism: modeling and optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8098-8109. [PMID: 36050555 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics requires a good separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and a wide visible light absorption range. Current studies have discussed the successful preparation of ferroferric oxide/graphite carbon nitride/reduced graphene oxide (Fe3O4/g-C3N4/rGO). The phase structure and morphology of the Fe3O4/g-C3N4/rGO composites were characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, SEM, and EDS. The obtained composites were used to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) to evaluate its photocatalytic activity. The effects of four variables on the degradation of TCH were analyzed by the response surface method and artificial intelligence (gradient regression tree, random forest, artificial neural network, etc.). The results showed that the graphite carbon nitride in the catalyst maintained its original structure and that the photocatalytic activity was significantly improved. The degradation rate of TCH was 86.7% under the optimal conditions (the Fe3O4/g-C3N4/rGO dosage was 0.1 g, pH = 7.0, the initial concentration of TCH was 20 mg/L, and the visible light irradiation time was 60 min). At the same time, the degradation rate of TCH changed little after the material was used five times, which indicates that the stability and recyclability of the Fe3O4/g-C3N4/rGO photocatalyst were excellent. Finally, a possible photocatalytic mechanism of the Fe3O4/g-C3N4/rGO photocatalyst is proposed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Shan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianliang Wu
- Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550009, China
| | - Caifang Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, China
- , Guiyang City, China
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550009, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Pinhua Xia
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianfei Huang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, China.
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Wang Z, Yang S, Gao Y, Huang J. Extraction and purification of antioxidative flavonoids from Chionanthus retusa leaf. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1085562. [PMID: 36568308 PMCID: PMC9780382 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1085562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, flavonoids from the leaves of Chionanthus retusa were extracted using alcohol, and the extraction yield was optimized by single-factor and orthogonal experiments. Then, the extracted solution with flavonoids was purified via macroporous resin by elution with different concentrations of ethanol. The antioxidative activity of total flavonoid in purified extracted solution was evaluated by detecting its ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals. The results demonstrated that ethanol with a concentration of 60%, ultrasonic power of 140 W, liquid-solid ratio of 25:1 ml g-1, and water-bath temperature of 80°C were the optimal conditions for the extraction of total flavonoids from C. retusa leaf, achieving a yield of 121.28 mg g-1. After purification by macroporous resin using different concentrations of ethanol, the highest content of total flavonoids (88.51%) in the extracted solution can be obtained with the 50% ethanol eluant. The results of scavenging DPPH free radicals suggest that the purified flavonoids in the 50% ethanol eluant had the best antioxidant capacity over the flavonoids in other ethanol eluants. In addition, it is confirmed the antioxidant capacity of the extractives was associated with the content of total flavonoids and kinds of flavonoids. These results may provide a feasible pathway to make full use of total flavonoids from C. retusa leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Lianyungang Forestry Technical Guidance Station, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shilong Yang
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Shilong Yang,
| | - Yajun Gao
- Lianyungang Forestry Technical Guidance Station, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jianting Huang
- Lianyungang Forestry Technical Guidance Station, Lianyungang, China
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Xue H, Li J, Wang G, Zuo W, Zeng Y, Liu L. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Potentilla fruticosa L. Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185794. [PMID: 36144529 PMCID: PMC9504222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were prepared with choline chloride, betaine, and a variety of natural organic acids in order to find new environmentally-friendly green solvents to replace the traditional solvents. The NADESs were employed to extract flavonoids from Potentilla fruticosa L. (PFL) with the help of ultrasound. The eutectic solvent diluted with an appropriate amount of water improved the extraction ability of flavonoids due to the decrease of solution viscosity. The microstructure of the raw sample and the samples subjected to ultrasonic bath in different solutions were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the role of the NADESs in the extraction process. The DPPH method and glucose consumption method were used to study the antioxidant and hypoglycemic ability of flavonoid compounds in PFL. Single factor method and response surface methodology (RSM) were designed to analyze the effects of three extraction parameters, including solvent/solid ratio, ultrasonic power, and extraction time, on the extraction yield, antioxidant capacity, and hypoglycemic capacity, and the corresponding second-order polynomial prediction models were established. The optimal extraction conditions for the maximum extraction yield, antioxidant capacity, and hypoglycemic capacity were predicted by RSM, and the reliability of RSM simulation results was verified by a one-off experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xue
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jinping Li
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Guiyao Wang
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Wenming Zuo
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainable Development, Xining 810008, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Likuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.L.)
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Zhang Q, Zheng G, Wang Q, Zhu J, Zhou Z, Zhou W, Xu J, Sun H, Zhong J, Gu Y, Yin Z, Du YL, Du JD. Molecular mechanisms of flavonoid accumulation in germinating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under salt stress. Front Nutr 2022; 9:928805. [PMID: 36105573 PMCID: PMC9465018 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.928805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites, active biomolecules in germinating beans, and have prominent applications in food and medicine due to their antioxidant effects. Rutin is a plant flavonoid with a wide biological activity range. In this study, flavonoid (rutin) accumulation and its related molecular mechanisms in germinating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were observed at different time points (0–120 h) under salt stress (NaCl). The rutin content increased from germination onset until 96 h, after which a reducing trend was observed. Metabolome analysis showed that salt stress alters flavonoid content by regulating phenylpropanoid (ko00940) and flavonoid (ko00941) biosynthesis pathways, as well as their enzyme activities, including cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and flavonol synthase (FLS). The RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses also showed that these two pathways were linked to changes in flavonoid content following salt treatment. These results reveal that salt stress effectively enhanced rutin content accumulation in germinating beans, hence it could be employed to enhance the functional quality of germinating common beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Guangyue Zheng
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jixing Zhu
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhiheng Zhou
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Wenshuo Zhou
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Haoyue Sun
- Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jingwen Zhong
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yanhua Gu
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhengong Yin
- Crop Resources Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-li Du
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ji-dao Du
- Legume Crop Laboratory, Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- National Cereals Technology Engineering Research Center, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ji-dao Du
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Qin Y, Zhao B, Deng H, Zhang M, Qiao Y, Liu Q, Shi C, Li Y. Isolation and Quantification of the Hepatoprotective Flavonoids From Scleromitron diffusum (Willd.) R. J. Wang With Bio-Enzymatic Method Against NAFLD by UPLC–MS/MS. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:890148. [PMID: 35770080 PMCID: PMC9234865 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.890148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids were the major phytochemicals against hepatic peroxidative injury in Scleromitron diffusum (Willd.) R. J. Wang with an inventive bio-enzymatic method by our group (LU500041). Firstly, the total flavonoids from Scleromitron diffusum (Willd.) R. J. Wang were extracted by reflux, ultrasonic, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic methods (TFH), and the bio-enzymatic method (Ey-TFH). Then 24 flavonoid compounds were isolated and quantified in the extracts by UPLC-MS/MS. Next, six representative differential compounds in Ey-TFH were further screened out by multivariate statistical analysis compared with those in TFH. In a further step, Ey-TFH presented a higher protective rate (59.30 ± 0.81%) against H2O2-damaged HL-02 hepatocytes than TFH. And six representative differential compounds at 8 and 16 μmol/L all exerted significant hepatoprotective effects (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Finally, the therapeutic action of Ey-TFH for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was processed by a rat’s model induced with a high-fat diet. Ey-TFH (90, 120 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the lipid accumulation in the rat model (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, Ey-TFH relieved liver damage. The levels of ALT, ALP, AST, LDH, and γ-GT in rats’ serum were also significantly reduced (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). In addition to this, the body’s antioxidant capacity was improved with elevated SOD and GSH levels (p < 0.05) and down-regulated MDA content (p < 0.01) after Ey-TFH administration. Histopathological observations of staining confirmed the hepatic-protective effect of Ey-TFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Qin
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese medicine, Xi’an, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baojin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huifang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanan Qiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiling Liu
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Chuandao Shi
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese medicine, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Chuandao Shi, ; Yunlan Li,
| | - Yunlan Li
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese medicine, Xi’an, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Chuandao Shi, ; Yunlan Li,
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