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Sosa L, Espinoza LC, Valarezo E, Bozal N, Calpena A, Fábrega MJ, Baldomà L, Rincón M, Mallandrich M. Therapeutic Applications of Essential Oils from Native and Cultivated Ecuadorian Plants: Cutaneous Candidiasis and Dermal Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:5903. [PMID: 37570874 PMCID: PMC10420932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are a complex mixture of aromatic substances whose pharmacological actions, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, have been widely reported. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Candida and dermal anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from native and cultivated Ecuadorian plants. Essential oils from Bursera graveolens, Dacryodes peruviana, Mespilodaphne quixos, and Melaleuca armillaris were isolated by hydrodistillation and were characterized physically and chemically. Its tolerance was analyzed by in vitro and in vivo studies. The antifungal activity was studied against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis, whereas the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by a mouse ear edema model. The main compounds were limonene, α-phellandrene, (E)-methyl cinnamate, and 1,8-cineole, respectively. All essential oils showed high tolerability for skin application, antifungal activity against the three Candida strains, and anti-inflammatory efficacy by decreasing edema and overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dacryodes peruviana essential oil showed the highest antifungal activity. On the other hand, Dacryodes peruviana and Melaleuca armillaris showed the greatest anti-inflammatory potential, decreasing edema by 53.3% and 65.25%, respectively, and inhibiting the overexpression of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17A, and IL-23. The results suggest that these essential oils could be used as alternative therapies in the treatment of both cutaneous candidiasis and dermal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Sosa
- Microbiological Research Institute (IIM), National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
- Research Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras
| | - Lupe Carolina Espinoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.C.E.); (E.V.)
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Valarezo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.C.E.); (E.V.)
| | - Núria Bozal
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ana Calpena
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Físicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-José Fábrega
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Parc of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María Rincón
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mireia Mallandrich
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Físicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Valarezo E, Jaramillo-Jaramillo E, Carrión-Campoverde A, Morocho V, Jaramillo-Fierro X, Cartuche L, Meneses MA. A Study of the Essential Oil Isolated from Ageratina dendroides (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob.: Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution, and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticholinesterase Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2796. [PMID: 37570950 PMCID: PMC10420678 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Ageratina dendroides is an aromatic species native to Ecuador. In this study, the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution, and antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities of the essential oil isolated from aerial parts of Ageratina dendroides were determined. The quantitative chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector. The qualitative chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The enantiomeric distribution was determined using an enantioselective chromatographic column. A broth microdilution method was used to determine the antibacterial activity. This antibacterial activity was tested against three Gram-negative bacilli bacteria and three Gram-positive cocci bacteria. The antifungal activity was tested against two fungi, a fungus, and a yeast. The antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) method and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The anticholinesterase activity was analyzed using the spectrophotometric method. Sixty-eight volatile compounds were identified in the essential oil. These compounds represent 99.49% of the total composition. In terms of the number of compounds and their relative abundance, the most representative group was sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, with thirty-four compounds and an abundance of 49.22%. The main constituents were found to be andro encecalinol (14.41 ± 1.26%), germacrene D (8.86 ± 1.06%), amorpha-4,9-dien-14-al (7.68 ± 0.70%), β-sesquiphellandrene (7.01 ± 1.49%), α-muurolol (5.89 ± 0.93%), and 7-epi-α-selinene (5.68 ± 0.53%). Five pairs of enantiomers were identified in the essential oil of Ageratina dendroides. The essential oil did not report antimicrobial activity at the maximum concentration tested (MIC > 4000 µg/mL) against any of the microorganisms tested. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was strong in the ABTS method, with an SC50 of 33.2 ± 1.4 µg/mL. Additionally, the Ageratina dendroides essential oil reported moderate anticholinesterase activity, with an IC50 of 297.8 ± 1.03 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Valarezo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (E.J.-J.); (A.C.-C.); (V.M.); (X.J.-F.); (L.C.); (M.A.M.)
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Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves and Fruits of Limoncillo ( Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC.). Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010082. [PMID: 36671283 PMCID: PMC9855075 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Siparuna muricata is an aromatic native shrub or tree from Ecuador known as "limoncillo" or "limón de la sierra" due to its citrus odor. In this study, the chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil from the leaves and fruits of this species was determined. The essential oil was isolated by subjected to hydrodistillation. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The enantiomeric distribution was determined by gas chromatography using an enantioselective column. The antimicrobial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria and two fungi was determined by the broth microdilution method. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydryl free radical and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation scavenging activity of essential oil. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect of the essential oil was measured using a spectrophotometric method. The yield was 1.2 ± 0.1 mL/kg for leaves and 1.8 ± 0.2 mL/kg for fruits. A total of 51 compounds were identified in the leaves of the essential oil and 41 in the fruits. In both cases, the chemical compositions were dominated by the group of monoterpene hydrocarbons compounds. The main compound was α-pinene with 23.22 ± 1.03% in essential oil of the leaves and limonene with 24.92 ± 1.20% in the fruits. In both essential oils, five pairs of enantiomers with different enantiomeric excesses were identified. The essential oil of limoncillo leaves presented a strong activity against the fungus Aspergillus niger (ATTC 10231) and Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 27270) with a MIC of 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil from fruits and leaves of Siparuna muricata presented a moderate antioxidant activity with the ABTS method with a SC50 of 775.3 ± 1.3 µg/mL and 963.3 ± 1.6 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the leaves essential oil reported an IC50 value of 52.98 ± 1.04 µg/mL and the fruits essential oil an IC50 value of 98.84 ± 1.04 µg/mL, which can be considered a very strong anticholinesterase activity.
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Chemical Diversity of Essential Oils from Korean Native Populations of Agastache rugosa (Korean Mint). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196341. [PMID: 36234876 PMCID: PMC9571081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Agastache rugosa (baechohyang) is one of the most important aromatic plants native to the Republic of Korea. A. rugosa fragrance has been used to prepare incense since the Goryeo Dynasty in Korea. The present study aimed to explore the variation in the composition of essential oils from A. rugosa among native populations in Korea. The seeds of A. rugosa were collected from 90 different sites in Korea and seedlings were raised in the nursery. Essential oils were extracted from these populations by the steam distillation extraction method and their chemical compositions were analyzed by GC-MS. The yield of essential oils of A. rugosa ranged between 0.11% and 0.86%. A total of 204 components were identified from 90 populations of A. rugosa. Out of 204 components, 32 components were common in more than 40 individuals of A. rugosa and these 32 components were selected for principal component analysis (PCA). On the basis of the essential oil compositions, six chemotypes—estragole, pulegone, methyl eugenol, menthone, isopulegone, and nepetalactone—were distinguished according to their major components. As a result of the cluster analysis, 90 individuals of A. rugosa could be classified into three groups: estragole, methyl eugenol, and pulegone. A. rugosa exhibited significant chemical diversity among the individuals. The distribution of chemotypes is associated with the collection of seeds, suggesting that genetic diversity may influence the variations in the chemical compositions and concentrations within the species. This chemical diversity serves as the background to select cultivars for the cultivation and industrial applications of A. rugosa cultivars with high essential oil yield and concentration of its chemical components.
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Xavier JKAM, da Trindade RCS, Cibelle Moreira E, Figueiredo PLB, Maia JGS, Setzer WN, da Silva JKR. The Volatile Profiles and DNA Barcodes of Lauraceae Species from the Ocotea Complex with Occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200337. [PMID: 36068087 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Ocotea complex accommodates most of the taxonomic diversity of Neotropical Lauraceae with economic importance and biological potential attributed to their essential oils (EOs) and extracts. However, the botanical taxonomy has had limitations due to the difficulty of identifying and delimiting species and genera. The chemical and molecular markers of Ocotea complex species in Pará state, Brazil, were assessed according to their EO compositions and DNA sequences of matK, trnL-trnF, and ITS regions. The multivariate analysis of EOs constituents has classified them into two main clusters characterized by oils rich in (I) terpenoids and phenylpropanoids and (II) sesquiterpenes. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of species based on DNA barcode sequences on the Bayesian Inference (PP: 0.70-1,0) and Maximum Likelihood (BS: 72-100 %). The comparison between the volatile profiles and phylogenetic data indicates two main groups for these species collected from the Ocotea complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Karla A M Xavier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafaela C S da Trindade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900, Belém, Brazil
| | - Edith Cibelle Moreira
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, 68501-970, Marabá, Brazil
| | - Pablo Luis B Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Centro de Ciências Sociais e Educação, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA 66050-540, Brazil
| | - José Guilherme S Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900, Belém, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - William N Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Joyce Kelly R da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900, Belém, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-900, Belém, Brazil.,Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
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Armijos C, Ramírez J, Salinas M, Vidari G, Suárez AI. Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Ecuadorian Medicinal Plants: An Update and Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111145. [PMID: 34832927 PMCID: PMC8624270 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plants as therapeutic agents is part of the traditional medicine that is practiced by many indigenous communities in Ecuador. The aim of this study was to update a review published in 2016 by including the studies that were carried out in the period 2016–July 2021 on about 120 Ecuadorian medicinal plants. Relevant data on raw extracts and isolated secondary metabolites were retrieved from different databases, resulting in 104 references. They included phytochemical and pharmacological studies on several non-volatile compounds, as well as the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs). The tested biological activities are also reported. The potential of Ecuadorian plants as sources of products for practical applications in different fields, as well the perspectives of future investigations, are discussed in the last part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Melissa Salinas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Alírica I. Suárez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
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Passos BG, de Albuquerque RDDG, Muñoz-Acevedo A, Echeverria J, Llaure-Mora AM, Ganoza-Yupanqui ML, Rocha L. Essential oils from Ocotea species: Chemical variety, biological activities and geographic availability. Fitoterapia 2021; 156:105065. [PMID: 34688821 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the chemical composition and biological properties of essential oils from plants of the Ocotea genus, from different origin. This taxon belongs to the Laureaceae family, which in turn, is best known for medicinal use, often related to the essential oils. The text includes studies about Ocotea species distributed mainly on the South American continent, but also reporting species located in North America and Africa. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica and Ecuador are countries with highest number of species mentioned in the review. Also, the major components of each essential oil, its chemical structures, as well as the description and extent of biological activities related to essential oils are detailed in this review. Finally, the text discusses the chemical and biological aspects of these studies in a comparatively way, also informing additional data such as yield, biome of origin and pharmacobotanical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Goulart Passos
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Productos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Diego Duarte Galhardo de Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Productos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru.
| | - Amner Muñoz-Acevedo
- Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Javier Echeverria
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Alejandrina M Llaure-Mora
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru.
| | - Mayar L Ganoza-Yupanqui
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru.
| | - Leandro Rocha
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Productos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Gilardoni G, Montalván M, Vélez M, Malagón O. Chemical and Enantioselective Analysis of the Essential Oils from Different Morphological Structures of Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2171. [PMID: 34685981 PMCID: PMC8540073 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Ecuadorian spice Ishpingo, characterized by a strong cinnamon-like aroma, is constituted by the dry cupules of Amazonian species Ocotea quixos. Nevertheless, bark and leaves also present aromatic properties and are sometimes used as substitutes. In the present study, the essential oils, distilled from these morphological structures, are comparatively analyzed for their chemical and enantiomeric compositions. A total of 88 components were identified with 2 orthogonal GC columns, whereas 79, corresponding to more than 94%, were also quantified with at least 1 column. Major compounds were (E)-methyl cinnamate in cupules (35.9-34.2%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde in bark (44.7-47.0%), and (E)-cinnamyl acetate (46.0-50.4%) in leaves. For what concerns the enantioselective analysis, 10 chiral terpenes and terpenoids were detected, of which 6 were present as enantiomeric pairs in at least 1 essential oil, the others being enantiomerically pure. Both quantitative and enantioselective analyses were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), where their results confirmed significative difference among the three products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador or (G.G.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
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