The Influence of the Addition of Nuts on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour

Effect of superfine grinding chestnut powder on the structural and physicochemical properties of wheat dough

This study evaluated the influence of chestnut powder, produced using ball mill superfine grinding (BMSG), jet superfine grinding (JSG), and ordinary grinding (OG), on wheat flour properties. Blending wheat flour with chestnut powder resulted in a darker flour blend (3 % decline of L*), with decreased the tap density and increased water holding capacity. Adding appropriate proportion of superfine chestnut powder can bolster the mixed flour's thermal stability (15 % BMSG/JSG) and freeze-thaw stability (10 % BMSG/JSG), while significantly enhancing the anti-aging properties of flour products. The proposition of 5 % superfine BMSG/JSG did not significantly affect the tensile resistance of the dough, and even improve the dough's tensile strength. In addition, the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness and pH of fermentation increased due to the addition of chestnut powder, as supported by the dough texture analyses and fermentation characteristics findings. However, the excessive addition of chestnut powder affected the dough network's structural integrity to some extent. Further study can focus on the influencing mechanism of chestnut powder on gluten formation and related nutritional properties. Overall, this research underscores the potential of utilizing chestnut powder to enhance the nutritional and functional qualities of wheat-based products.

Influence of Hazelnut and Walnut Oil Cakes Powder on Thermal and Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the addition of powdery hazelnut oil cakes (HOC) or walnut oil cakes (WOC) to wheat flour (WF) on its selected thermal and rheological properties. In the research material, part of the wheat flour (5%, 10%, 15%) was substituted with powdery oil cakes based on hazelnuts and walnuts. The control sample was wheat flour (100% WF). In the tested systems with the addition of hazelnut oil cakes (WFHOC) and walnuts (WFWOC), the characteristics of the gelatinization and retrogradation processes were determined using the DSC method, the gelatinization characteristics of 10% pastes using the RVA method, flow curves and viscosity curves, as well as mechanical spectra. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the type of oil cakes and the level of their addition significantly influenced the thermal and rheological properties of the tested systems. Partial replacement of wheat flour with HOC or WOC significantly influenced most DSC parameters. The highest values of gelatinization enthalpy ∆HG and retrogradation ∆HR were characteristic of the WFWOC5% sample (5.9 J/g) and the control sample (1.3 J/g), respectively. All tested systems showed the properties of shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids, and the partial replacement of wheat flour with HOC or WOC resulted in a significant reduction in the maximum viscosity of pastes, increasing with the increase in the proportion of oil cakes. WFHOC-based pastes were characterized by higher values of the G' and G″ modulus, while their values and the values of the K' and K″ parameters decreased as the share of oil cakes increased. Gels based on all tested systems showed the nature of weak gels (tan δ = G″/G' > 0.1). Replacing part of the wheat flour with nut oil cakes modified the thermal and rheological properties of pastes and gels, and the observed changes were influenced by both the origin and the level of addition of powdered oil cakes. It was found that WFHOC/WFWOC15% systems had reduced viscosity and weakened viscoelastic properties compared to systems with a lower OC content, which is not a favorable feature from the technological point of view. However, these systems were the most stable, which is an advantageous feature. However, for baking purposes, research should be carried out on the rheological properties of dough made from these mixtures.

Influence of the Addition of Vital Wheat Gluten on Thermal and Rheological Properties of Triticale Flour

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of vital wheat gluten to triticale flour on its thermal and rheological properties. In the tested systems (TG), triticale flour from Belcanto grain was replaced with vital wheat gluten in the amounts of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%. Wheat flour (WF) and triticale flour (TF) were also tested. For the tested flours and mixtures with gluten, the falling number, gluten content, as well as the parameters of gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and characteristics of pasting using a viscosity analyzer (RVA) were determined. In addition, viscosity curves were plotted, and viscoelastic properties of the obtained gels were also assessed. It was observed that there were no statistically significant differences between the TF and TG samples in terms of falling number. The average value of this parameter in TG samples was 317 s. It was found that the replacement of TF with vital gluten reduced the gelatinization enthalpy and increased the retrogradation enthalpy, as well as the degree of retrogradation. The highest viscosity was characterized by the WF paste (1784 mPa·s) and the lowest by the TG5% mixture (1536 mPa·s). Replacing TF with gluten resulted in a very visible decrease in the apparent viscosity of the systems. In addition, the gels based on the tested flours and TG systems had the character of weak gels (tan δ = G″/G' > 0.1), while the values of the parameters G' and G″ decreased as the share of gluten in the systems increased.

The Effect of the Addition of Hazelnut or Walnut Flour on the Rheological Characteristics of Wheat Dough

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of hazelnut or walnut flour on the rheological properties of flour and wheat dough (WD). The research material was a system in which wheat flour was replaced with flour based on hazelnuts (HF) or walnuts (WF), i.e., nut flour, in the amounts of 5%, 10% and 15% (WDH, WDW). As a part of the research methodology, we analysed the wet gluten content, and farinographic and extensographic analyses of the dough were performed. Sweep frequency, creep and recovery tests were used to assess the viscoelastic properties of the tested doughs. It was found that the doughs with the addition of walnuts were characterized by different rheological properties compared to the control sample. The systems in which wheat flour was replaced with nuts were characterized by lower water absorption, and this parameter decreased as the share of nuts in the system increased. The mean value of this parameter for WDH was 48.6%, and in the case of WDW it was 47.9%. The development times of WDH and WDW doughs were longer compared to the control, but they decreased as the addition of nut flour was increased. The WDH doughs were characterized by the lowest stability and the highest degree of softening among the examined doughs. It was shown that the addition of nut flour reduced the values of the storage (G′) and loss (G″) modules characterizing the tested doughs, while in each case the G′ value was greater than the G″ value, which proves the advantage of the elastic properties. The creep and recovery tests showed that the nut dough was more susceptible to deformation compared to the control, which indicates that the presence of nut flour weakens the formation of the gluten network forming the dough structure, and makes it more susceptible to stress.