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Jõul P, Järvik O, Lees H, Kallavus U, Koel M, Lukk T. Preparation and characterization of lignin-derived carbon aerogels. Front Chem 2024; 11:1326454. [PMID: 38260044 PMCID: PMC10801266 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1326454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignin is considered a valuable renewable resource for building new chemicals and materials, particularly resins and polymers. The aromatic nature of lignin suggests a synthetic route for synthesizing organic aerogels (AGs) similar to the aqueous polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde (FA). The structure and reactivity of lignin largely depend on the severity of the isolation method used, which challenges the development of new organic and carbon materials. Resorcinol aerogels are considered a source of porous carbon material, while lignin-based aerogels also possess great potential for the development of carbon materials, having a high carbon yield with a high specific surface area and microporosity. In the present study, the birch hydrolysis lignin and organosolv lignin extracted from pine were used to prepare AGs with formaldehyde, with the addition of 5-methylresorcinol in the range of 75%-25%, yielding monolithic mesoporous aerogels with a relatively high specific surface area of up to 343.4 m2/g. The obtained lignin-based AGs were further used as raw materials for the preparation of porous carbon aerogels (CAs) under well-controlled pyrolysis conditions with the morphology, especially porosity and the specific surface area, being dependent on the origin of lignin and its content in the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Jõul
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Oliver Järvik
- Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Heidi Lees
- Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Urve Kallavus
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Koel
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiit Lukk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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Xie J, Sun H, Yang Y, Liang J, Li Y, Hou D, Lin X, Zhang J, Shi Z, Liu C. Preparation of High-Toughness Lignin Phenolic Resin Biomaterials Based via Polybutylene Succinate Molecular Intercalation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076418. [PMID: 37047390 PMCID: PMC10094893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin has many potential applications and is a biopolymer with a three-dimensional network structure. It is composed of three phenylpropane units, p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl, connected by ether bonds and carbon-carbon bonds, and it contains a large number of phenol or aldehyde structural units, resulting in complex lignin structures. This limits the application of lignin. To expand the application range of lignin, we prepared lignin thermoplastic phenolic resins (LPRs) by using lignin instead of phenol; these LPRs had molecular weights of up to 1917 g/mol, a molecular weight distribution of 1.451, and an O/P value of up to 2.73. Due to the complex structure of the lignin, the synthetic lignin thermoplastic phenolic resins were not very tough, which greatly affected the performance of the material. If the lignin phenolic resins were toughened, their application range would be substantially expanded. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) has excellent processability and excellent mechanical properties. The toughening effects of different PBS contents in the LPRs were investigated. PBS was found to be compatible with the LPRs, and the flexible chain segments of the small PBS molecules were embedded in the molecular chain segments of the LPRs, thus reducing the crystallinities of the LPRs. The good compatibility between the two materials promoted hydrogen bond formation between the PBS and LPRs. Rheological data showed good interfacial bonding between the materials, and the modulus of the high-melting PBS made the LPRs more damage resistant. When PBS was added at 30%, the tensile strength of the LPRs was increased by 2.8 times to 1.65 MPa, and the elongation at break increased by 31 times to 93%. This work demonstrates the potential of lignin thermoplastic phenolic resins for industrial applications and provides novel concepts for toughening biobased aromatic resins with PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hao Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yuchun Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Junxiong Liang
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yun Li
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Defa Hou
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xu Lin
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Zhengjun Shi
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Can Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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