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Lee JJC, Chua MH, Wang S, Qu Z, Zhu Q, Xu J. Cyclotriphosphazene: A Versatile Building Block for Diverse Functional Materials. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400357. [PMID: 38837322 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cyclotriphosphazene (CP) is a cyclic inorganic compound with the chemical formula N3P3. This unique molecule consists of a six-membered ring composed of alternating nitrogen and phosphorus atoms, each bonded to two chlorine atoms. CP exhibits remarkable versatility and significance in the realm of materials chemistry due to its easy functionalization via facile nucleophilic substitution reactions in mild conditions as well as intriguing properties of resultant final CP-based molecules or polymers. CP has been served as an important building block for numerous functional materials. This review provides a general and broad overview of the synthesis of CP-based small molecules through nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), and their applications, including flame retardants, liquid crystals (LC), chemosensors, electronics, biomedical materials, and lubricants, have been summarized and discussed. It would be expected that this review would offer a timely summary of various CP-based materials and hence give an insight into further exploration of CP-based molecules in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Joo Cheng Lee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, Singapore, 627833
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
| | - Zhengyao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, Singapore, 627833
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore, 117543
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Mroziak M, Kozłowski G, Kołodziejczyk W, Pszczołowska M, Walczak K, Beszłej JA, Leszek J. Dendrimers-Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1899. [PMID: 39200363 PMCID: PMC11351976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are covalently bonded globular nanostructures that may be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nowadays, AD therapies are focused on improving cognitive functioning and not causal treatment. However, this may change with the use of dendrimers, which are being investigated as a drug-delivery system or as a drug per se. With their ability to inhibit amyloid formation and their anti-tau properties, they are a promising therapeutic option for AD patients. Studies have shown that dendrimers may inhibit amyloid formation in at least two ways: by blocking fibril growth and by breaking already existing fibrils. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are abnormal filaments built by tau proteins that can be accumulated in the cell, which leads to the loss of cytoskeletal microtubules and tubulin-associated proteins. Cationic phosphorus dendrimers, with their anti-tau properties, can induce the aggregation of tau into amorphous structures. Drug delivery to mitochondria is difficult due to poor transport across biological barriers, such as the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is highly negatively polarized. Dendrimers may be potential nanocarriers and increase mitochondria targeting. Another considered use of dendrimers in AD treatment is as a drug-delivery system, for example, carbamazepine (CBZ) or tacrine. They can also be used to transport siRNA into neuronal tissue and to carry antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs to act protectively on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mroziak
- Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gracjan Kozłowski
- Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Kamil Walczak
- Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Aleksander Beszłej
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Department, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Department, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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Cejas-Sánchez J, Caminade AM, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K, Sebastián RM. A water-soluble polyphosphorhydrazone Janus dendrimer built by "click" chemistry as support for Ru-complexes in catalysis. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9120-9129. [PMID: 38738979 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04376b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The field of supported catalysis has experienced increased attention with respect to the development of novel architectures for immobilizing catalytic species, aiming to maintain or enhance their activity while facilitating the easy recovery and reuse of the active moiety. Dendrimers have been identified as promising candidates capable of imparting such properties to catalysts through selective functionalization. The present study details the synthesis of two polyphosphorhydrazone (PPH) dendrons, each incorporating azide or acetylene groups at the core for subsequent coupling through "click" triazole chemistry. Employing this methodology, a novel PPH Janus dendrimer was successfully synthesized, featuring ten polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains on one side of the structure and ten Ru(p-cymene) derivatives on the other. This design was intended to confer dual properties, influencing solubility modulation, and allowing the presence of active catalytic moieties. The synthesized dendrimer underwent testing in the isomerization of allyl alcohols in organic solvents and biphasic solvent mixtures. The results demonstrated a positive dendritic effect compared with model monometallic and bimetallic species, providing a proof-of-concept for the first PPH Janus dendrimer with tested applications in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Cejas-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rosa María Sebastián
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Alami O, Laurent R, Tassé M, Coppel Y, Bignon J, El Kazzouli S, Majoral JP, El Brahmi N, Caminade AM. "Click" Chemistry for the Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Phosphorus Dendrons: Synthesis, Characterization and Preliminary Biological Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302198. [PMID: 37650869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Two families of phosphorhydrazone dendrons having either an azide or an alkyne linked to the core and diverse types of pyridine derivatives as terminal functions have been synthesized and characterized. These dendrons were grafted via click reaction to graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with either alkyne or azide functions, respectively. The resulting modified-GO and GO-dendrons materials have been characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR) analyses. In addition, the free dendrons and the dendrons grafted to GO were tested toward cancerous (HCT116) and non-cancerous (RPE1) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alami
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Faculty of Pharmacy, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Route de Meknes, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - Régis Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Tassé
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Coppel
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Bignon
- Plateforme CIBI, ICSN, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Bâtiment 27, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Faculty of Pharmacy, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Route de Meknes, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nabil El Brahmi
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Faculty of Pharmacy, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Route de Meknes, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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Cejas-Sánchez J, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K, Caminade AM, Sebastián RM. Strategies for the Preparation of Phosphorus Janus Dendrimers and Their Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:5570. [PMID: 37513445 PMCID: PMC10383788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers, being highly branched monodispersed macromolecules, predominantly exhibit identical terminal functionalities within their structural framework. Nonetheless, there are instances where the presence of two distinct surface functionalities becomes advantageous for the fulfilment of specific properties. To achieve this objective, one approach involves implementing Janus dendrimers, consisting of two dendrimeric wedges terminated by dissimilar functionalities. The prevalent method for creating these structures involves the synthesis of dendrons that possess a core functionality that complements that of a second dendron, facilitating their coupling to generate the desired dendrimers. In this comprehensive review, various techniques employed in the fabrication of phosphorus-based Janus dendrimers are elucidated, displaying the different coupling methodologies employed between the two units. The advantages of phosphorus dendrimers over classic dendrimers will be shown, as the presence of at least one phosphorus atom in each generation allows for the easy monitoring of reactions and the confirmation of purity through a simple technique such as 31P NMR, as these structures typically exhibit easily interpretable patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Cejas-Sánchez
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, CEDEX 4, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosa María Sebastián
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Caminade AM, Turrin CO, Poupot R. Curing inflammatory diseases using phosphorous dendrimers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1783. [PMID: 35194953 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Different types of water-soluble phosphorous dendrimers have been synthesized and display many different biological properties. It has been shown in particular that phosphorous dendrimers of first generation functionalized with azabisphosphonate terminal functions are able to stimulate the human immune system ex vivo. These dendrimers are internalized by monocytes within a few seconds, and induce their anti-inflammatory activation. The presence of the dendrimers induces also the inhibition of the differentiation of monocytes into osteoclasts, the maturation of dendritic cells, and inhibits the proliferation of the proinflammatory CD4+ T lymphocytes. Finally, after 2-3 weeks of culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, amplifications by several tens of natural killer cells is observed. In view of all these properties, the influence of these azabisphosphonate-dendrimers has been tested in vivo with several animal models, against different chronic or acute inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, and psoriasis, but also against myeloid leukemia, a hematological cancer. The hematological safety has been demonstrated in mice, as there is no platelet aggregation, no hemolysis, and no disturbance in the hematological formula. The safety of the azabisphosphonate-dendrimer has been assessed also with non-human primates (cynomolgus monkeys) which received repeated injections, as a de-risking pre-clinical test. Biochemical, hematological, and all immunological parameters in peripheral blood remained within a normal physiological range throughout the study, and all survived well. Other phosphorous dendrimers also display anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, in particular dendrimers functionalized with mannose derivatives, which prevent acute lung diseases when given orally (per os) to mice. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), CNRS UPR8241, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric-Olivier Turrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), CNRS UPR8241, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- IMD-Pharma, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rémy Poupot
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, CHU Purpan, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Edr A, Wrobel D, Krupková A, Šťastná LČ, Cuřínová P, Novák A, Malý J, Kalasová J, Malý J, Malý M, Strašák T. Adaptive Synthesis of Functional Amphiphilic Dendrons as a Novel Approach to Artificial Supramolecular Objects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042114. [PMID: 35216229 PMCID: PMC8877797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular structures, such as micelles, liposomes, polymerosomes or dendrimerosomes, are widely studied and used as drug delivery systems. The behavior of amphiphilic building blocks strongly depends on their spatial distribution and shape of polar and nonpolar component. This report is focused on the development of new versatile synthetic protocols for amphiphilic carbosilane dendrons (amp-CS-DDNs) capable of self-assembly to regular micelles and other supramolecular objects. The presented strategy enables the fine modification of amphiphilic structure in several ways and also enables the facile connection of a desired functionality. DLS experiments demonstrated correlations between structural parameters of amp-CS-DDNs and the size of formed nanoparticles. For detailed information about the organization and spatial distribution of amp-CS-DDNs assemblies, computer simulation models were studied by using molecular dynamics in explicit water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Edr
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.E.); (A.K.); (L.Č.Š.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Dominika Wrobel
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Alena Krupková
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.E.); (A.K.); (L.Č.Š.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Lucie Červenková Šťastná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.E.); (A.K.); (L.Č.Š.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Petra Cuřínová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.E.); (A.K.); (L.Č.Š.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Aleš Novák
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Malý
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16828 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jitka Kalasová
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16828 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Malý
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Marek Malý
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomáš Strašák
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.E.); (A.K.); (L.Č.Š.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; (D.W.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (T.S.)
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Apartsin E, Caminade A. Supramolecular Self-Associations of Amphiphilic Dendrons and Their Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:17976-17998. [PMID: 34713506 PMCID: PMC9298340 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review presents precisely defined amphiphilic dendrons, their self-association properties, and their different uses. Dendrons, also named dendritic wedges, are composed of a core having two different types of functions, of which one type is used for growing or grafting branched arms, generally multiplied by 2 at each layer by using 1→2 branching motifs. A large diversity of structures has been already synthesized. In practically all cases, their synthesis is based on the synthesis of known dendrimers, such as poly(aryl ether), poly(amidoamine) (in particular PAMAM), poly(amide) (in particular poly(L-lysine)), 1→3 branching motifs (instead of 1→2), poly(alkyl ether) (poly(glycerol) and poly(ethylene glycol)), poly(ester), and those containing main group elements (poly(carbosilane) and poly(phosphorhydrazone)). In most cases, the hydrophilic functions are on the surface of the dendrons, whereas one or two hydrophobic tails are linked to the core. Depending on the structure of the dendrons, and on the experimental conditions used, the amphiphilic dendrons can self-associate at the air-water interface, or form micelles (eventually tubular, but most generally spherical), or form vesicles. These associated dendrons are suitable for the encapsulation of low-molecular or macromolecular bioactive entities to be delivered in cells. This review is organized depending on the nature of the internal structure of the amphiphilic dendrons (aryl ether, amidoamine, amide, quaternary carbon atom, alkyl ether, ester, main group element). The properties issued from their self-associations are described all along the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Apartsin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) CNRS205 route de Narbonne31077Toulouse cedex 4France
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS31077Toulouse cedex 4France
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine630090NovosibirskRussia
- Novosibirsk State University630090NovosibirskRussia
| | - Anne‐Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) CNRS205 route de Narbonne31077Toulouse cedex 4France
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS31077Toulouse cedex 4France
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