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McKeown JP, Byrne AJ, Bright SA, Charleton CE, Kandwal S, Čmelo I, Twamley B, McElligott AM, Fayne D, O’Boyle NM, Williams DC, Meegan MJ. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Ethanoanthracenes and Related Compounds: Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1034. [PMID: 39204139 PMCID: PMC11359702 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy of mature B cells, and it is the most frequent form of leukemia diagnosed in Western countries. It is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of neoplastic B lymphocytes in the blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. We report the synthesis and antiproliferative effects of a series of novel ethanoanthracene compounds in CLL cell lines. Structural modifications were achieved via the Diels-Alder reaction of 9-(2-nitrovinyl)anthracene and 3-(anthracen-9-yl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones (anthracene chalcones) with dienophiles, including maleic anhydride and N-substituted maleimides, to afford a series of 9-(E)-(2-nitrovinyl)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-[3,4]epipyrroloanthracene-12,14-diones, 9-(E)-3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-[3,4]epipyrroloanthracene-12,14-diones and related compounds. Single-crystal X-ray analysis confirmed the structures of the novel ethanoanthracenes 23f, 23h, 24a, 24g, 25f and 27. The products were evaluated in HG-3 and PGA-1 CLL cell lines (representative of poor and good patient prognosis, respectively). The most potent compounds were identified as 20a, 20f, 23a and 25n with IC50 values in the ranges of 0.17-2.69 µM (HG-3) and 0.35-1.97 µM (PGA-1). The pro-apoptotic effects of the potent compounds 20a, 20f, 23a and 25n were demonstrated in CLL cell lines HG-3 (82-95%) and PGA-1 (87-97%) at 10 µM, with low toxicity (12-16%) observed in healthy-donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations representative of the compounds IC50 values for both the HG-3 and PGA-1 CLL cell lines. The antiproliferative effect of the selected compounds, 20a, 20f, 23a and 25n, was mediated through ROS flux with a marked increase in cell viability upon pretreatment with the antioxidant NAC. 25n also demonstrated sub-micromolar activity in the NCI 60 cancer cell line panel, with a mean GI50 value of 0.245 µM. This ethanoanthracene series of compounds offers potential for the further development of lead structures as novel chemotherapeutics to target CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. McKeown
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew J. Byrne
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra A. Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland (D.C.W.)
| | - Clara E. Charleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shubhangi Kandwal
- Molecular Design Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Molecular Design Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
- DCU Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ivan Čmelo
- Molecular Design Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
- DCU Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 P3X2 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony M. McElligott
- Discipline of Haematology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Darren Fayne
- Molecular Design Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
- DCU Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland (D.C.W.)
| | - Mary J. Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
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Kenari F, Pintér Z, Molnár S, Borges ID, Camargo AJ, Napolitano HB, Perjési P. ( E)-2-Benzylidenecyclanones: Part XIX. Reaction of ( E)-2-(4'-X-Benzylidene)-1-tetralones with Cellular Thiols: Comparison of Thiol Reactivities of Open-Chain Chalcones and Their Six- and Seven-Membered Cyclic Analogs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7773. [PMID: 39063017 PMCID: PMC11277078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-enzyme-catalyzed thiol addition onto the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system is associated with several biological effects. Kinetics and diastereoselectivity of non-enzyme catalyzed nucleophilic addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to the six-membered cyclic chalcone analogs 2a and 2b were investigated at different pH values (pH 3.2, 7.4 and 8.0). The selected compounds displayed in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity (IC50) of different orders of magnitude. The chalcones intrinsically reacted with both thiols under all incubation conditions. The initial rates and compositions of the final mixtures depended both on the substitution and the pH. The stereochemical outcome of the reactions was evaluated using high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV). The structures of the formed thiol-conjugates and the retro-Michael products (Z)-2a and (Z)-2b were confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Frontier molecular orbitals and the Fukui function calculations were carried out to investigate their effects on the six-membered cyclic analogs. Data were compared with those obtained with the open-chain (1) and the seven-membered (3) analogs. The observed reactivities do not directly relate to the difference in in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kenari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (F.K.); (Z.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Zoltán Pintér
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (F.K.); (Z.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Szilárd Molnár
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (F.K.); (Z.P.); (S.M.)
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, H-7634 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Igor D. Borges
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (I.D.B.); (A.J.C.); (H.B.N.)
| | - Ademir J. Camargo
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (I.D.B.); (A.J.C.); (H.B.N.)
| | - Hamilton B. Napolitano
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (I.D.B.); (A.J.C.); (H.B.N.)
| | - Pál Perjési
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (F.K.); (Z.P.); (S.M.)
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (I.D.B.); (A.J.C.); (H.B.N.)
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Abdo Moustafa E, Abdelrasheed Allam H, Fouad MA, El Kerdawy AM, Nasser Eid El-Sayed N, Wagner C, Abdel-Aziz HA, Abdel Fattah Ezzat M. Discovery of novel quinolin-2-one derivatives as potential GSK-3β inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Pharmacophore-based design, preliminary SAR, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107324. [PMID: 38569322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Recently, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been considered as a critical factor implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a previous work, a 3D pharmacophore model for GSK-3β inhibitors was created and the results suggested that derivative ZINC67773573, VIII, may provide a promising lead for developing novel GSK-3β inhibitors for the AD's treatment. Consequently, in this work, novel series of quinolin-2-one derivatives were synthesized and assessed for their GSK-3β inhibitory properties. In vitro screening identified three compounds: 7c, 7e and 7f as promising GSK-3β inhibitors. Compounds 7c, 7e and 7f were found to exhibit superior inhibitory effect on GSK-3β with IC50 value ranges between 4.68 ± 0.59 to 8.27 ± 0.60 nM compared to that of staurosporine (IC50 = 6.12 ± 0.74 nM). Considerably, compounds 7c, 7e and 7f effectively lowered tau hyperphosphorylated aggregates and proving their safety towards the SH-SY5Y and THLE2 normal cell lines. The most promising compound 7c alleviated cognitive impairments in the scopolamine-induced model in mice. Compound 7c's activity profile, while not highly selective, may provide a starting point and valuable insights into the design of multi-target inhibitors. According to the ADME prediction results, compounds 7c, 7e and 7f followed Lipinski's rule of five and could almost permeate through the BBB. Molecular docking simulations showed that these compounds are well accommodated in the ATP binding site interacting by its quinoline-2-one ring through hydrogen bonding with the key amino acids Asp133 and Val135 at the hinge region. The findings of this study suggested that these new compounds may have potential as anti-AD drugs targeting GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba Abdelrasheed Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo- Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christoph Wagner
- Institut für Chemie, Naturwissenschaftliche FakultätII, Universität Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 206120, Halle, Germany
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdel Fattah Ezzat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
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Singh B, Patwardhan RS, Pal D, Maurya DK, Singh BG, Checker R, Sharma D, Sandur SK. Repurposing of FDA approved kinase inhibitor bosutinib for mitigation of radiation induced damage via inhibition of JNK pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116792. [PMID: 38142783 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a common modality for cancer treatment. However, it is often associated with normal tissue toxicity in 20-80% of the patients. Radioprotectors can improve the outcome of radiotherapy by selectively protecting normal cells against radiation toxicity. In the present study, compound libraries containing 54 kinase inhibitors and 80 FDA-approved drugs were screened for radioprotection of lymphocytes using high throughput cell analysis. A second-generation FDA-approved kinase inhibitor, bosutinib, was identified as a potential radioprotector for normal cells. The radioprotective efficacy of bosutinib was evinced from a reduction in radiation induced DNA damage, caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. Oral administration of bosutinib protected mice against whole body irradiation (WBI) induced morbidity and mortality. Bosutinib also reduced radiation induced bone-marrow aplasia and hematopoietic damage in mice exposed to 4 Gy and 6 Gy dose of WBI. Mechanistic studies revealed that the radioprotective action of bosutinib involved interaction with cellular thiols and modulation of JNK pathway. The addition of glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine significantly reduced the radioprotective efficacy of bosutinib. Moreover, bosutinib did not protect cancer cells against radiation induced toxicity. On the contrary, bosutinib per se exhibited anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines. The results highlight possible use of bosutinib as a repurposable radioprotective agent for mitigation of radiation toxicity in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Singh
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Raghavendra S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Debojyoti Pal
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Dharmendra K Maurya
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Beena G Singh
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India; Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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Perjési P. Preface to the Special Issue "Glutathione: Chemistry and Biochemistry". Molecules 2023; 28:5993. [PMID: 37630245 PMCID: PMC10460063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This year we celebrate the 135th anniversary of the discovery of glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Perjési
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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6
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Kenari F, Molnár S, Borges ID, Napolitano HB, Perjési P. ( E)-2-Benzylidenecyclanones: Part XVIII Study the Possible Link between Glutathione Reactivity and Cancer Cell Cytotoxic Effects of Some Cyclic Chalcone Analogs A Comparison of the Reactivity of the Open-Chain and the Seven-Membered Homologs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108557. [PMID: 37239911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic thiol addition into the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system is associated with several biological effects. In vivo, the reactions can form small-molecule thiol (e.g., glutathione) or protein thiol adducts. The reaction of two synthetic (4'-methyl- and 4'-methoxy substituted) cyclic chalcone analogs with reduced glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was studied by (high-pressure liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectroscopy) HPLC-UV method. The selected compounds displayed in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity (IC50) of different orders of magnitude. The structure of the formed adducts was confirmed by (high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) HPLC-MS. The incubations were performed under three different pH conditions (pH 3.2/3.7, 6.3/6.8, and 8.0/7.4). The chalcones intrinsically reacted with both thiols under all incubation conditions. The initial rates and compositions of the final mixtures depended on the substitution and the pH. The frontier molecular orbitals and the Fukui function were carried out to investigate the effects on open-chain and seven-membered cyclic analogs. Furthermore, machine learning protocols were used to provide more insights into physicochemical properties and to support the different thiol-reactivity. HPLC analysis indicated diastereoselectivity of the reactions. The observed reactivities do not directly relate to the different in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kenari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Molnár
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, H-7634 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Igor D Borges
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75070-290, GO, Brazil
| | - Hamilton B Napolitano
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75070-290, GO, Brazil
| | - Pál Perjési
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75070-290, GO, Brazil
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Wang P, Chi J, Guo H, Wang SX, Wang J, Xu EP, Dai LP, Wang ZM. Identification of Differential Compositions of Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Cinnamomi Cortex. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052015. [PMID: 36903261 PMCID: PMC10004064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomi ramulus (CR) and Cinnamomi cortex (CC), both sourced from Cinnamomum cassia Presl, are commonly used Chinese medicines in the Chinese Pharmacopeia. However, while CR functions to dissipate cold and to resolve external problems of the body, CC functions to warm the internal organs. To clarify the material basis of these different functions and clinical effects, a simple and reliable UPLC-Orbitrap-Exploris-120-MS/MS method combined with multivariate statistical analyses was established in this study with the aim of exploring the difference in chemical compositions of aqueous extracts of CR and CC. As the results indicated, a total of 58 compounds was identified, including nine flavonoids, 23 phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids, two coumarins, four lignans, four terpenoids, 11 organic acids and five other components. Of these compounds, 26 significant differential compounds were identified statistically including six unique components in CR and four unique components in CC. Additionally, a robust HPLC method combined with hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was developed to simultaneously determine the concentrations and differentiating capacities of five major active ingredients in CR and CC: coumarin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, 2-methoxycinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde. The HCA results showed that these five components could be used as markers for successfully distinguishing CR and CC. Finally, molecular docking analyses were conducted to obtain the affinities between each of the abovementioned 26 differential components, focusing on targets involved in diabetes peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The results indicated that the special and high-concentration components in CR showed high docking scores of affinities with targets such as HbA1c and proteins in the AMPK-PGC1-SIRT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that CR has greater potential than CC for treating DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jun Chi
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shun-Xiang Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Er-Ping Xu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Li-Ping Dai
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (L.-P.D.); (Z.-M.W.); Tel.: +86-187-0365-1652 (L.-P.D.)
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control Technology of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Correspondence: (L.-P.D.); (Z.-M.W.); Tel.: +86-187-0365-1652 (L.-P.D.)
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