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Petriccone M, Laurent R, Caminade AM, Sebastián RM. Diverse Approaches for the Difunctionalization of PPH Dendrimers, Precise Versus Stochastic: How Does this Influence Catalytic Performance? ACS Macro Lett 2024:853-858. [PMID: 38917088 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Random difunctionalization of dendrimer surfaces, frequently employed in biological applications, provides the advantage of dual functional groups through a synthetic pathway that is simpler compared to precise difunctionalization. However, is the random difunctionalization as efficient as the precise difunctionalization on the surface of dendrimers? This question is unanswered to date because most dendrimer families face challenges in achieving precise functionalization. Polyphosphorhydrazone (PPH) dendrimers present a unique opportunity to obtain precise difunctionalization at each terminal branching point. The work concerning catalysis we report with PPH dendrimers, whether precisely or randomly functionalized, addresses this question. Across PPH dendrimers, from generations 1 to 3, precise functionalization consistently outperforms random functionalization in terms of efficiency. This finding introduces a novel concept in dendrimer science, emphasizing the superiority of precise over random functionalization methodologies. Introducing a groundbreaking concept in the field of dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Petriccone
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 4, France
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosa María Sebastián
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Claton LE, Pan H, Simanek EE. Impact of Solvent and Protonation State on Rotational Barriers in [s]-Triazines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5480-5484. [PMID: 38591934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Amine-substituted [s]-triazines display hindered rotation around the triazine-N bond. While this barrier, ΔG‡, has been measured to be between 15.1 and 17.7 kcal/mol for neutral triazines, the impacts that solvent and protonation state have not been addressed. Using a dimethylamine substituent as a reporter, ΔG‡ was measured to be 17.5-19.3 kcal/mol upon protonation across a range of solvents (D2O, DMSO-d6, MeCN-d3, MeOD-d4, tetrahydrofuran-d8, trifluoroethanol-d3). Furthermore, ΔG‡ increases as the solvent dielectric decreases (p < 0.01). This trend is consistent with the role that solvent plays in stabilizing the increased charge density on the triazine ring resulting from a loss of conjugation with the dimethylamine substituent. Across these solvents, ΔG‡ for the neutral molecule is smaller by ∼2-3 kcal/mol, ranging from 15.3-16.1 kcal/mol. In pyridine, ΔG‡ does not correlate with the solvent dielectric for the "protonated" model. The lower barrier is attributed to competitive protonation: the pKa of the protonated triazine (∼6) is similar to that of protonated pyridine-d5 (5.8). As additional acid is added, ΔG‡ increases. Adding additional acid to the protonated model in D2O or DMSO-d6 does not significantly affect ΔG‡.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam E Claton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76109, United States
| | - Hongjun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76109, United States
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Sztandera K, Rodríguez-García JL, Ceña V. In Vivo Applications of Dendrimers: A Step toward the Future of Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:439. [PMID: 38675101 PMCID: PMC11053723 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, the development of nanotechnology has allowed for the synthesis of many different nanostructures with controlled sizes, shapes, and chemical properties, with dendrimers being the best-characterized of them. In this review, we present a succinct view of the structure and the synthetic procedures used for dendrimer synthesis, as well as the cellular uptake mechanisms used by these nanoparticles to gain access to the cell. In addition, the manuscript reviews the reported in vivo applications of dendrimers as drug carriers for drugs used in the treatment of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and ocular diseases. The dendrimer-based formulations that have reached different phases of clinical trials, including safety and pharmacokinetic studies, or as delivery agents for therapeutic compounds are also presented. The continuous development of nanotechnology which makes it possible to produce increasingly sophisticated and complex dendrimers indicates that this fascinating family of nanoparticles has a wide potential in the pharmaceutical industry, especially for applications in drug delivery systems, and that the number of dendrimer-based compounds entering clinical trials will markedly increase during the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Sztandera
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Instituto de Nanociencia Molecular, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Valentín Ceña
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Instituto de Nanociencia Molecular, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Wang J, Li P, Wang C, Liu N, Xing D. Molecularly or atomically precise nanostructures for bio-applications: how far have we come? MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3304-3324. [PMID: 37365977 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A huge variety of nanostructures are promising for biomedical applications, but only a few have been practically applied. Among the various reasons, the limited structural preciseness is a critical one, as it increases the difficulty in product quality control, accurate dosing, and ensuring the repeatability of material performance. Constructing nanoparticles with molecule-like preciseness is becoming a new research field. In this review, we focus on the artificial nanomaterials that can currently be molecularly or atomically precise, including DNA nanostructures, some metallic nanoclusters, dendrimer nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures, describing their syntheses, bio-applications and limitations, in view of up-to-date studies. A perspective on their potential for clinical translation is also given. This review is expected to provide a particular rationale for the future design of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ping Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Kaurav M, Ruhi S, Al-Goshae HA, Jeppu AK, Ramachandran D, Sahu RK, Sarkar AK, Khan J, Ashif Ikbal AM. Dendrimer: An update on recent developments and future opportunities for the brain tumors diagnosis and treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159131. [PMID: 37006997 PMCID: PMC10060650 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A brain tumor is an uncontrolled cell proliferation, a mass of tissue composed of cells that grow and divide abnormally and appear to be uncontrollable by the processes that normally control normal cells. Approximately 25,690 primary malignant brain tumors are discovered each year, 70% of which originate in glial cells. It has been observed that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the distribution of drugs into the tumour environment, which complicates the oncological therapy of malignant brain tumours. Numerous studies have found that nanocarriers have demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy in brain diseases. This review, based on a non-systematic search of the existing literature, provides an update on the existing knowledge of the types of dendrimers, synthesis methods, and mechanisms of action in relation to brain tumours. It also discusses the use of dendrimers in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours and the future possibilities of dendrimers. Dendrimers are of particular interest in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours because they can transport biochemical agents across the BBB to the tumour and into the brain after systemic administration. Dendrimers are being used to develop novel therapeutics such as prolonged release of drugs, immunotherapy, and antineoplastic effects. The use of PAMAM, PPI, PLL and surface engineered dendrimers has proven revolutionary in the effective diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaurav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KIET Group of Institutions (KIET School of Pharmacy), Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakina Ruhi
- Department of Biochemistry, IMS, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Husni Ahmed Al-Goshae
- Department of Anantomy, IMS, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Kumar Jeppu
- Department of Biochemistry, IMS, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dhani Ramachandran
- Department of Pathology, IMS, Management and Science University, University Drive, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ram Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
- *Correspondence: Ram Kumar Sahu,
| | | | - Jiyauddin Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, India
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Menke AJ, Gloor CJ, Claton LE, Mekhail MA, Pan H, Stewart MD, Green KN, Reibenspies JH, Pavan GM, Capelli R, Simanek EE. A Model for the Rapid Assessment of Solution Structures for 24-Atom Macrocycles: The Impact of β-Branched Amino Acids on Conformation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2692-2702. [PMID: 36780253 PMCID: PMC10903118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Experiment and computation are used to develop a model to rapidly predict solution structures of macrocycles sharing the same Murcko framework. These 24-atom triazine macrocycles result from the quantitative dimerization of identical monomers presenting a hydrazine group and an acetal tethered to an amino acid linker. Monomers comprising glycine and the β-branched amino acids threonine, valine, and isoleucine yield macrocycles G-G, T-T, V-V, and I-I, respectively. Elements common to all members of the framework include the efficiency of macrocyclization (quantitative), the solution- and solid-state structures (folded), the site of protonation (opposite the auxiliary dimethylamine group), the geometry of the hydrazone (E), the C2 symmetry of the subunits (conserved), and the rotamer state adopted. In aggregate, the data reveal metrics predictive of the three-dimensional solution structure that derive from the fingerprint region of the 1D 1H spectrum and a network of rOes from a single resonance. The metrics also afford delineation of more nuanced structural features that allow subpopulations to be identified among the members of the framework. Well-tempered metadynamics provides free energy surfaces and population distributions of these macrocycles. The areas of the free energy surface decrease with increasing steric bulk (G-G > V-V ∼ T-T > I-I). In addition, the surfaces are increasingly isoenergetic with decreasing steric bulk (G-G > V-V ∼ T-T > I-I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Menke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Camryn J Gloor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Liam E Claton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Magy A Mekhail
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Hongjun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Mikaela D Stewart
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Kayla N Green
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Joseph H Reibenspies
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano, Viganello, 6962 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Capelli
- Department of Biosciences, Université degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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Numai S, Yoto R, Kimura M, Simanek EE, Kitano Y. Click Chemistry of Melamine Dendrimers: Comparison of "Click-and-Grow" and "Grow-Then-Click" Strategies Using a Divergent Route to Diversity. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010131. [PMID: 36615327 PMCID: PMC9822332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are attractive macromolecules for a broad range of applications owing to their well-defined shapes and dimensions, highly branched and globular architectures, and opportunities for exploiting multivalency. Triazine dendrimers in particular offer advantages such as ease of synthesis, stability, well-defined spherical structure, multivalency, potential to achieve acceptable drug loadings, and low polydispersity. In this study, the potential utility of alkyne-azide "click" cycloadditions of first-, second-, and third-generation triazine dendrimers containing three or six alkynyl groups with benzyl azide was examined using copper catalysts. "Click-and-grow" and "grow-then-click" strategies were employed. For the first- and second- generation dendrimers, the desired triazole derivatives were obtained in high yields and purified by simple reprecipitation without column chromatography; however, some difficulties were observed in the preparation of third-generation dendrimers. The desired reaction proceeded under microwave irradiation as well as with simple heating. This click chemistry can be utilized for various melamine dendrimers that are fabricated with other amine linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanami Numai
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Risako Yoto
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masataka Kimura
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-367-5700
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Li Y, Cui J, Li C, Zhou H, Chang J, Aras O, An F. 19 F MRI Nanotheranostics for Cancer Management: Progress and Prospects. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100701. [PMID: 34951121 PMCID: PMC9432482 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19 F MRI) is a promising imaging technique for cancer diagnosis because of its excellent soft tissue resolution and deep tissue penetration, as well as the inherent high natural abundance, almost no endogenous interference, quantitative analysis, and wide chemical shift range of the 19 F nucleus. In recent years, scientists have synthesized various 19 F MRI contrast agents. By further integrating a wide variety of nanomaterials and cutting-edge construction strategies, magnetically equivalent 19 F atoms are super-loaded and maintain satisfactory relaxation efficiency to obtain high-intensity 19 F MRI signals. In this review, the nuclear magnetic resonance principle underlying 19 F MRI is first described. Then, the construction and performance of various fluorinated contrast agents are summarized. Finally, challenges and future prospects regarding the clinical translation of 19 F MRI nanoprobes are considered. This review will provide strategic guidance and panoramic expectations for designing new cancer theranostic regimens and realizing their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Cui
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenlong Li
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Chang
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Omer Aras
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Feifei An
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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