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Caffrey C, Leamy A, O’Sullivan E, Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Nasopoulou C. Cardiovascular Diseases and Marine Oils: A Focus on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Polar Lipids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:549. [PMID: 37999373 PMCID: PMC10672651 DOI: 10.3390/md21110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death across the globe, hence, establishing strategies to counteract CVD are imperative to reduce mortality and the burden on health systems. Dietary modification is an effective primary prevention strategy against CVD. Research regarding dietary supplementation has become increasingly popular. This review focuses on the current in vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological studies associated with that of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and polar lipids (PLs) and how they play a role against CVD. Furthermore, this review focuses on the results of several major clinical trials examining n-3 PUFAs regarding both primary and secondary prevention of CVD. Notably, we place a lens on the REDUCE-IT and STRENGTH trials. Finally, supplementation of PLs has recently been suggested as a potential alternative avenue for the reduction of CVD incidence versus neutral forms of n-3 PUFAs. However, the clinical evidence for this argument is currently rather limited. Therefore, we draw on the current literature to suggest future clinical trials for PL supplementation. We conclude that despite conflicting evidence, future human trials must be completed to confirm whether PL supplementation may be more effective than n-3 PUFA supplementation to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliodhna Caffrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (C.C.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (I.Z.)
| | - Anna Leamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (C.C.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ellen O’Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (C.C.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (C.C.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (I.Z.)
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Constantina Nasopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry—Technology and Quality of Food of Animal Origin, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 814 00 Lemnos, Greece
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Hands JM, Anderson ML, Cooperman T, Frame LA. A Multi-Year Rancidity Analysis of 72 Marine and Microalgal Oil Omega-3 Supplements. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:195-206. [PMID: 37712532 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2252064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
There exists significant heterogeneity in the 'freshness' of consumer marine- and plant-derived omega-3 (Ω3) supplements. Fears of rancidity, or the oxidation of consumer Ω3 supplements, has been debated in the literature with several prior authors reporting contradictory findings. We report the peroxide value (PV), para-anisidine value (p-AV) and total oxidation values (TOTOX) associated with 72 consumer Ω3 supplements sold in the United States sampled from 2014-2020. The effect of flavoring on the oxidation of the supplements was examined in an adjusted fixed effects model controlling for type of delivery system (enteric, liquid, animal- and vegetable-derived gelatin softgel, spray), source (algae, calamari, fish, krill, mussels), and certifications assigned by third-party organizations (e.g. USP). Overall, our results revealed that 68% (23/34) of flavored and 13% (5/38) unflavored consumer Ω3 supplements exceeded the TOTOX upper limit set by the Global Organization for EPA and DHA (GOED) voluntary monograph standard of ≤ 26, with 65% (22/34) flavored supplements and 32% (12/38) unflavored supplements failing the PV upper limit of ≤ 5 and 62% (21/34) flavored supplements exceeding the p-AV upper limit of ≤ 20. To our knowledge, no prior authors have modeled the impact of flavoring on oxidative status in 72 marine- and plant-derived Ω3 products sold in the U.S. We present our findings in this context and discuss the clinical implications related to the consumption of oxidized consumer fish oils and their effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Hands
- The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | - Leigh A Frame
- Integrative Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Resiliency & Well-being Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Nieri P, Carpi S, Esposito R, Costantini M, Zupo V. Bioactive Molecules from Marine Diatoms and Their Value for the Nutraceutical Industry. Nutrients 2023; 15:464. [PMID: 36678334 PMCID: PMC9861441 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for novel sources of nutrients is among the basic goals for achievement of sustainable progress. In this context, microalgae are relevant organisms, being rich in high-value compounds and able to grow in open ponds or photobioreactors, thus enabling profitable exploitation of aquatic resources. Microalgae, a huge taxon containing photosynthetic microorganisms living in freshwater, as well as in brackish and marine waters, typically unicellular and eukaryotic, include green algae (Chlorophyceae), red algae (Rhodophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). In recent decades, diatoms have been considered the most sustainable sources of nutrients for humans with respect to other microalgae. This review focuses on studies exploring their bio-pharmacological activities when relevant for human disease prevention and/or treatment. In addition, we considered diatoms and their extracts (or purified compounds) when relevant for specific nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Marine Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Carpi
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Piazza San Silvestro, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, 80077 Ischia, Italy
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Santos HO, May TL, Bueno AA. Eating more sardines instead of fish oil supplementation: Beyond omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a matrix of nutrients with cardiovascular benefits. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1107475. [PMID: 37143475 PMCID: PMC10153001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1107475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) play a significant role in the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases associated with a mild chronic pro-inflammatory background, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, and fatty liver disease. The effects of n-3 PUFA supplements specifically, remain controversial regarding reducing risks of cardiovascular events. n-3 PUFA supplements come at a cost for the consumer and can result in polypharmacy for patients on pharmacotherapy. Sardines are a well-known, inexpensive source of n-3 PUFA and their consumption could reduce the need for n-3 PUFA supplementation. Moreover, sardines contain other cardioprotective nutrients, although further insights are crucial to translate a recommendation for sardine consumption into clinical practice. The present review discusses the matrix of nutrients contained in sardines which confer health benefits for cardiometabolism, beyond n-3 PUFA. Sardines contain calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, taurine, arginine and other nutrients which together modulate mild inflammation and exacerbated oxidative stress observed in cardiovascular disease and in haemodynamic dysfunction. In a common serving of sardines, calcium, potassium, and magnesium are the minerals at higher amounts to elicit clinical benefits, whilst other nutrients are present in lower but valuable amounts. A pragmatic approach towards the consumption of such nutrients in the clinical scenario should be adopted to consider the dose-response relationship effects on physiological interactions. As most recommendations currently available are based on an indirect rationale of the physiological actions of the nutrients found in sardines, randomised clinical trials are warranted to expand the evidence on the benefits of sardine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor O. Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Heitor O. Santos,
| | - Theresa L. May
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Allain A. Bueno
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
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Kuo YS, Hu MH, Chan WH, Huang TY, Chou YC, Huang GS. Evaluation of the Preventive Effects of Fish Oil and Sunflower Seed Oil on the Pathophysiology of Sepsis in Endotoxemic Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:857255. [PMID: 35464001 PMCID: PMC9026188 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.857255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis causes platelet activation, systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and mortality. Endotoxins play an important role in the manifestation of the symptoms of septic shock. As fish oil exert well known anti-inflammatory effects and sunflower seed oil exert less anti-inflammatory properties than fish oil, both oils are widely used. We aimed to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of these two oils before endotoxemia modulates the consequences of illness. Nine- to ten-week-old male Wistar rats (N = 55) were divided into four groups: group A (N = 6), control; group B (N = 17), saline + lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin); group C (N = 17), fish oil + lipopolysaccharide; and group D (N = 15), sunflower seed oil + lipopolysaccharide. After 28 days of feeding the designated diet, the rats in all groups were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide. After 24 h, survival rate, endotoxemia severity, levels of platelet activation markers, organ function and biochemical variables were evaluated. Platelet-leukocyte aggregation was significantly high in group C (p = 0.005), and platelet-monocyte aggregation was significantly high in groups C (p = 0.003) and D (p = 0.016) than in group B. The survival rate, endotoxemia severity, expression of platelet P-selectin, CD40L, and TLR4, pulmonary function, renal function, liver function, or biochemical variables did not significantly differ among groups B, C, and D. Instead of an anti-inflammatory effect, the dietary supplementation of fish and sunflower seed oils exerted a pro-inflammatory effect, especially via platelet-monocyte aggregation, suggesting a rebound effect of the dietary supplementation of the oils. The oils did not affect other inflammatory platelet markers or improve the outcome of endotoxemic rats. However, further studies are required to understand the underlying mechanisms of such effects and to elaborate the clinical significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Shou Kuo
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Hu
- Division of Pediatric General Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Go-Shine Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Go-Shine Huang,
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Lima Rocha JÉ, Mendes Furtado M, Mello Neto RS, da Silva Mendes AV, Brito AKDS, Sena de Almeida JOC, Rodrigues Queiroz EI, de Sousa França JV, Silva Primo MG, Cunha Sales ALDC, Gomes Vasconcelos A, Felix Cabral W, Souza Kückelhaus SA, de Souza de Almeida Leite JR, Fortes Lustosa AKM, Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Arcanjo DDR, Martins MDCDCE. Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Liver Damage in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030426. [PMID: 35276784 PMCID: PMC8839313 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, especially its component related to dyslipidemia, is related to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a disease with a significant global prevalence. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids emerged as a complementary therapeutic possibility for dyslipidemia, but its benefits are questioned. This paper aims at evaluating the effects of fish oil supplementation in rats with hypercholesterolemia induced by hypercholesterolemic diet (HD). The study design is based on an experimental model in which the animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: G1 (standard commercial feed + saline solution); G2 (hypercholesterolemic diet + saline solution) and G3 (hypercholesterolemic diet + fish oil) over a period of 16 weeks. Metabolic control parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated according to standardized methodologies. The G3 group showed significantly lower values of plasma concentrations of TG, and hepatic myeloperoxidase as well as higher erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity (p < 0.05). Regarding histopathological analysis, there was lipid accumulation in the liver of animals from group G2; meanwhile, hepatocytes reorganization and expressive reduction of lipid vacuoles and hepatic TG content was observed in group G3. This study demonstrated how fish oil supplementation reduced the plasma concentration and hepatic content of triglycerides, as well as liver tissue damage in histopathological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Érica Lima Rocha
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Mariely Mendes Furtado
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Renato Sampaio Mello Neto
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Ana Victória da Silva Mendes
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Ana Karolinne da Silva Brito
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - José Otávio Carvalho Sena de Almeida
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Emerson Iuri Rodrigues Queiroz
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - José Vinícius de Sousa França
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Maísa Guimarães Silva Primo
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Ana Lina de Carvalho Cunha Sales
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Andreanne Gomes Vasconcelos
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (A.G.V.); (W.F.C.); (S.A.S.K.); (J.R.d.S.d.A.L.)
| | - Wanessa Felix Cabral
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (A.G.V.); (W.F.C.); (S.A.S.K.); (J.R.d.S.d.A.L.)
| | - Selma Aparecida Souza Kückelhaus
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (A.G.V.); (W.F.C.); (S.A.S.K.); (J.R.d.S.d.A.L.)
| | - José Roberto de Souza de Almeida Leite
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (A.G.V.); (W.F.C.); (S.A.S.K.); (J.R.d.S.d.A.L.)
| | | | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
| | - Maria do Carmo de Carvalho e Martins
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil; (J.É.L.R.); (M.M.F.); (R.S.M.N.); (A.V.d.S.M.); (A.K.d.S.B.); (J.O.C.S.d.A.); (E.I.R.Q.); (J.V.d.S.F.); (M.G.S.P.); (A.L.d.C.C.S.); (D.D.R.A.)
- Correspondence:
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