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Queiroz M, Alves TV, Rivelino R, Canuto S. Influence of Solvents and Halogenation on ESIPT of Benzimidazole Derivatives for Designing Turn-on Fluorescence Probes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22102-22111. [PMID: 38799309 PMCID: PMC11112562 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This work reports a theoretical investigation of the solvent polarity as well as the halogenation of benzimidazole derivatives during excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). It details how the environment and halogen substitution may contribute to the efficiency of ESIPT upon keto-enol tautomerism and exploits this effect to design fluorescence sensing. For this purpose, we first examine the conformational equilibrium of benzimidazole derivatives containing different halogen atoms, which results in intramolecular proton transfer, using density-functional theory (DFT) combined with the polarizable continuum model (PCM). Then we evaluate the fluorescence of the benzimidazole derivatives in different dielectric constants within time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approaches. Our results quantitatively allow the determination of large Stokes shifts in nonpolar solvents around 100 nm. These theoretical results are in agreement with experimental solvatochromism studies of benzimidazoles. The effect of halogenation, with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, is less important than solvent polarization when ESIPT takes place. Thus, halogenation can be properly chosen depending on the interest of the synthesis of benzimidazole-based turn-on fluorescence in appropriate solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo
H. Queiroz
- Departamento
de Físico-Química, Instituto
de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Tiago V. Alves
- Departamento
de Físico-Química, Instituto
de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Roberto Rivelino
- Instituto
de Física, Universidade Federal da
Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40210-340, Brazil
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Instituto
de Física, Universidade de São
Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil
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2
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Slavova S, Antonov L. Azaindolizine proton cranes attached to 7-hydroxyquinoline and 3-hydroxypyridine: a comparative theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7177-7189. [PMID: 38349360 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04635d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Theoretical design of several proton cranes, based on 7-hydroxyquinoline and 3-hydroxypyridine as proton-transfer frames, has been attempted using ground and excited-state density functional theory (DFT) calculations in various environments. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine and benzimidazole were considered as proton crane units. The proton crane action requires the existence of a single enol-like form in the ground state, which under excitation goes to the end keto-like one through a series of consecutive excited-state intramolecular proton transfers (ESIPT) and twisting steps with the participation of a crane unit, resulting in a long-range intramolecular proton transfer. The results suggest that 3-hydroxypyridine is not suitable for a proton-transfer frame and 8-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)quinolin-7-ol and 8-(pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-yl)quinolin-7-ol behave as non-conjugated proton cranes, instead of tautomeric re-arrangement in the latter, which was thought to be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Slavova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria.
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Liudmil Antonov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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3
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Abou-Hatab S, Matsika S. Excited state hydrogen or proton transfer pathways in microsolvated n-cyanoindole fluorescent probes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4511-4523. [PMID: 38240574 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04844f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity of the fluorescence properties of n-cyanoindole (n-CNI) fluorescent probes to the microenvironment makes them potential reporters of protein conformation and hydration. The fluorescence intensity of 5-CNI, 6-CNI, and 7-CNI is quenched when exposed to water solvent whereas substitution on position 4 of indoles dramatically increases it. A potential mechanism for this sensitivity to water may be similar to that found in indole. The fluorescence of indole is found to be quenched when interacting with water and ammonia solvent molecules via radiationless decay through an S1 (πσ*)/S0 conical intersection caused by excited state proton or hydrogen transfer to the solvent molecules. In this study we examine this fluorescence quenching mechanism along the N-H bond stretch of n-CNI probes using water cluster models and quantum mechanical calculations of the excited states. We find that n-CNI-(H2O)1-2 clusters form cyclic or non-cyclic structures via hydrogen bonds which lead to different photochemical reaction paths that can potentially quench the fluorescence by undergoing internal conversion from S1 to S0. However, the existence of a high energy barrier along the potential energy surface of the S1 state in most cases prevents this from occurring. We show that substitution on position 4 leads to the highest energy barrier that prevents the fluorophore from accessing these non-radiative channels, in agreement with its high intensity. We also find that the energy barrier in the S1 state of non-cyclic 5-CNI-(H2O)1-2 excited complexes decreases as the number of water molecules increases, which suggests great sensitivity of the fluorescence quenching on the aqueous environment.
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4
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Rehhagen C, Argüello Cordero MA, Kamounah FS, Deneva V, Angelov I, Krupp M, Svenningsen SRW, Pittelkow M, Lochbrunner S, Antonov L. Reversible Switching Based on Truly Intramolecular Long-Range Proton Transfer─Turning the Theoretical Concept into Experimental Reality. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2043-2053. [PMID: 38214997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a working prototype of a conjugated proton crane, a reversible tautomeric switching molecule in which truly intramolecular long-range proton transfer occurs in solution at room temperature. The system consists of a benzothiazole rotor attached to a 7-hydroxy quinoline stator. According to the experimental and theoretical results, the OH proton is delivered under irradiation to the quinolyl nitrogen atom through a series of consecutive proton transfer and twisting steps. The use of a rigid rotor prevents undesired side processes that decrease the switching performance in previously described proton cranes and provides an unprecedented switching efficiency and fatigue resistance. The newly designed system confirms the theoretical concept for the application of proton transfer-initiated intramolecular twisting as the switching mechanism, developed more than 10 years ago, and provides unique insights for the further development of tautomeric molecular switches and motors, molecular logic gates, and new molecular-level energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rehhagen
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vera Deneva
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Angelov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marvin Krupp
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - So Ren W Svenningsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Liudmil Antonov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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5
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Xu J, Zhou R, Blum V, Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S, Kanai Y. First-Principles Approach for Coupled Quantum Dynamics of Electrons and Protons in Heterogeneous Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:238002. [PMID: 38134781 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.238002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The coupled quantum dynamics of electrons and protons is ubiquitous in many dynamical processes involving light-matter interaction, such as solar energy conversion in chemical systems and photosynthesis. A first-principles description of such nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics requires not only the time-dependent treatment of nonequilibrium electron dynamics but also that of quantum protons. Quantum mechanical correlation between electrons and protons adds further complexity to such coupled dynamics. Here we extend real-time nuclear-electronic orbital time-dependent density functional theory (RT-NEO-TDDFT) to periodic systems and perform first-principles simulations of coupled quantum dynamics of electrons and protons in complex heterogeneous systems. The process studied is an electronically excited-state intramolecular proton transfer of o-hydroxybenzaldehyde in water and at a silicon (111) semiconductor-molecule interface. These simulations illustrate how environments such as hydrogen-bonding water molecules and an extended material surface impact the dynamical process on the atomistic level. Depending on how the molecule is chemisorbed on the surface, excited-state electron transfer from the molecule to the semiconductor surface can inhibit ultrafast proton transfer within the molecule. This Letter elucidates how heterogeneous environments influence the balance between the quantum mechanical proton transfer and excited electron dynamics. The periodic RT-NEO-TDDFT approach is applicable to a wide range of other photoinduced heterogeneous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruiyi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Volker Blum
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Shekhovtsov NA, Vorob'eva S, Nikolaenkova EB, Ryadun AA, Krivopalov VP, Gourlaouen C, Bushuev MB. Complexes on the Base of a Proton Transfer Capable Pyrimidine Derivative: How Protonation and Deprotonation Switch Emission Mechanisms. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16734-16751. [PMID: 37781777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A rare example of pyrimidine-based ESIPT-capable compounds, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine (HLH), was synthesized (ESIPT─excited state intramolecular proton transfer). Its reactions with zinc(II) salts under basic or acidic conditions afforded a dinuclear [Zn2LH2Cl2] complex and an ionic (H2LH)4[ZnCl4]2·3H2O solid. Another ionic solid, (H2LH)Br, was obtained from the solution of HLH acidified with HBr. In both ionic solids, the H+ ion protonates the same pyrimidinic N atom that accepts the O-H···N intramolecular hydrogen bond in the structure of free HLH, which breaks this hydrogen bond and switches off ESIPT in these compounds. This series of compounds which includes neutral HLH molecules and ionic (LH)- and (H2LH)+ species allowed us to elucidate the impact of protonation and coordination coupled deprotonation of HLH on the photoluminescence response and on altering the emission mechanism. The neutral HLH compound exhibits yellow emission as a result of the coexistence of two radiative decay channels: (i) T1 → S0 phosphorescence of the enol form and (ii) anti-Kasha S2 → S0 fluorescence of the keto form, which if feasible due to the large S2-S1 energy gap. However, owing to the efficient nonradiative decay through an energetically favorable conical intersection, the photoluminescence quantum yield of HLH is low. Protonation or deprotonation of the HLH ligand results in the significant blue-shift of the emission bands by more than 100 nm and boosts the quantum efficiency up to ca. 20% in the case of [Zn2LH2Cl2] and (H2LH)4[ZnCl4]2·3H2O. Despite both (H2LH)4[ZnCl4]2·3H2O and (H2LH)Br have the same (H2LH)+ cation in the structures, their emission properties differ significantly, whereas (H2LH)Br shows dual emission associated with two radiative decay channels: (i) S1 → S0 fluorescence and (ii) T1 → S0 phosphorescence, (H2LH)4[ZnCl4]2·3H2O exhibits only fluorescence. This difference in the emission properties can be associated with the external heavy atom effect in (H2LH)Br, which leads to faster intersystem crossing in this compound. Finally, a huge increase in the intensity of the phosphorescence of (H2LH)Br on cooling leads to pronounced luminescence thermochromism (violet emission at 300 K, sky-blue emission at 77 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Shekhovtsov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sofia Vorob'eva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena B Nikolaenkova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexey A Ryadun
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Viktor P Krivopalov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg Cedex 67070, France
| | - Mark B Bushuev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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7
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Fontes LFB, Rocha J, Silva AMS, Guieu S. Excited-State Proton Transfer in Luminescent Dyes: From Theoretical Insight to Experimental Evidence. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301540. [PMID: 37450664 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The effective utilization of luminescent dyes often relies on a comprehensive understanding of their excitation and relaxation pathways. One such pathway, Excited-State Proton Transfer (ESPT), involves the tautomerization of the dye in its excited state, resulting in a new structure that exhibits distinct emission properties, such as a very large Stokes' shift or dual-emission. Although the ESPT phenomenon is well-explained theoretically, its experimental demonstration can be challenging due to the presence of numerous other phenomena that can yield similar experimental observations. In this review, we propose that an all-encompassing methodology, integrating experimental findings, computational analyses, and a thorough evaluation of diverse mechanisms, is essential for verifying the occurrence of ESPT in luminescent dyes. Investigations have offered significant understanding of the elements impacting the ESPT process and the array of approaches that can be used to validate the existence of ESPT. These discoveries hold crucial ramifications for the advancement of molecular probes, sensors, and other applications that depend on ESPT as a detection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F B Fontes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Rocha
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Samuel Guieu
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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8
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Si-Jia W, Peng-Yuan L, Hang Z, Lei S, Dong L, Guang-Yue L. TDDFT study on the simultaneous sensing mechanism for peroxynitrite and glutathione by a bifunctional fluorescent probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122314. [PMID: 36621031 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method, the response mechanism of a reported bifunctional fluorescent probe for simultaneous recognition of peroxynitrite and glutathione (Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 11336) was theoretically studied. Calculated vertical excitation energies based on the ground-state and excited-state geometries were consistent with the corresponding experimental ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectra. In the ground state, electron delocalization in the probe was limited because its geometry was restrained by steric hindrance. Frontier molecular orbital analysis has shown that the probe should undergo photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the benzothiazole moiety to the maleimide moiety after excitation. The nonplanar structure together with PET led to fluorescence quenching of the probe. The probe could be dealkylated by peroxynitrite anion. The resulting intramolecular hydrogen bond increasesd the planarity of the molecule, while also gave rise to an excited-state proton-transfer process. Moreover, the addition reaction between the probe and glutathione inhibited the PET process. These two analytes together contributed to the fluorescence enhancement of the final product. This theoretical sensing mechanism for peroxynitrite and glutathione may potentially be important for the design and enhancement of novel probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Si-Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Li Peng-Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Zhang Hang
- Modern Technology and Education Centre, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Shi Lei
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Liu Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China.
| | - Li Guang-Yue
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China.
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9
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Lambros E, Link B, Chow M, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. Solvent Induced Proton Polarization within the Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Framework. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2990-2995. [PMID: 36942912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To explicitly account for nuclear quantum effects and solvent environments in simulations of chemical processes, the nuclear-electronic orbital approach is coupled with a polarizable continuum model (PCM). This NEO-PCM approach is used to explore the influence of solvation on nuclear polarization through applications to a water dimer and a set of protonated water tetramers. Nuclear polarization in these species is analyzed in terms of changes in proton density and oxygen-hydrogen bond length. Solvation is shown to enhance nuclear polarization with increasing dielectric constant. For the water dimer, the internal, hydrogen-bonded proton is shown to polarize more than the external, free proton. Moreover, proton quantization leads to greater solvent polarization through their mutual polarization. These calculations highlight the complex interplay among electronic, nuclear, and solvent polarization in chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Lambros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Benjamin Link
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Mathew Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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10
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Ferté A, Houssin A, Albouy N, Merritt ICD, Vacher M. ESIPT in the pyrrol pyridine molecule: mechanism, timescale and yield revealed using dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9761-9765. [PMID: 36857691 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00026e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer in pyrrol pyridine is theoretically investigated using non-adiabatic dynamics simulations. The photochemical process is completely characterised: the reaction time, the total yield and the accessibility of the conical intersection are evaluated. Finally, new mechanistic interpretation are extracted: the proton transfer reaction in this molecule is shown to be driven by two complementary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ferté
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France.
| | - Axel Houssin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France.
| | - Nina Albouy
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France. .,Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris 75005, France
| | | | - Morgane Vacher
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France.
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Ultrafast Spectroscopies of Nitrophenols and Nitrophenolates in Solution: From Electronic Dynamics and Vibrational Structures to Photochemical and Environmental Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020601. [PMID: 36677656 PMCID: PMC9866910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrophenols are a group of small organic molecules with significant environmental implications from the atmosphere to waterways. In this work, we investigate a series of nitrophenols and nitrophenolates, with the contrasting ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted nitro group to the phenolic hydroxy or phenolate oxygen site (2/3/4NP or NP-), implementing a suite of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques that include UV/Visible spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy with probe-dependent and global analysis, and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), aided by quantum calculations. The excitation-dependent (400 and 267 nm) electronic dynamics in water and methanol, for six protonated or deprotonated nitrophenol molecules (three regioisomers in each set), enable a systematic investigation of the excited-state dynamics of these functional "nanomachines" that can undergo nitro-group twisting (as a rotor), excited-state intramolecular or intermolecular proton transfer (donor-acceptor, ESIPT, or ESPT), solvation, and cooling (chromophore) events on molecular timescales. In particular, the meta-substituted compound 3NP or 3NP- exhibits the strongest charge-transfer character with FSRS signatures (e.g., C-N peak frequency), and thus, does not favor nitroaromatic twist in the excited state, while the ortho-substituted compound 2NP can undergo ESIPT in water and likely generate nitrous acid (HONO) after 267 nm excitation. The delineated mechanistic insights into the nitro-substituent-location-, protonation-, solvent-, and excitation-wavelength-dependent effects on nitrophenols, in conjunction with the ultraviolet-light-induced degradation of 2NP in water, substantiates an appealing discovery loop to characterize and engineer functional molecules for environmental applications.
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12
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Artmann K, Pollok CH, Merten C, Nuernberger P. Wavelength-dependent photochemistry of a salicylimine derivative studied with cryogenic and ultrafast spectroscopy approaches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:30017-30026. [PMID: 36472246 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04488a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salicylimines are versatile compounds in which an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer and torsional motions may set in upon photoexcitation. Here, we study N-(α-phenylethyl)salicylimine (PESA) to elucidate how the photochemical reaction pathways depend on the excitation wavelength and to what extent the relative photoproduct distribution can be steered towards a desired species. DFT structure and potential energy calculations disclose that the most stable ground-state conformer is an enol species and that the photodynamics may proceed differently depending on the excited state that is reached. With matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy, the predominance of the enol conformer of PESA is confirmed. Illumination of the cryogenic sample with different wavelengths shifts the ratio of enol and keto products, and by sequential irradiation a selective re- and depopulation is possible. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy further reveals that also at room temperature, the outcome of the photoreaction depends on excitation wavelength, and in combination with the calculations, it can be rationalized that the decisive step occurs within the first hundred femtoseconds. Since the ultrafast dynamics mostly match those of similar salicylimines, our findings might also apply to those systems and provide additional insight into their reported sensitivity on excitation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Artmann
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Corina H Pollok
- Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Christian Merten
- Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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13
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Shi R, Fang Q, Vasenko AS, Long R, Fang WH, Prezhdo OV. Structural Disorder in Higher-Temperature Phases Increases Charge Carrier Lifetimes in Metal Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19137-19149. [PMID: 36206144 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solar cells and optoelectronic devices are exposed to heat that degrades performance. Therefore, elucidating temperature-dependent charge carrier dynamics is essential for device optimization. Charge carrier lifetimes decrease with temperature in conventional semiconductors. The opposite, anomalous trend is observed in some experiments performed with MAPbI3 (MA = CH3NH3+) and other metal halide perovskites. Using ab initio quantum dynamics simulation, we establish the atomic mechanisms responsible for nonradiative electron-hole recombination in orthorhombic-, tetragonal-, and cubic MAPbI3. We demonstrate that structural disorder arising from the phase transitions is as important as the disorder due to heating in the same phase. The carrier lifetimes grow both with increasing temperature in the same phase and upon transition to the higher-temperature phases. The increased lifetime is rationalized by structural disorder that induces partial charge localization, decreases nonadiabatic coupling, and shortens quantum coherence. Inelastic and elastic electron-vibrational interactions exhibit opposite dependence on temperature and phase. The partial disorder and localization arise from thermal motions of both the inorganic lattice and the organic cations and depend significantly on the phase. The structural deformations induced by thermal fluctuations and phase transitions are on the same order as deformations induced by defects, and hence, thermal disorder plays a very important role. Since charge localization increases carrier lifetimes but inhibits transport, an optimal regime maximizing carrier diffusion can be designed, depending on phase, temperature, material morphology, and device architecture. The atomistic mechanisms responsible for the enhanced carrier lifetimes at elevated temperatures provide guidelines for the design of improved solar energy and optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Shi
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Run Long
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Departments of Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089, United States
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14
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Lu TF, Gumber S, Tokina MV, Tomko JA, Hopkins PE, Prezhdo OV. Electron-phonon relaxation at the Au/WSe 2 interface is significantly accelerated by a Ti adhesion layer: time-domain ab initio analysis. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10514-10523. [PMID: 35833340 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00728b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal transport at nanoscale metal-semiconductor interfaces via electron-phonon coupling is crucial for applications of modern microelectronic, electro-optic and thermoelectric devices. To enhance the device performance, the heat flow can be regulated by modifying the interfacial atomic interactions. We use ab initio time-dependent density functional theory combined with non-adiabatic molecular dynamics to study how the hot electron and hole relaxation rates change on incorporating a thin Ti adhesion layer at the Au/WSe2 interface. The excited charge carrier relaxation is much faster in Au/Ti/WSe2 due to the enhanced electron-phonon coupling, rationalized by the following reasons: (1) Ti atoms are lighter than Au, W and Se atoms and move faster. (2) Ti has a significant contribution to the electronic properties in the relevant energy range. (3) Ti interacts strongly with WSe2 and promotes its bond-scissoring which causes Fermi-level pinning, making WSe2 contribute to electronic properties around the Fermi level. The changes in the relaxation rates are more pronounced for excited electrons compared to holes because both relative and absolute Ti contributions to the electronic properties are larger above than below the Fermi level. The results provide guidance for improving the design of novel and robust materials by optimizing the heat dissipation at metal-semiconductor interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shriya Gumber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Marina V Tokina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - John A Tomko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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15
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Wang B, Chu W, Wu Y, Casanova D, Saidi WA, Prezhdo OV. Electron-Volt Fluctuation of Defect Levels in Metal Halide Perovskites on a 100 ps Time Scale. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5946-5952. [PMID: 35732502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have gained considerable attention due to their excellent optoelectronic performance, which is often attributed to unusual defect properties. We demonstrate that midgap defect levels can exhibit very large and slow energy fluctuations associated with anharmonic acoustic motions. Therefore, care should be taken classifying MHP defects as deep or shallow, since shallow defects may become deep and vice versa. As a consequence, charges from deep levels can escape into bands, and light absorption can be extended to longer wavelengths, improving material performance. The phenomenon, demonstrated with iodine vacancy in CH3NH3PbI3 using a machine learning force field, can be expected for a variety of defects and dopants in many MHPs and other soft inorganic semiconductors. Since large-scale anharmonic motions can be precursors to chemical decomposition, a known problem with MHPs, we propose that materials that are stiffer than MHPs but softer than traditional inorganic semiconductors, such as Si and TiO2, may simultaneously exhibit excellent performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Weibin Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, 48009 Euskadi, Spain
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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16
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Georgiev A, Deneva V, Yordanov D, Völzer T, Wolter S, Fennel F, Lochbrunner S, Antonov L. Benzothiazol picolin/isonicotinamides molecular switches: Expectations and reality. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Plaza-Pedroche R, Fernández-Liencres MP, Jiménez-Pulido SB, Illán-Cabeza NA, Achelle S, Navarro A, Rodríguez-López J. Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer in 2-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidines: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Theoretical Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24964-24979. [PMID: 35579566 PMCID: PMC9164210 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of fluorescence materials with switched on/off emission has attracted great attention owing to the potential application of these materials in chemical sensing. In this work, the photophysical properties of a series of original 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidines were thoroughly studied. The compounds were prepared by following well-established and straightforward methodologies and showed very little or null photoluminescence both in solution and in the solid state. This absence of emission can be explained by a fast proton transfer from the OH group to the nitrogen atoms of the pyrimidine ring to yield an excited tautomer that deactivates through a nonradiative pathway. The key role of the OH group in the emission quenching was demonstrated by the preparation of 2'-unsubstituted derivatives, all of which exhibited violet or blue luminescence. Single crystals of some compounds suitable for an X-ray diffraction analysis could be obtained, which permitted us to investigate inter- and intramolecular interactions and molecular packing structures. The protonation of the pyrimidine ring by an addition of trifluoroacetic acid inhibited the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process, causing a reversible switch on fluorescence response detectable by the naked eye. This acidochromic behavior allows 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidines to be used as solid-state acid-base vapor sensors and anticounterfeiting agents. Extensive density functional theory and its time-dependent counterpart calculations at the M06-2X/6-31+G** level of theory were performed to rationalize all the experimental results and understand the impact of protonation on the different optical transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Plaza-Pedroche
- Área
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías
Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M. Paz Fernández-Liencres
- Dpto.
de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias
Experimentales, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad
de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Sonia B. Jiménez-Pulido
- Dpto.
de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Facultad de
Ciencias Experimentales, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Nuria A. Illán-Cabeza
- Dpto.
de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Facultad de
Ciencias Experimentales, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Sylvain Achelle
- Univ
Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Amparo Navarro
- Dpto.
de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias
Experimentales, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad
de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Julián Rodríguez-López
- Área
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías
Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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18
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Stoerkler T, Pariat T, Laurent AD, Jacquemin D, Ulrich G, Massue J. Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Dyes with Dual-State Emission Properties: Concept, Examples and Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082443. [PMID: 35458640 PMCID: PMC9024454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-state emissive (DSE) fluorophores are organic dyes displaying fluorescence emission both in dilute and concentrated solution and in the solid-state, as amorphous, single crystal, polycrystalline samples or thin films. This comes in contrast to the vast majority of organic fluorescent dyes which typically show intense fluorescence in solution but are quenched in concentrated media and in the solid-state owing to π-stacking interactions; a well-known phenomenon called aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). On the contrary, molecular rotors with a significant number of free rotations have been engineered to show quenched emission in solution but strong fluorescence in the aggregated-state thanks to restriction of the intramolecular motions. This is the concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE). DSE fluorophores have been far less explored despite the fact that they are at the crossroad of ACQ and AIE phenomena and allow targeting applications both in solution (bio-conjugation, sensing, imaging) and solid-state (organic electronics, data encryption, lasing, luminescent displays). Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) fluorescence is particularly suitable to engineer DSE dyes. Indeed, ESIPT fluorescence, which relies on a phototautomerism between normal and tautomeric species, is characterized by a strong emission in the solid-state along with a large Stokes’ shift, an enhanced photostability and a strong sensitivity to the close environment, a feature prone to be used in bio-sensing. A drawback that needs to be overcome is their weak emission intensity in solution, owing to detrimental molecular motions in the excited-state. Several strategies have been proposed in that regard. In the past few years, a growing number of examples of DSE-ESIPT dyes have indeed emerged in the literature, enriching the database of such attractive dyes. This review aims at a brief but concise overview on the exploitation of ESIPT luminescence for the optimization of DSE dyes properties. In that perspective, a synergistic approach between organic synthesis, fluorescence spectroscopy and ab initio calculations has proven to be an efficient tool for the construction and optimization of DSE-ESIPT fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Stoerkler
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l’Optique (COMBO), UMR CNRS 7515, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, CEDEX 02, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (T.S.); (T.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Thibault Pariat
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l’Optique (COMBO), UMR CNRS 7515, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, CEDEX 02, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (T.S.); (T.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Adèle D. Laurent
- Chimie et Interdisciplinarités: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS 6230, Nantes University, 44322 Nantes, France;
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Chimie et Interdisciplinarités: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS 6230, Nantes University, 44322 Nantes, France;
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l’Optique (COMBO), UMR CNRS 7515, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, CEDEX 02, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (T.S.); (T.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Julien Massue
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l’Optique (COMBO), UMR CNRS 7515, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, CEDEX 02, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (T.S.); (T.P.); (G.U.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (J.M.)
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19
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Jabłoński M. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding 2021. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206319. [PMID: 34684899 PMCID: PMC8539868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Undoubtedly, hydrogen bonds occupy a leading place in the rich world of intermolecular interactions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Jabłoński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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20
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Picconi D. Nonadiabatic quantum dynamics of the coherent excited state intramolecular proton transfer of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1455-1473. [PMID: 34657277 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of the enol-keto isomerization of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline (HBQ) are studied computationally using high-dimensional quantum dynamics. The simulations are based on a diabatic vibronic coupling Hamiltonian, which includes the two lowest [Formula: see text] excited states and a [Formula: see text] state, which has high energy in the Franck-Condon zone, but significantly stabilizes upon excited state intramolecular proton transfer. A procedure, applicable to large classes of excited state proton transfer reactions, is presented to parametrize this model using potential energies, forces and force constants, which, in this case, are obtained by time-dependent density functional theory. The wave packet calculations predict a time scale of 10-15 fs for the photoreaction, and reproduce the time constants and the coherent oscillations observed in time-resolved spectroscopic studies performed on HBQ. In contrast to the interpretation given to the most recent experiments, it is found that the reaction initiated by [Formula: see text] photoexcitation proceeds essentially on a single potential energy surface, and the observed coherences bear signatures of Duschinsky mode-mixing along the reaction path. The dynamics after the [Formula: see text] excitation are instead nonadiabatic, and the [Formula: see text] state plays a major role in the relaxation process. The simulations suggest a mainly active role of the proton in the isomerization, rather than a passive migration assisted by the vibrations of the benzoquinoline backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Picconi
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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21
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Pocheć M, Kułacz K, Panek JJ, Jezierska A. How Substitution Combines with Non-Covalent Interactions to Modulate 1,4-Naphthoquinone and Its Derivatives Molecular Features-Multifactor Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910357. [PMID: 34638700 PMCID: PMC8508802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substitution is well-known to modulate the physico-chemical properties of molecules. In this study, a combined, multifactor approach was employed to determine a plethora of substitution patterns using –Br and –O-H in 1,4-naphthoquinone and its derivatives. On the basis of classical Density Functional Theory (DFT), 25 models divided into three groups were developed. The first group contains 1,4-naphthoquinone and its derivatives substituted only by –Br. The second group consists of compounds substituted by –Br and one –O-H group. As a result of the substitution, an intramolecular hydrogen bond was formed. The third group also contains –Br as a substituent, but two –O-H groups were introduced and two intramolecular hydrogen bonds were established. The simulations were performed at the ωB97XD/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory. The presence of substituents influenced the electronic structure of the parent compound and its derivatives by inductive effects, but it also affected the geometry of the 2 and 3 groups, due to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding and the formation of a quasi-ring/rings. The static DFT models were applied to investigate the aromaticity changes in the fused rings based on the Harmonic Oscillator Model of Aromaticity (HOMA). The OH stretching was detected for the compounds from groups 2 and 3 and further used to find correlations with energetic parameters. The evolution of the electronic structure was analyzed using Hirshfeld atomic charges and the Substituent Active Region (cSAR) parameter. The proton reaction path was investigated to provide information on the modulation of hydrogen bridge properties by diverse substitution positions on the donor and acceptor sides. Subsequently, Car–Parrinello Molecular Dynamics (CPMD) was carried out in the double-bridged systems (group 3) to assess the cooperative effects in double –O-H-substituted systems. It was determined that the –O-H influence on the core of the molecule is more significant than that of –Br, but the latter has a major impact on the bridge dynamics. The competitive or synergic effect of two –Br substituents was found to depend on the coupling between the intramolecular hydrogen bridges. Thus, the novel mechanism of a secondary (cooperative) substituent effect was established in the double-bridged systems via DFT and CPMD results comparison, consisting of a mediation of the bromine substitutions’ influence by the cooperative proton transfer events in the hydrogen bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aneta Jezierska
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-3757-224; Fax: +48-71-3282-348
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