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Chen L, Mao W, Ren C, Li J, Zhang J. Comprehensive Insights that Targeting PIM for Cancer Therapy: Prospects and Obstacles. J Med Chem 2024; 67:38-64. [PMID: 38164076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proviral integration sitea for Moloney-murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases are a family of highly conserved serine/tyrosine kinases consisting of three members, PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3. These kinases regulate a wide range of substrates through phosphorylation and affect key cellular processes such as transcription, translation, proliferation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. Several PIM inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical trials, such as a phase I clinical trial of Uzanserti (5) for the treatment of relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that has been completed. The current focus encompasses the structural and biological characterization of PIM, ongoing research progress on small-molecule inhibitors undergoing clinical trials, and evaluation analysis of persisting challenges in this field. Additionally, the design and discovery of small-molecule inhibitors targeting PIM in recent years have been explored, with a particular emphasis on medicinal chemistry, aiming to provide valuable insights for the future development of PIM inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinqi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Urade R, Chang WT, Ko CC, Li RN, Yang HM, Chen HY, Huang LY, Chang MY, Wu CY, Chiu CC. A fluorene derivative inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by ROS-mediated apoptosis, anoikis and autophagy. Life Sci 2023; 329:121835. [PMID: 37295712 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorene was previously reported to have anticancer activity against human cancer cells. In this study, we examined the in vitro function of 9-methanesulfonylmethylene-2, 3-dimethoxy-9 H -fluorene (MSDF), a novel fluorene derivative, its anticancer potential in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and its underlying molecular mechanism. The disruption of cellular homeostasis caused by MSDF was found to promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to the activation of cellular apoptosis. As a survival strategy, cells undergo autophagy during oxidative stress. MSDF-induced apoptosis occurred through both receptor-mediated extrinsic and mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic routes. The development of acidic vesicular organelles and the accumulation of LC3-II protein suggest an increase in the autophagic process. Apoptosis was detected by double staining. The MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were indeed suppressed during treatment. Along with elevated ROS generation and apoptosis, MSDF also caused anoikis and cell death by causing cells to lose contact with their extracellular matrix. ROS production was induced by MSDF and sustained by an NAC scavenger. MSDF-induced apoptosis led to increased autophagy, as shown by the suppression of apoptosis by Z-VAD-FMK. However, inhibition of autophagy by inhibitor 3-MA increased MSDF-induced apoptosis. More evidence shows that MSDF downregulated the expression of immune checkpoint proteins, suggesting that MSDF could be used in the future as an adjuvant to improve the effectiveness of HCC immunotherapy. Altogether, our results highlight the potential of MSDF as a multitarget drug for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Urade
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chung Ko
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan717, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Nian Li
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environment Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ya Huang
- Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yang Chang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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