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Di Lorenzo R, Di Lorenzo V, Di Serio T, Marzocchi A, Ricci L, Vardaro E, Greco G, Maisto M, Grumetto L, Piccolo V, Morelli E, Laneri S. Phenylalanine Butyramide: A Butyrate Derivative as a Novel Inhibitor of Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7310. [PMID: 39000417 PMCID: PMC11242249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolites resulting from the bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers, such as short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, play important roles in maintaining gut health and regulating various biological effects in the skin. However, butyrate is underutilized due to its unpleasant odor. To circumvent this organoleptic unfavorable property, phenylalanine butyramide (PBA), a butyrate precursor, has been synthesized and is currently available on the market. We evaluated the inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by butyrate and PBA through in vitro assays, finding IC50 values of 34.7 mM and 120.3 mM, respectively. Docking calculations using a homology model of human tyrosinase identified a putative binding mode of PBA into the catalytic site. The anti-aging and anti-spot efficacy of topical PBA was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 43 women affected by photo-damage. The results of this study showed that PBA significantly improved skin conditions compared to the placebo and was well tolerated. Specifically, PBA demonstrated strong skin depigmenting activity on both UV and brown spots (UV: -12.7% and -9.9%, Bs: -20.8% and -17.7% after 15 and 30 days, respectively, p < 0.001). Moreover, PBA brightened and lightened the skin (ITA°: +12% and 13% after 15 and 30 days, respectively, p < 0.001). Finally, PBA significantly improved skin elasticity (Ua/Uf: +12.4% and +32.3% after 15 and 30 days, respectively, p < 0.001) and firmness (Uf: -3.2% and -14.9% after 15 and 30 days, respectively, p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritamaria Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lorenzo
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teresa Di Serio
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Adua Marzocchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vardaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Maisto
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piccolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Di Lorenzo R, Maisto M, Ricci L, Piccolo V, Marzocchi A, Greco G, Tenore GC, Laneri S. Annurca Apple Oleolite as Functional Ingredient for the Formulation of Cosmetics with Skin-Antiaging Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1677. [PMID: 38338954 PMCID: PMC10855134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of natural remedies for the management of the skin aging process is an increasingly growing issue. In this context, ursolic acid (UA), a ubiquitous molecule, mainly contained in Annurca apple (AA) fruit, has demonstrated valuable cosmetic potential. To this end, in the current study, the AA oleolite (AAO, extract in sunflower oil containing 784.40 ± 7.579 µg/mL of UA) was evaluated to inhibit porcine elastase enzymatic reactions through a validated spectrophotometric method. AAO has shown a valuable capacity to contrast the elastase enzyme with a calculated IC50 of 212.76 mg/mL, in comparison to UA (IC50 of 135.24 μg/mL) pure molecules and quercetin (IC50 of 72.47 μg/mL) which are used as positive controls. In this context and in view of the valuable antioxidant potential of AAO, its topical formulation with 2.5% (w/w) AAO was tested in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, two-arm clinical study on 40 volunteers. Our results indicated that after 28 days of treatment, a significant reduction of the nasolabial fold (-7.2 vs. baseline T0, p < 0.001) and forehead wrinkles (-5.3 vs. baseline T0, p < 0.001) were registered in combination with a valuable improvement of the viscoelastic skin parameters, where skin pliability/firmness (R0) and gross elasticity (R2) were significantly ameliorated (-13% vs. baseline T0, p < 0.001 for R0 and +12% vs. baseline T0, p < 0.001 for R2). Finally, considering the positive correlation between skin elasticity and hydration, the skin moisture was evaluated through the estimation of Trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritamaria Di Lorenzo
- RD Cosmetics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.D.L.); (L.R.); (G.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Maria Maisto
- ChimNutra Labs, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.M.); (G.C.T.)
| | - Lucia Ricci
- RD Cosmetics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.D.L.); (L.R.); (G.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Vincenzo Piccolo
- ChimNutra Labs, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.M.); (G.C.T.)
| | - Adua Marzocchi
- ChimNutra Labs, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.M.); (G.C.T.)
| | - Giovanni Greco
- RD Cosmetics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.D.L.); (L.R.); (G.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- ChimNutra Labs, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.M.); (G.C.T.)
| | - Sonia Laneri
- RD Cosmetics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.D.L.); (L.R.); (G.G.); (S.L.)
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Kapoor MP, Yamaguchi H, Ishida H, Mizutani Y, Timm D, Abe A. The effects of prebiotic partially hydrolyzed guar gum on skin hydration: A randomized, open-label, parallel, controlled study in healthy humans. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
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Optimization of Ursolic Acid Extraction in Oil from Annurca Apple to Obtain Oleolytes with Potential Cosmeceutical Application. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020224. [PMID: 36829781 PMCID: PMC9952326 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a plant-derived molecule with relevant anti-aging activity, which makes this molecule a potential functional active ingredient in cosmetic formulations. The main objectives of this study were to optimize the UA extraction process from Annurca apple (AA) with sunflower oil as a lyophilic food-grade solvent using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine the potential cosmetic application of the obtained extract. The results of RSM analysis showed a maximum UA yield of 784.40 ± 7.579 (μg/mL) obtained under the following optimized conditions: sunflower oil as extraction solvent, 68.85 °C as extraction temperature, and 63 h as extraction time. The HPLC-DAD-HESI-MS/MS analysis performed on the extract obtained under these conditions, named Optimized Annurca Apple Oleolyte (OAAO), led to the identification of twenty-three phenolic and terpenoid molecules and the quantification of eight of them. To explore the biological properties of OAAO, the in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, resulting in 16.63 ± 0.22, 5.90 ± 0.49, and 21.72 ± 0.68 μmol Trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively. Moreover, the permeation study has shown that OAAO may be considered a safe and functional ingredient in potential cosmetic formulations.
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Parabens Permeation through Biological Membranes: A Comparative Study Using Franz Cell Diffusion System and Biomimetic Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134263. [PMID: 35807508 PMCID: PMC9268571 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) are used as preservatives to extend the shelf life of various foodstuffs, and pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. In this work, the membrane barrier passage potential of a subset of seven parabens, i.e., methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and benzyl paraben, along with their parent compound, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, were studied. Thus, the Franz cell diffusion (FDC) method, biomimetic liquid chromatography (BLC), and in silico prediction were performed to evaluate the soundness of both describing their permeation through the skin. While BLC allowed the achievement of a full scale of affinity for membrane phospholipids of the PBs under research, the permeation of parabens through Franz diffusion cells having a carbon chain > ethyl could not be measured in a fully aqueous medium, i.e., permeation enhancer-free conditions. Our results support that BLC and in silico prediction alone can occasionally be misleading in the permeability potential assessment of these preservatives, emphasizing the need for a multi-technique and integrated experimental approach.
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Coppola S, Avagliano C, Sacchi A, Laneri S, Calignano A, Voto L, Luzzetti A, Berni Canani R. Potential Clinical Applications of the Postbiotic Butyrate in Human Skin Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:1849. [PMID: 35335213 PMCID: PMC8949901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin is the largest organ and the most external interface between the environment and the body. Vast communities of viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and mites, collectively named the skin microbiome (SM), cover the skin surface and connected structures. Skin-resident microorganisms contribute to the establishment of cutaneous homeostasis and can modulate host inflammatory responses. Imbalances in the SM structure and function (dysbiosis) are associated with several skin conditions. Therefore, novel target for the skincare field could be represented by strategies, which restore or preserve the SM natural/individual balance. Several of the beneficial effects exerted by the SM are aroused by the microbial metabolite butyrate. Since butyrate exerts a pivotal role in preserving skin health, it could be used as a postbiotic strategy for preventing or treating skin diseases. Herein, we describe and share perspectives of the potential clinical applications of therapeutic strategies using the postbiotic butyrate against human skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (L.V.); (A.L.)
- ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.S.); (S.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonia Sacchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.S.); (S.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.S.); (S.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (C.A.); (A.S.); (S.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Luana Voto
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (L.V.); (A.L.)
- ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Luzzetti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (L.V.); (A.L.)
- ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (L.V.); (A.L.)
- ImmunoNutritionLab at the CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l Research Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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