1
|
Guo Z, Fu K, Sun J, Du W, Hao Q, Hu X. Near-infrared-responsive Prussian blue nanocages loaded with 5-fluorouracil for combined chemotherapy and photothermal therapy in tumor treatment. RSC Adv 2024; 14:24942-24951. [PMID: 39131498 PMCID: PMC11310659 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04609a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS) have been proposed to improve the targeting and bioavailability of chemotherapy drugs. The approach of drug loading via physical adsorption is facile to operate; however, there exists a risk of premature leakage. Coupling the drug molecules with the carrier through chemical reactions can guarantee the stability of the drug delivery process, yet the preparation procedure is relatively intricate. In this research, a kind of Prussian blue nanocage (PB Cage) was fabricated, and the phase change material, 1-pentadecanol, was used as the gating material to solidify 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inside the nanocage. Upon irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light, the temperature of the PB Cage can rise rapidly. When the temperature exceeds 43 °C, 1-pentadecanol undergoes a solid-liquid phase transition and subsequently releases 5-FU to inhibit DNA synthesis. Meanwhile, the photothermal therapy (PTT) mediated by the PB Cage is also capable of ablating tumor cells. The NDDS constructed based on PB has achieved the precise release of 5-FU triggered by NIR light, which may avoid side effects on normal tissues. Moreover, the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy can efficaciously suppress the proliferation of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong 26000 PR China
| | - Kang Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong 26000 PR China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong 26000 PR China
| | - Wenhao Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong 26000 PR China
| | - Qisheng Hao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong 26000 PR China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong 26000 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dzindziora A, Dzienniak D, Rokita T, Wojciechowski J, Sułowski M, Nurkusheva S, Bembenek M. A Study of the Relationship between the Dynamic Viscosity and Thermodynamic Properties of Palm Oil, Hydrogenated Palm Oil, Paraffin, and Their Mixtures Enhanced with Copper and Iron Fines. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1538. [PMID: 38612052 PMCID: PMC11012790 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The article presents the results of phase transition studies in which the following substances and their mixtures were tested: 100% palm oil, 100% paraffin, 100% hydrogenated palm oil, 50% palm oil + 50% paraffin, 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil, 33% hydrogenated palm oil + 33% palm oil + 33% soft paraffin, 20% hydrogenated palm oil + 30% palm oil + 50% soft paraffin, 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil + copper, and 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil + iron. The measurements were carried out on a station for testing phase-change materials (PCMs) designed specifically for the analysis of phase changes. Viscosity values were also determined for the tested materials, and their potential impact on heat accumulation was assessed. The primary goal of the experiment was to determine some key thermodynamic parameters, including transition time, transition heat, specific heat, and dynamic viscosity at 58 °C. A one-way ANOVA test confirmed the statistical significance of minimum transition temperature, maximum transition temperature, and phase transition time, validating the reliability and utility of the results. The melting point, crucial for applications involving phase changes, was identified as an important factor. The careful selection of components allows for the customization of properties tailored to specific applications. A significant result is that the analyzed substances with higher specific heat values tend to have a higher average dynamic viscosity. The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82 indicated a strong positive association between the average dynamic viscosity and the heat of fusion of the substances examined. This suggests that changes in the heat of fusion significantly influence alterations in dynamic viscosity. Substances with higher specific heat values tend to exhibit higher average dynamic viscosity, emphasizing the direct impact of composition on viscosity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dzindziora
- Department of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| | - Damian Dzienniak
- Department of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| | - Tomasz Rokita
- Departament of Mechinery Engineering and Transport, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Wojciechowski
- Department of Power Systems and Environmental Protection Facilities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Maciej Sułowski
- Department of Physical Metallurgy and Powder Metallurgy, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Saltanat Nurkusheva
- Department of Organization of Transport, Traffic and Transport Operations, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satbaev 2, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Transport Equipment and Technologies, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Zhenis 62B, Astana 010011, Kazakhstan
| | - Michał Bembenek
- Department of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moussa K, Awad S, Krawczak P, Al Takash A, Faraj J, Khaled M. An Overview of the Non-Energetic Valorization Possibilities of Plastic Waste via Thermochemical Processes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1460. [PMID: 38611975 PMCID: PMC11012670 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The recovery and recycling/upcycling of plastics and polymer-based materials is needed in order to reduce plastic waste accumulated over decades. Mechanical recycling processes have made a great contribution to the circularity of plastic materials, contributing to 99% of recycled thermoplastics. Challenges facing this family of processes limit its outreach to 30% of plastic waste. Complementary pathways are needed to increase recycling rates. Chemical processes have the advantage of decomposing plastics into a variety of hydrocarbons that can cover a wide range of applications, such as monomers, lubricants, phase change materials, solvents, BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene), etc. The aim of the present work is to shed light on different chemical recycling pathways, with a special focus on thermochemicals. The study will cover the effects of feedstock, operating conditions, and processes used on the final products. Then, it will attempt to correlate these final products to some petrochemical feedstock being used today on a large scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Moussa
- Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, Lebanese International University, LIU, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (K.M.); (A.A.T.); (J.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Sary Awad
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, UMR CNRS 6144, 4 Rue Alfred Kastler, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Patricia Krawczak
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, University of Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 941 rue Charles Bourseul, CS 10838, F-59508 Douai, France;
| | - Ahmad Al Takash
- Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, Lebanese International University, LIU, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (K.M.); (A.A.T.); (J.F.); (M.K.)
- Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, The International University of Beirut BIU, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Jalal Faraj
- Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, Lebanese International University, LIU, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (K.M.); (A.A.T.); (J.F.); (M.K.)
- Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, The International University of Beirut BIU, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud Khaled
- Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, Lebanese International University, LIU, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (K.M.); (A.A.T.); (J.F.); (M.K.)
- Center for Sustainable Energy & Economic Development (SEED), Gulf University for Science & Technology, Hawally P.O. Box 7207, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Long Y, Cao X, Sun H, Jiao R, Zhu Z, Liang W, Li A. Recent advances and perspectives in solar photothermal conversion and storage systems: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 325:103118. [PMID: 38422724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Developing high-efficiency solar photothermal conversion and storage (SPCS) technology is significant in solving the imbalance between the supply and demand of solar energy utilization in time and space. Aiming at the current research status in the field of SPCS, this review thoroughly examines the phase change materials and substrates in SPCS systems. It elucidates the design principles and methods of SPCS integrated composites. Comparatively, it analyzes the parameters of various types of SPCS composites in terms of photothermal conversion, thermal conductivity, energy density, and cycling stability. Additionally, the review discusses the trade-offs between each parameter to achieve the most optimal effect of SPCS. By sorting out the current status of the application of SPCS technology in solar thermal/photovoltaic, aerospace, buildings, textile, and other industries, this analysis clarifies the requirements for various latent heat, phase change temperature, and other properties under different environmental conditions. Through a comprehensive discussion of SPCS technology, this paper accurately captures the development trend of efficiently and comprehensively utilizing solar energy by analyzing existing scientific problems. It identifies bottlenecks in SPCS technology and suggests future development directions that need focused attention. The insights gained from this analysis may provide a theoretical basis for designing strategies, enhancing performance, and promoting the application of SPCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Yong Long
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiaoyin Cao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Hanxue Sun
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Weidong Liang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - An Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
White MA, Kahwaji S, Noël JA. Recent advances in phase change materials for thermal energy storage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1690-1706. [PMID: 38252272 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Efficient storage of thermal energy can be greatly enhanced by the use of phase change materials (PCMs). The selection or development of a useful PCM requires careful consideration of many physical and chemical properties. In this review of our recent studies of PCMs, we show that linking the molecular structures of organic molecules to their physical properties can be used to focus attention on the most useful PCMs, including eutectic mixtures. Two of the major limitations concerning broader use of phase change materials are low thermal conductivity, especially for organic phase change materials, and suitable containment. We have addressed both issues in our recent investigations of novel form-stable composite PCMs with a freeze-cast matrix. The use of thorough experimental investigations, including cycling of materials hundreds or thousands of times through the melt-freeze processes, promotes our goals of advancing the use of PCMs for increased energy efficiency and sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne White
- Department of Chemistry and Clean Technologies Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Samer Kahwaji
- Department of Chemistry and Clean Technologies Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - John A Noël
- Department of Chemistry and Clean Technologies Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu J, Li Y, Cheng X. Investigating the Phase Transition Kinetics of 1-Octadecanol/Sorbitol Derivative/Expanded Graphite Composite Phase Change Material with Isoconversional and Multivariate Non-Linear Regression Methods. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7024. [PMID: 37959621 PMCID: PMC10647629 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic composite phase change materials (PCMs) have been extensively studied, and it is important to investigate the effect of added components on the phase change process of the organic matrix. Herein, the phase transition process of the composite PCM with 1-octadecanol (OD) as the matrix adsorbed by a network framework composed of 1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl) benzylidene sorbitol (DMDBS) and expanded graphite (EG) was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at several linear heating rates. Using isoconversional and multivariate non-linear regression methods, a two-step consecutive reaction model for the composite PCM was established, while the apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined. The reaction mechanism of the first step was altered compared to pure OD, while the activation energies significantly decreased at the initial stage of the phase transition process and increased at the later stage. Combined with microscopic morphology analysis, the main reasons were the size and nanoconfinement effect. The predictions of the composite PCM under various conditions suggested that the composite PCM had a wider available temperature range compared to pure OD. This research provided a new idea for the in-depth study of the phase transition process of organic composite PCMs, which was helpful for the evaluation of organic composite PCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 470070, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 470070, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaomin Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 470070, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.)
- School of Electromechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lv X, Cao H, Zhang R, Shen X, Wang X, Wang F. Waste Plastic Polypropylene Activated Jujube Charcoal for Preparing High-Performance Phase Change Energy Storage Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:552. [PMID: 36770513 PMCID: PMC9919484 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The research on the high-value utilization of biomass has good application prospects and is conducive to sustainable development. In this paper, three different types of activators (potassium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, and polypropylene) were used to carbonize jujube branches at high temperatures of 600 °C and 800 °C, and then the PEG/jujube charcoal composite phase change materials (PCM) were prepared by vacuum impregnation of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The results showed that the carbon support activated by polypropylene (PP) had a richer pore size distribution than the other two activation methods, and the 800 °C carbonization carrier loaded PEG had a higher phase change enthalpy than the composite material at 600 °C. The mesoporous and macroporous structures were staggered with PP-activated jujube charcoal at 800 °C, with a specific surface area of 1082.2 m²/g, the melting enthalpy of the composite material reached 114.92 J/g, and the enthalpy of solidification reached 106.15 J/g after PEG loading. The diffraction peak of the composite phase change material was the superposition of PEG and carbon matrix, which proved that the loading process was physical adsorption. After 200 thermal cycles, the melting enthalpy and crystallization enthalpy were only reduced by 4.3% and 4.1%, respectively, and they remained stable and leak-free at the melting point of PEG for 2 h, demonstrating good thermal stability of the composite phase change materials. In summary, PP has obvious advantages over traditional activation, and the carbon-supported PEG phase change composite after PP activation is a biochar energy storage material with excellent performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Lv
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in South Xinjiang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huan Cao
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in South Xinjiang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in South Xinjiang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Xuehua Shen
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in South Xinjiang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matuszek K, Kar M, Pringle JM, MacFarlane DR. Phase Change Materials for Renewable Energy Storage at Intermediate Temperatures. Chem Rev 2023; 123:491-514. [PMID: 36417460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermal energy storage technologies utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) that melt in the intermediate temperature range, between 100 and 220 °C, have the potential to mitigate the intermittency issues of wind and solar energy. This technology can take thermal or electrical energy from renewable sources and store it in the form of heat. This is of particular utility when the end use of the energy is also as heat. For this purpose, the material should have a phase change between 100 and 220 °C with a high latent heat of fusion. Although a range of PCMs are known for this temperature range, many of these materials are not practically viable for stability and safety reasons, a perspective not often clear in the primary literature. This review examines the recent development of thermal energy storage materials for application with renewables, the different material classes, their physicochemical properties, and the chemical structural origins of their advantageous thermal properties. Perspectives on further research directions needed to reach the goal of large scale, highly efficient, inexpensive, and reliable intermediate temperature thermal energy storage technologies are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Matuszek
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Mega Kar
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Pringle
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Burwood, Burwood, Victoria3125, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lv X, Shen X, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang F. Preparation of Organic-Inorganic Coupling Phase Change Materials with Enhanced Thermal Storage Performance via Emulsion Polymerization. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093373. [PMID: 35591707 PMCID: PMC9104988 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The serious phase separation in inorganic phase change materials, and easy leakage of organic phase change materials are the main obstacles to the practical batch application of phase change heat storage materials. To solve these problems, in this work, emulsion polymerization is introduced as the method for preparing organic-inorganic coupling phase change material (oic-PCM) with high heat storage performance using polyacrylamide (PAM) as the wall material and organic phase change material of cetyl alcohol as the core material, and diatomite is used as a supporting substrate to absorb inorganic sodium sulfate decahydrate (SSD). A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), dust morphology and dispersion analyzer, and thermal conductivity tester were used to characterize the prepared organic-inorganic coupled phase change materials and investigate their performance. The research results show that when the mass fraction of cetyl alcohol is 68.97%, the mass fraction of emulsifier is 3.38%, and the mass fraction of sodium sulfate decahydrate/diatomite is 3.40%. The phase change latent heat of the organic-inorganic coupled phase change material is as high as 164.13 J/g, and the thermal conductivity reaches up to 0.2061 W/(m·k), which proves that the prepared organic-inorganic coupled phase change material has good heat storage performance, showing its good application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (X.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Xuehua Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (X.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Luxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (X.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yazhou Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (X.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Materials for Solar Energy Conversion and Lithium Sodium Based Battery, Luoyang 471023, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (F.W.)
| |
Collapse
|