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Bermúdez-Bazán M, Estarrón-Espinosa M, Castillo-Herrera GA, Escobedo-Reyes A, Urias-Silvas JE, Lugo-Cervantes E, Gschaedler-Mathis A. Agave angustifolia Haw. Leaves as a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds: Extraction Optimization and Extract Characterization. Molecules 2024; 29:1137. [PMID: 38474649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Agave angustifolia Haw. are the main agro-waste generated by the mezcal industry and are becoming an important source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, that could be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the extraction and identification of these phytochemicals would revalorize these leaf by-products. Herein, maceration and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extractions were optimized to maximize the phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant capacity of vegetal extracts of A. angustifolia Haw. In the maceration process, the optimal extraction condition was a water-ethanol mixture (63:37% v/v), which yielded a total phenolic and flavonoid content of 27.92 ± 0.90 mg EAG/g DL and 12.85 ± 0.53 µg QE/g DL, respectively, and an antioxidant capacity of 32.67 ± 0.91 (ABTS assay), 17.30 ± 0.36 (DPPH assay), and 13.92 ± 0.78 (FRAP assay) µM TE/g DL. Using supercritical extraction, the optimal conditions for polyphenol recovery were 60 °C, 320 bar, and 10% v/v. It was also observed that lower proportions of cosolvent decreased the polyphenol extraction more than pressure and temperature. In both optimized extracts, a total of 29 glycosylated flavonoid derivatives were identified using LC-ESI-QTof/MS. In addition, another eight novel compounds were identified in the supercritical extracts, showing the efficiency of the cosolvent for recovering new flavonoid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misael Bermúdez-Bazán
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mirna Estarrón-Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Castillo-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Antonio Escobedo-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Av. Normalistas No. 800, Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Judith Esmeralda Urias-Silvas
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Lugo-Cervantes
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Anne Gschaedler-Mathis
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
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da Costa LTS, Fracasso JAR, Guarnier LP, de Brito GR, Fumis DB, de Camargo Bittencourt RA, Guiotti AM, de Barros Barbosa D, Camargo ICC, de Souza EB, de Oliva Neto P, dos Santos L. Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Agave sisalana Extract Derived from Agroindustrial Residue. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1523. [PMID: 37050149 PMCID: PMC10096503 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In several countries, the leaf juice of Agave sisalana (also known as sisal) is widely used topically, especially as an antiseptic, and orally for the treatment of different pathologies. However, in Brazil, which is the largest producer of Agave sisalana, its residue, which represents the majority of its weight, has been thrown away. For this reason, the determination of the pharmacological and toxicological potentials of sisal residue and its possible therapeutic use is seen as a way to contribute to the sustainable development and social promotion of the largest producer of sisal in Brazil, the interior of Bahia State, which is among the poorest areas in the country. Given the scarcity of available scientific studies on the pharmacological and toxicological properties of sisal residue juice, this study aimed to promote the acid hydrolysis of this juice to potentiate the anti-inflammatory effect already described in the literature. Furthermore, it aimed to evaluate the toxicological profile of the hydrolyzed extract (EAH) and to determine its acute toxicity, as well as its side effects on the reproductive aspects of rats. METHOD The anti-inflammatory effect of EAH was evaluated in vitro using the induction of hemolysis by hypotonic solution and in vivo in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test and the xylene-induced ear edema test. The acute toxicity, resulting from a single-dose administration, was investigated for some manifestation of toxic symptoms related to motor control and consciousness in rats. At a concentration of 100 mg/kg, by repeated doses, the reproductive toxicity effects of EAH in rats were assessed. RESULTS In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was positive using the human red blood cell membrane stabilization method. In both in vivo tests used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity, EAH (at three doses) significantly inhibited edema when compared to the control group. At a dose of 50 mg/kg, EAH exhibited a greater effect than indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with known activity. In vivo toxicological studies have shown that EAH does not present toxic effects when administered orally in a single dose, up to 1000 mg/kg. Finally, EAH promoted a gonadotoxic effect and increased the embryonic mortality rate after implantation. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that the anti-edematogenic effect of the acid hydrolysis extract from sisal juice is due to the high concentration of steroidal sapogenins. Therefore, this extract can be considered a potential new anti-inflammatory or even an important sapogenin source for the development of steroidal glucocorticoids. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the chemical composition of sisal juice. Regarding toxicology studies, EAH did not show cytotoxic and clastogenic potentials, but it presented a powerful reproductive toxic effect in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Taynara Silvério da Costa
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Amanda Rodrigues Fracasso
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pires Guarnier
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Reis de Brito
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Baldini Fumis
- Departament of Materials Science and Technology, Bauru School of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aimée Maria Guiotti
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16066-840, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora de Barros Barbosa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16066-840, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Cherici Camargo
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Edislane Barreiros de Souza
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Oliva Neto
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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Martinez-Rodriguez A, Beltran-Garcia C, Valdez-Salas B, Santacruz-Ruvalcaba F, Di Mascio P, Beltran-Garcia MJ. Micropropagation of Seed-Derived Clonal Lines of the Endangered Agave marmorata Roezl and Their Compatibility with Endophytes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101423. [PMID: 36290326 PMCID: PMC9598202 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The wild Agave marmorata Roezl has been classified as an endangered species. Extracting these plants from the forest for commercial purposes and long maturation periods of close to 30 years have contributed to their loss. A. marmorata interacts with pollinators and other Agaves species to maintain genetic variability. Thus, the conservation and restoration of the agave ecosystem is an ecological challenge. Typically, agave micropropagation use meristem or leaves as explants to rapidly produce uniform agave plants in age and size on a large scale leading to homogeneous plantations. However, introducing these clones to the field reduces genetic variability. This study evaluated in vitro micropropagation of A. marmorata from seeds to generate clonal lines. The selected seedlings exhibited variations in multiplication capacity and stable tissue formation. Variations in clonal lines could be exploited to produce high-quality plants with different capacities, such as faster propagation, enhanced stress adaptation, and continued growth under nutrient limitation conditions, consequently maintaining genetic variability. Furthermore, some clonal lines were inoculated with four endophytic bacteria to identify other differences among these plants, including endophyte-host compatibility. Variable responses to inoculation were observed among clonal lines. We found that Achromobacter xylosoxidans was compatible, unlike Enterobacter cloacae which caused plant death. Abstract A. marmorata is the raw material used for tepextate mescal production but is classified as an endangered species. In the present study, we obtain and multiply clonal lines of Agave marmorata Roezl by selecting seedlings derived from seeds. Ten seedlings from two lots of 400 germinated seeds were selected for axillary bud proliferation induced by BAP 5 mg/L in vitamin-free Murashige and Skoog’s medium. Differences in shoot numbers, heights and senescent tissue formation were observed. Notably, the AM32 line formed 84 shoots and presented low senescent tissue after 60 d of culture. We also selected the AM31 and AM33 clonal lines. Four-month shoots were extracted with 80% methanol in water to determine the total content of saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids and compare the three clonal lines. Some bioactive molecules were identified using HPLC techniques and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry none showed significant differences in content. Additionally, plants derived from the clonal lines were inoculated with four endophytic bacteria. Among these, Achromobacter xylosoxidans supported plant growth of AM32. A notable effect of plant death was observed after inoculation with Enterobacter cloacae, an endophyte of A. tequilana. Additionally, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an endophyte from A. marmorata, reduced biomass. Our results demonstrate the incompatibility of A. marmorata to E. cloacae and specialization between the host plant and its endophytes. The compatibility of the plant-endophyte could be exploited to boost the establishment and stability of mutualisms to benefit plant development, stress tolerance and pathogen resistance. The differences in multiplication capacity, stable tissue formation, and endophyte biotization responses may indicate genetic variability. Clonal selection and micropropagation from seed-derived plants could contribute to conserving the endangered A. marmorata plant for reforestation in their natural habitats, thus, assuring mass propagation for sustainable industrial production of mescal, bioactive compounds, and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- America Martinez-Rodriguez
- Engineering Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
- Lab 309-E Building, Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Celia Beltran-Garcia
- Lab 309-E Building, Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Valdez-Salas
- Engineering Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Fernando Santacruz-Ruvalcaba
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45110, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departament of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (P.D.M.); (M.J.B.-G.)
| | - Miguel J. Beltran-Garcia
- Lab 309-E Building, Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnologicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: (P.D.M.); (M.J.B.-G.)
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Herrera-Ruiz M, Jiménez-Ferrer E, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A, Cardoso-Taketa A, Arenas-Ocampo ML, Jiménez-Aparicio AR, Monterrosas-Brisson N. Potential Use of Agave Genus in Neuroinflammation Management. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172208. [PMID: 36079590 PMCID: PMC9460694 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agavaceae contains about 480 species, commonly used in the production of alcoholic beverages such as tequila and mezcal, making it a resource of economic and cultural importance. Uses of this plant rely mainly on the stem; other components such as the leaves are discarded, generating agro-industrial waste, despite being a source of bioactive and nutraceutical products. Reports show anti-inflammatory and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of these species, with flavonoids and saponins being mainly responsible. Neuroinflammation is a brain process that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders and its effects contribute greatly to mortality and morbidity worldwide. This can be triggered by mechanisms such as glial reactions that lead to the release of inflammatory and oxidative molecules, causing damage to the CNS. Treatments do not cure chronic disease associated with inflammation; they only slow its progression, producing side effects that affect quality of life. Plant-based therapy is promising for treating these diseases. Pharmacological activities have been described for the Agavaceae family; however, their role in neuroinflammation has not been fully investigated, and represents an important target for study. This review synthesizes the existing literature on the biologically active compounds of Agave species that are related in some way to inflammation, which will allow us to propose a line of research with this genus on the forefront to orient experimental designs for treating neuroinflammation and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec 62740, Mexico
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec 62740, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec 62740, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec 62740, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Martha Lucía Arenas-Ocampo
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Yautepec 62739, Mexico
| | | | - Nayeli Monterrosas-Brisson
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Looking inside Mexican Traditional Food as Sources of Synbiotics for Developing Novel Functional Products. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, emerging alimentary alternatives are growing, leading to the consumption of natural products including bio, fermented, and traditional foods. The studies over functional properties of food matrices and their derived compounds have resulted in the development of new functional alimentary items. However, most of the population still has limited access to, and information about, suitable foods. Analyzing traditional fermented products, we found fermented food matrices containing beneficial bacteria, with the possibility of exerting effects on different substrates enhancing the bioavailability of short-chain fatty acids (SFCAs), antioxidants, among other food-derived products. Maize (Zea mays L.), agave varieties, nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica), and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were key foods for the agricultural and nutritional development of Mesoamerica. We believe that the traditional Mexican diet has relevant ingredients with these functionalities and their association will allow us to develop functional food suitable for each population and their current needs. In this review, the functional properties of maize, agave, nopal, and frijol are detailed, and the functional food innovation and development opportunities for these food matrices are analyzed, which may be an important precedent for future basic and applied research.
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