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Benson S, Kiang A, Lochenie C, Lal N, Mohanan SMPC, Williams GOS, Dhaliwal K, Mills B, Vendrell M. Environmentally sensitive photosensitizers enable targeted photodynamic ablation of Gram-positive antibiotic resistant bacteria. Theranostics 2023; 13:3814-3825. [PMID: 37441588 PMCID: PMC10334829 DOI: 10.7150/thno.84187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections remain among the biggest challenges to human health, leading to high antibiotic usage, morbidity, hospitalizations, and accounting for approximately 8 million deaths worldwide every year. The overuse of antibiotics and paucity of antimicrobial innovation has led to antimicrobial resistant pathogens that threaten to reverse key advances of modern medicine. Photodynamic therapeutics can kill bacteria but there are few agents that can ablate pathogens with minimal off-target effects. Methods: We describe nitrobenzoselenadiazoles as some of the first environmentally sensitive organic photosensitizers, and their adaptation to produce theranostics with optical detection and light-controlled antimicrobial activity. We combined nitrobenzoselenadiazoles with bacteria-targeting moieties (i.e., glucose-6-phosphate, amoxicillin, vancomycin) producing environmentally sensitive photodynamic agents. Results: The labelled vancomycin conjugate was able to both visualize and eradicate multidrug resistant Gram-positive ESKAPE pathogens at nanomolar concentrations, including clinical isolates and those that form biofilms. Conclusion: Nitrobenzoselenadiazole conjugates are easily synthesized and display strong environment dependent ROS production. Due to their small size and non-invasive character, they unobtrusively label antimicrobial targeting moieties. We envisage that the simplicity and modularity of this chemical strategy will accelerate the rational design of new antimicrobial therapies for refractory bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Benson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alex Kiang
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Charles Lochenie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Navita Lal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Gareth O. S. Williams
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bethany Mills
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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Mansuri S, Mukherjee T, Kanvah S. Fluorescent sterol probes for intracellular transport, imaging, and therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 71:102222. [PMID: 36219959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sterols play a significant role in many physiological processes affecting membrane organization, transport, permeability, and signal transduction. The development of fluorescent sterol analogs that have immediate functional relevance to the natural biomolecules is one approach to understanding the sterol-driven physiological processes. Visualizing cellular compartments with tailor-made fluorescent molecules through specific labeling methods enables organelle targeting and reveals dynamic information. In this review, we focus on the recent literature published between 2020 and 2022, with particular emphasis on extrinsic fluorophores and their investigations of sterol-driven biological processes involving sterol transport, biomolecular interactions, and biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mansuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
| | - Tarushyam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
| | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India.
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