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Groomes PV, Paul AS, Duraisingh MT. Inhibition of malaria and babesiosis parasites by putative red blood cell targeting small molecules. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1304839. [PMID: 38572319 PMCID: PMC10988762 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1304839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapies for malaria and babesiosis frequently succumb to the emergence of pathogen-related drug-resistance. Host-targeted therapies are thought to be less susceptible to resistance but are seldom considered for treatment of these diseases. Methods Our overall objective was to systematically assess small molecules for host cell-targeting activity to restrict proliferation of intracellular parasites. We carried out a literature survey to identify small molecules annotated for host factors implicated in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Alongside P. falciparum, we implemented in vitro parasite susceptibility assays also in the zoonotic parasite Plasmodium knowlesi and the veterinary parasite Babesia divergens. We additionally carried out assays to test directly for action on RBCs apart from the parasites. To distinguish specific host-targeting antiparasitic activity from erythrotoxicity, we measured phosphatidylserine exposure and hemolysis stimulated by small molecules in uninfected RBCs. Results We identified diverse RBC target-annotated inhibitors with Plasmodium-specific, Babesia-specific, and broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity. The anticancer MEK-targeting drug trametinib is shown here to act with submicromolar activity to block proliferation of Plasmodium spp. in RBCs. Some inhibitors exhibit antimalarial activity with transient exposure to RBCs prior to infection with parasites, providing evidence for host-targeting activity distinct from direct inhibition of the parasite. Conclusions We report here characterization of small molecules for antiproliferative and host cell-targeting activity for malaria and babesiosis parasites. This resource is relevant for assessment of physiological RBC-parasite interactions and may inform drug development and repurposing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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El-Sayed SAES, El-Alfy ES, Baghdadi HB, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Alqahtani SS, Alam N, Ahmad S, Ali MS, Igarashi I, Rizk MA. Antiparasitic activity of FLLL-32 against four Babesia species, B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens and B. caballi, and one Theileria species, Theileria equi in vitro, and Babesia microti in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1278451. [PMID: 38027032 PMCID: PMC10651744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1278451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: FLLL-32, a synthetic analog of curcumin, is a potent inhibitor of STAT3's constitutive activation in a variety of cancer cells, and its anticancer properties have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. It is also suggested that it might have other pharmacological activities including activity against different parasites. Aim: This study therefore investigated the in vitro antiparasitic activity of FLLL-32 against four pathogenic Babesia species, B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, and B. caballi, and one Theileria species, Theileria equi. In vivo anti-Babesia microti activity of FLLL-32 was also evaluated in mice. Methods: The FLLL-32, in the growth inhibition assay with a concentration range (0.005-50 μM), was tested for it's activity against these pathogens. The reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay was used to evaluate the possible effects of FLLL-32 treatment on the mRNA transcription of the target B. bovis genes including S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and histone deacetylase. Results: The in vitro growth of B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and T. equi was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (in all cases, p < 0.05). FLLL-32 exhibits the highest inhibitory effects on B. bovis growth in vitro, and it's IC50 value against this species was 9.57 μM. The RT-PCR results showed that FLLL-32 inhibited the transcription of the B. bovis S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase gene. In vivo, the FLLL-32 showed significant inhibition (p < 0.05) of B. microti parasitemia in infected mice with results comparable to that of diminazene aceturate. Parasitemia level in B. microti-infected mice treated with FLLL-32 from day 12 post infection (pi) was reduced to reach zero level at day 16 pi when compared to the infected non-treated mice. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the antibabesial properties of FLLL-32 and suggested it's usage in the treatment of babesiosis especially when utilized in combination therapy with other antibabesial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed El-Alfy
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanadi B. Baghdadi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Igarashi I. Diminazene aceturate and imidocarb dipropionate-based combination therapy for babesiosis – A new paradigm. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102145. [PMID: 37011497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of a combination therapy consisting of diminazene aceturate (DA) and imidocarb dipropionate (ID) on the in vitro growth of several parasitic piroplasmids, and on Babesia microti in BALB/c mice was evaluated using a fluorescence-based SYBR Green I test. We evaluated the structural similarities between the regularly used antibabesial medications, DA and ID, and the recently found antibabesial drugs, pyronaridine tetraphosphate, atovaquone, and clofazimine, using atom pair fingerprints (APfp). The Chou-Talalay approach was used to determine the interactions between the two drugs. A Celltac MEK-6450 computerized hematology analyzer was used to detect hemolytic anemia every 96 hours in mice infected with B. microti and in those treated with either mono- or combination therapy. According to the APfp results, DA and ID have the most structural similarities (MSS). DA and ID had synergistic and additive interactions against the in vitro growth of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, respectively. Low dosages of DA (6.25 mg kg-1) and ID (8.5 mg kg-1) in conjunction with each other inhibited B. microti growth by 16.5 %, 32 %, and 4.5 % more than 25 mg kg-1 DA, 6.25 mg kg-1 DA, and 8.5 mg kg-1 ID monotherapies, respectively. In the blood, kidney, heart, and lung tissues of mice treated with DA/ID, the B. microti small subunit rRNA gene was not detected. The obtained findings suggest that DA/ID could be a promising combination therapy for treating bovine babesiosis. Also, such combination may overcome the potential problems of Babesia resistance and host toxicity induced by utilizing full doses of DA and ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Igarashi I. In vivo activity and atom pair fingerprint analysis of MMV665941 against the apicomplexan parasite Babesia microti, the causative agent of babesiosis in humans and rodents. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:315-321. [PMID: 36172647 PMCID: PMC10081058 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2128571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of MMV665941 on the growth of Babesia microti (B. microti) in mice, was investigated in this study using a fluorescence-based SYBR Green I test. Using atom Pair signatures, we investigated the structural similarity between MMV665941 and the commonly used antibabesial medicines diminazene aceturate (DA), imidocarb dipropionate (ID), or atovaquone (AV). In vitro cultures of Babesia bovis (B. bovis) and, Theileria equi (T. equi) were utilized to determine the MMV665941 and AV interaction using combination ratios ranged from 0.75 IC50 MMV665941:0.75 IC50 AV to 0.50 IC50 MMV665941:0.50 IC50 AV. The used combinations were prepared depending on the IC50 of each drug against the in vitro growth of the tested parasite. Every 96 h, the hemolytic anemia in the treated mice was monitored using a Celltac MEK-6450 computerized hematology analyzer. A single dose of 5 mg/kg MMV665941 exhibited inhibition in the B. microti growth from day 4 post-inoculation (p.i.) till day 12 p.i. MMV665941 caused 62.10%, 49.88%, and 74.23% inhibitions in parasite growth at days 4, 6 and 8 p.i., respectively. Of note, 5 mg/kg MMV665941 resulted in quick recovery of hemolytic anemia caused by babesiosis. The atom pair fingerprint (APfp) analysis revealed that MMV665941 and atovaquone (AV) showed maximum structural similarity. Of note, high concentrations (0.75 IC50) of MMV665941 and AV caused synergistic inhibition on B. bovis growth. These findings suggest that MMV665941 might be a promising drug for babesiosis treatment, particularly when combined with the commonly used antibabesial drug, AV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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In Vitro Inhibitory Effects and Bioinformatic Analysis of Norfloxacin and Ofloxacin on Piroplasm. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:213-222. [PMID: 36539677 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The in vitro inhibitory effect of two fluroquinolone antibiotics, norfloxacin and ofloxacin, was evaluated in this study on the growth of several Babesia and Theileria parasites with highlighting the bioinformatic analysis for both drugs with the commonly used antibabesial drug, diminazene aceturate (DA), and the recently identified antibabesial drugs, luteolin, and pyronaridine tetraphosphate (PYR). METHODS The antipiroplasm efficacy of screened fluroquinolones in vitro and in vivo was assessed using a fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Using atom Pair signatures, we investigated the structural similarity between fluroquinolones and the antibabesial drugs. RESULTS Both fluroquinolones significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) the in vitro growths of Babesia bovis (B. bovis), B. bigemina, B. caballi, and Theileria equi (T. equi) in a dose-dependent manner. The best inhibitory effect for both drugs was observed on the growth of T. equi. Atom Pair fingerprints (APfp) results and AP Tanimoto values revealed that both fluroquinolones, norfloxacin with luteolin, and ofloxacin with PYR, showed the maximum structural similarity (MSS). Two drug interactions findings confirmed the synergetic interaction between these combination therapies against the in vitro growth of B. bovis and T. equi. CONCLUSION This study helped in discovery novel potent antibabesial combination therapies consist of norfloxacin/ofloxacin, norfloxacin/luteolin, and ofloxacin/PYR.
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, El-Alfy ES, Igarashi I. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine: a Highly Potent Therapeutic Agent Clears Piroplasm Infection In Vitro. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:249-256. [PMID: 36637693 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The imidazo[1,2-a] pyridines have huge applications in medicinal chemistry with potent activity against wide spectrum of infectious agents. The efficacy of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine on the in vitro growth of different piroplasms, including Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and Theileria equi, was investigated in this study. METHODS The anti-piroplasm efficacy of imidazo[1,2-a] pyridines was assessed using a fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Furthermore, efficacy of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine against piroplasms following discontinuation of treatment was also assessed using a viability assay. In vitro cultures of B. bovis and T. equi were used to assess the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and diminazene aceturate (DA) interaction. RESULTS In vitro, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine inhibited the growth of B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. caballi, and T. equi in a dose-dependent manner. The highest inhibitory effects of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine were detected on the growth of B. caballi with IC50 value of 0.47 ± 0.07. Interestingly, the efficacy of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine was higher against B. bigemina (IC50: 1.37 ± 0.15) compared to the positive-control DA (IC50: 2.29 ± 0.06). The viability test findings indicate that imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine had a long-lasting inhibitory effect on bovine Babesia parasites in vitro growth up to 4 days after treatment. Notably, when coupled with DA at 0.75 or 0.50 IC50, a high concentration (0.75 IC50) of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine produced additive suppression of B. bovis growth which suggest that imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine/DA could be a promising combination therapy for the treatment of B. bovis. CONCLUSION The obtained encouraging findings pave the way for in vitro and in vivo efficacy trials of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives against several piroplasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - El-Sayed El-Alfy
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Zhou M, Xie J, Kawase O, Nishikawa Y, Ji S, Zhu S, Cao S, Xuan X. Characterization of anti-erythrocyte and anti-platelet antibodies in hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia induced by Plasmodium spp. and Babesiaspp. infection in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1143138. [PMID: 37124034 PMCID: PMC10140361 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1143138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria and Babesiosis are acute zoonotic disease that caused by infection with the parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. Severe anemia and thrombocytopenia are the most common hematological complication of malaria and babesiosis. However, the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated, and only a few researches focus on the possible role of anti-erythrocyte and anti-platelet antibodies. Methods In this study, the Plasmodium yoelii, P. chabaudi, Babesia microti and B. rodhaini infected SCID and ICR mice. The parasitemia, survival rate, platelet count, anti-platelet antibodies, and the level of IFN-γ and interleukin (IL) -10 was tested after infection. Furthermore, the P. yoelii, P. chabaudi, B. rodhaini and B. microti infected ICR mice were treated with artesunate and diminaze, the development of the anti-erythrocyte and anti-platelet antibodies in chronic stage were examined. At last, the murine red blood cell and platelet membrane proteins probed with auto-antibodies induced by P. yoelii, P. chabaudi, B. rodhaini, and B. microti infection were characterized by proteomic analysis. Results and discussion The high anti-platelet and anti-erythrocyte antibodies were detected in ICR mice after P. yoelii, P. chabaudi, B. rodhaini, and B. microti infection. Actin of murine erythrocyte and platelet is a common auto-antigen in Plasmodium and Babesia spp. infected mice. Our findings indicate that anti-erythrocyte and anti-platelet autoantibodies contribute to thrombocytopenia and anemia associated with Plasmodium spp. and Babesia spp. infection. This study will help to understand the mechanisms of malaria and babesiosis-related thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Osamu Kawase
- Department of Biology, Premedical Sciences, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Shinuo Cao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shinuo Cao, ; Xuenan Xuan,
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shinuo Cao, ; Xuenan Xuan,
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Pomegranate ( Punica granatum) Peel Inhibits the In Vitro and In Vivo Growth of Piroplasm Parasites. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:8574541. [PMID: 35774222 PMCID: PMC9237696 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8574541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel has seen a rapid surge in attention as a medical and nutritional product over the last decade. The impact of pomegranate peel methanolic extract monotherapy and combination therapy on the in vitro growth of Babesia (B.) bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and Theileria (T.) equi, as well as B. microti in mice, was investigated in this work. Fluorescence-based SYBR green I assay was used for evaluating the inhibitory antibabesial efficacy of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel against the growth of several piroplasm parasites in vitro and in vivo. Celltac α MEK-6450 computerized haematology analyzer was used for monitoring the haematological parameters of treated mice every 4 days. Pomegranate peel inhibited the in vitro growth of B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, T. equi, and B. caballi in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 154.45 ± 23.11, 40.90 ± 9.35, 72.71 ± 14.77, 100 ± 16.20, and 77.27 ± 16.94 μg/ml, respectively. On a B. bovis culture, the in vitro inhibitory effect of pomegranate peel was amplified when it was combined with diminazene aceturate (DA). Combination therapy of pomegranate peel and a low dose of DA (15 mg kg−1) inhibited B. microti growth significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the treatment with the full dose of DA (25 mg kg−1) in B. microti-infected mice. These findings suggest that pomegranate peel might be a potential medicinal plant for babesiosis treatment, especially when combined with a low dosage of DA.
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Igarashi I. Ascorbic acid co-administration with a low dose of diminazene aceturate inhibits the in vitro growth of Theileria equi, and the in vivo growth of Babesia microti. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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