Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Paracetamol in Commercial Formulations Using Greener Normal-Phase and Reversed-Phase HPTLC Methods: A Contrast of Validation Parameters

Eco-Friendly High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method for the Determination of Tenoxicam in Commercial Formulations

There is a dearth of information in the literature regarding environmentally benign high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods to determine tenoxicam (TNX). Therefore, designing and validating an HPTLC method to detect TNX in commercial tablets and capsules was the goal of this investigation. The green mobile phase utilized was the combination of ethanol/water/ammonia solution (50:45:5 v/v/v). The TNX was quantified at a wavelength of 375 nm. The proposed method's greenness profile was established using the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) approach. The proposed methodology for determining TNX was linear in the range of 25-1400 ng/band. The proposed methodology for measuring TNX was accurate (% recoveries = 98.24-101.48), precise (% RSD = 0.87-1.02), robust (% RSD = 0.87-0.94), sensitive (LOD = 0.98 ng/band and LOQ = 2.94 ng/band), and environmentally friendly. The AGREE scale for the present methodology was derived to be 0.75, indicating an outstanding greenness profile. TNX was found to be highly stable under acidic, base, and thermal stress conditions. However, it completely decomposed under oxidative stress conditions. Commercial tablets and capsules were found to have 98.46 and 101.24% TNX, respectively. This finding supports the validity of the current methodology for measuring TNX in commercial formulations. The outcomes of this work showed that the proposed eco-friendly HPTLC methodology can be used for the routine analysis of TNX in commercial formulations.

A Rapid and Sensitive Stability-Indicating Eco-Friendly HPTLC Assay for Fluorescence Detection of Ergotamine

Eco-friendly liquid chromatographic methods for measuring ergotamine (EGT) are scant in the published database. Accordingly, the goal of the current study was to develop a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for fluorescence detection of EGT in commercially available tablets. This approach was based on the application of ethyl alcohol-water (80:20 v/v) as the eco-friendly eluent mixture. The fluorescence detection of EGT was carried out at 322 nm. The greenness score of the present approach was evaluated by "Analytical GREENness (AGREE)" technology. The present approach for measuring EGT in the 25-1000 ng band^-1 range was linear. The present assay for fluorescence detection of EGT was validated successfully by ICH guidelines for various parameters. The method was found to be rapid, sensitive, eco-friendly, and stability-indicating. The computed AGREE index for the current strategy was 0.84, displaying outstanding greenness features. The present methodology successfully separated the EGT degradation products under forced-degradation circumstances, exhibiting its stability-indicating qualities and selectivity. An amount of 99.33% of EGT was found in commercial formulations, indicating the validity of the current method for pharmaceutical analysis of EGT in commercial products. The results showed that EGT in commercial products might be regularly measured by the existing method.

Enhanced fluorimetric detection of diphenylpyraline HCl using micelle and cyclodextrin mediated approach: Spectrofluorimetric and micellar liquid chromatographic application for either single or combined formulation with caffeine and paracetamol

Highly sensitive micellar spectrofluorimetric method (Method I) has been developed and validated for the determination of diphenylpyraline HCl in pharmaceutical tablets and in plasma. Sodium dodecyl sulfate improves the intensity of fluorescence of diphenylpyraline at 286 nm at pH 5 that allow its determination in plasma at nano-level. the mean percent recovery ± S.D was 99.719 ± 0.338 in plasma. In addition, Green cyclodextrin-modified micellar liquid chromatographic method (Method II) has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of diphenylpyraline, paracetamol and caffeine using cyclodextrin micellar mobile phase consisted of 30 mM Brij*35, 0.5 mM hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin and phosphate buffer pH 4: MeOH (95:5, %v/v) that allows their simultaneous determination with enhanced spectrofluorimetric detection of diphenylpyraline. Method II was effectively applied for the simultaneous determination of diphenylpyraline, paracetamol and caffeine in a ternary laboratory prepared mixture which contained all possible excipients with mean percent recoveries ± S.D of 100.176 ± 1.008, 101.166 ± 0.415 and 100.708 ± 1.836, respectively. Linearity range for Method I was 0.1-1 μg. mL^-1 for diphenylpyraline and for Method II was 0.3-50, 25-350, and 0.5-50 for caffeine, paracetamol and diphenylpyraline, respectively. Method I was also applied in spiked human plasma with linearity range 0.2-0.5 μg. mL^-1. The methods are verified to have excellent greenness.

A Validated, Stability-Indicating, Eco-Friendly HPTLC Method for the Determination of Cinnarizine

The eco-friendly high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) approaches for measuring cinnarizine (CIN) are scant in reported databases. As a result, the current work has developed and validated an eco-friendly HPTLC technique for assessing CIN in commercial formulations. The proposed approach was based the use of ethyl alcohol-water (90:10 v/v) as the eco-friendly mobile phase. A wavelength of 197 nm was used to detect CIN. The greenness score of the current approach was measured using the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) approach. The current approach was linear for CIN measurement in 50–800 ng band−1 range. The current approach for CIN measurement was validated successfully using ICH guidelines and was found to be linear, accurate (% recovery = 99.07–101.29%), precise (% CV = 0.80–0.95%), robust, sensitive (LOD = 16.81 ng band−1 and LOQ = 50.43 ng band−1), specific, selective, stability-indicating, and eco-friendly. The AGREE score for the current approach was calculated to be 0.80, showing an excellent greenness characteristic of the present approach. Under forced degradation conditions, the current approach was successful in separating the CIN degradation product, demonstrating the stability-indicating qualities/selectivity of the present approach. The % assay of CIN in commercial tablet brands A and B was found to be 98.64 and 101.22%, respectively, suggesting the reliability of the present approach in the pharmaceutical analysis of CIN in commercial dosage forms. The obtained findings indicated that CIN in commercial formulations could be routinely determined using the current approach.

Metabolite Profiling of Premium Civet Luwak Bio-Transformed Coffee Compared with Conventional Coffee Types, as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

Luwak (civet) coffee is one of the most precious and exotic coffee commodities in the world. It has garnered an increasing reputation as the rarest and most expensive coffee, with an annual production. Many targeted analytical techniques have been reported for the discrimination of specialty coffee commodities, such as Luwak coffee, from other ordinary coffee. This study presents the first comparative metabolomics approach for Luwak coffee analysis compared to other coffee products, targeting secondary and aroma metabolites using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography (GC), or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Chemometric modeling of these datasets showed significant classification among all samples and aided in identifying potential novel markers for Luwak coffee from other coffee samples. Markers have indicated that C. arabica was the source of Luwak coffee, with several new markers being identified, including kahweol, chlorogenic acid lactones, and elaidic acid. Aroma profiling using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with GC/MS revealed higher levels of guaiacol derivatives, pyrazines, and furans in roasted Luwak coffee compared with roasted C. arabica. Quantification of the major metabolites was attempted using NMR for Luwak coffee to enable future standardization. Lower levels of alkaloids (caffeine 2.85 µg/mg, trigonelline 0.14 µg/mg, and xanthine 0.03 µg/mg) were detected, compared with C. arabica. Other metabolites that were quantified in civet coffee included kahweol and difurfuryl ether at 1.37 and 0.15 µg/mg, respectively.

Simultaneous Detection of Chlorzoxazone and Paracetamol Using a Greener Reverse-Phase HPTLC-UV Method

In the literature, greener/eco-friendly analytical techniques for simultaneous estimation of chlorzoxazone (CZN) and paracetamol (PCT) are scarce. As a consequence, greener reverse-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography with ultraviolet (HPTLC-UV) detection was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of CZN and PCT in commercial capsules and tablets. The greenness of the proposed HPTLC-UV technique was assessed quantitatively by utilizing the “Analytical GREENness (AGREE)” methodology. For simultaneous estimation of CZN and PCT, the greener HPTLC-UV technique was linear in the 40–1600 ng band−1 and 30–1600 ng band−1 ranges, respectively. Furthermore, the suggested HPTLC-UV methodology proved sensitive, accurate, precise, and robust for simultaneous detection of CZN and PCT. The assay of CZN in marketed capsules and tablets was found to be 99.01 ± 1.53 and 100.87 ± 1.61%, respectively, using the suggested HPTLC-UV method. The assay of PCT in commercial capsules and tablets was found to be 98.31 ± 1.38 and 101.21 ± 1.67%, respectively. The AGREE index for the greener HPTLC-UV technique was found to be 0.79, suggesting an excellent greenness profile for the proposed HPTLC-UV technique. These results and data suggested the suitability of the greener HPTLC-UV methodology for simultaneous estimation of CZN and PCT in commercial formulations.

Comparison of Validation Parameters for the Determination of Vitamin D3 in Commercial Pharmaceutical Products Using Traditional and Greener HPTLC Methods

Several analytical methods are documented for the estimation of vitamin D3 (VD3) in pharmaceuticals, food supplements, nutritional supplements, and biological samples. However, greener analytical methods for VD3 analysis are scarce in the literature. As a consequence, attempts were made to design and validate a greener “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” method for VD3 estimation in commercial pharmaceutical products, as compared to the traditional HPTLC method. The greenness indices of both approaches were predicted by utilizing the “Analytical GREENness (AGREE)” method. Both traditional and greener analytical methods were linear for VD3 estimation in the 50–600 ng band−1 and 25–1200 ng band−1 ranges, respectively. The greener HPTLC strategy outperformed the traditional HPTLC strategy for VD3 estimation in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. For VD3 estimation in commercial tablets A–D, the greener analytical strategy was better in terms of VD3 assay over the traditional analytical strategy. The AGREE index of the traditional and greener analytical strategies was estimated to be 0.47 and 0.87, respectively. The AGREE analytical outcomes suggested that the greener analytical strategy had a superior greener profile to the traditional analytical strategy. The greener HPTLC strategy was regarded as superior to the traditional HPTLC methodology based on a variety of validation factors and pharmaceutical assays.

Determination of Colchicine in Pharmaceutical Formulations, Traditional Extracts, and Ultrasonication-Based Extracts of Colchicum autumnale Pleniflorum (L.) Using Regular and Greener HPTLC Approaches: A Comparative Evaluation of Validation Parameters

In the literature, there is a scarcity of greener analytical approaches for colchicine (CLH) analysis. As a result, efforts were made in this study to develop and validate a greener reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique for CLH analysis in traditional extracts (TE) and ultrasonication-based extracts (UBE) of commercial Unani formulations, commercial allopathic formulations, and Colchicum autumnale Pleniflorum (L.) obtained from Egypt and India. This new technique was compared to the regular normal-phase HPTLC method. The greenness profile of both methods was estimated using the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) approach. In the 100–600 and 25–1200 ng/band ranges, regular and greener HPTLC procedures were linear for CLH analysis, respectively. For CLH analysis, the greener HPTLC method was more sensitive, accurate, precise, and robust than the regular HPTLC method. For CLH analysis in TE and UBE of commercial Unani formulations, commercial allopathic formulations, and C. autumnale obtained from Egypt and India, the greener HPTLC method was superior in terms of CLH content compared to the regular HPTLC method. In addition, the UBE procedure was superior to the TE procedure for both methods. The AGREE scores for regular and greener reversed-phase HPTLC methods were found to be 0.46 and 0.75, respectively. The AGREE results showed excellent greener profile of the greener HPTLC method over the regular HPTLC technique. Based on several validation criteria and pharmaceutical assay findings, the greener HPTLC method is regarded as superior to the regular HPTLC approach.

A Simple, Cost-Effective, and Green HPTLC Method for the Estimation of Ascorbic Acid in Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Phyllanthus emblica, Capsicum annuum, and Psidium guajava

Greener analytical methodologies for the estimation of ascorbic acid (AA) are poorly reported in the literature. Furthermore, the green indexes of the literature’s analytical assays of AA estimation have not been assessed. As a consequence, the aim of this research is to invent and validate a simple, cost-effective, and green reverse-phase “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” method for the estimating AA in the solvent extracts (SE) and ultrasound-assisted extracts (UAE) of Phyllanthus emblica, Psidium guajava, and Capsicum annuum. The greener mobile phase for AA estimation was a binary mixture of water and ethanol (70:30, v/v). At a wavelength of 265 nm, the detection of AA was carried out. The greener HPTLC technique was linear in the 25–1200 ng/band range. In addition, the method was simple, cost-effective, accurate, precise, robust, sensitive, and green. The amount of AA was highest in the SE and UAE of P. emblica compared to the SE and UAE of P. guajava and C. annuum. The amount of AA in the SE of P. emblica, P. guajava, and C. annuum was found to be 491.16, 168.91, and 144.30 mg/100 g, respectively. However, the amount of AA in the UAE of P. emblica, P. guajava, and C. annuum was found to be 673.02, 218.71, and 199.30 mg/100 g, respectively. Using the “analytical GREEnness (AGREE)” methodology, the greenness index for the developed method was calculated to be 0.88, showing that the developed method has an excellent green profile. When it came to extracting AA, the UAE method outperformed the SE method. These findings suggested that the developed method might be used to estimate the AA in a variety of vegetable crops, plant-based extracts, and commercial formulations. Furthermore, because of the use of greener solvent systems against the commonly utilized hazardous solvent systems for AA determination, this technique is also safe and sustainable.

A Green High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method for the Determination of Caffeine in Commercial Energy Drinks and Formulations

The literature on green analytical approaches for caffeine estimation is limited. As a consequence, this study aimed to establish a reverse-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique for caffeine estimation in a variety of commercial energy drinks (ED) and pharmaceutical formulations that is rapid, sensitive, and green. The combination of ethanol-water (55:45 v v−1) was used as a mobile phase. The detection of caffeine was carried out at 275 nm. The green reverse-phase HPTLC method was linear in the concentration range of 50−800 ng band−1. Furthermore, the developed method for caffeine estimation was simple, quick, economical, accurate, precise, robust, sensitive, and green. The amount of caffeine in different marketed ED (ED1−ED10) was recorded in the range of 21.02−37.52 mg 100 mL−1 using the developed HPTLC method. However, the amount of caffeine in different commercial formulations (F1−F3) was estimated as 10.63−20.30 mg 100 mL−1 using the same method. The “analytical GREEnness (AGREE)” scale for the developed analytical method was predicted to be 0.80, utilizing 12 distinct components of green analytical chemistry, indicating the HPTLC approach’s excellent greener profile. Overall, the developed method for estimating caffeine in marketed ED and dosage forms was found to be reliable.