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Rebryk A, Kozyatnyk I, Njenga M. Emission of volatile organic compounds during open fire cooking with wood biomass: Traditional three-stone open fire vs. gasifier cooking stove in rural Kenya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173183. [PMID: 38777046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cooking with wood biomass fuels releases hazardous air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that often disproportionally affect women and children. This study, conducted in Kwale and Siaya counties in Kenya, employed thermal desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry to analyse VOC emissions from cooking with a wood biomass three-stone open fire vs. top-lit updraft gasifier stove. In kitchens with adequate ventilation, total VOC levels increased from 35-252 μg∙m-3 before cooking to 2235-5371 μg∙m-3 during open fire cooking, whereas use of a gasifier stove resulted in reduced emissions from cooking by 48-77 % (506-2778 μg∙m-3). However, in kitchens with poor ventilation, there was only a moderate difference in total VOC levels between the two methods of cooking (9034-9378 μg∙m-3 vs. 6727-8201 μg∙m-3 for the three-stone open fire vs. gasifier stove, respectively). Using a non-target screening approach revealed significantly increased levels of VOCs, particularly benzenoids, oxygenated and heterocyclic compounds, when cooking with the traditional open fire, especially in closed kitchens, highlighting the effects of poor ventilation. Key hazardous VOCs included benzene, naphthalene, phenols and furans, suggesting potential health risks from cooking. In kitchens with good ventilation, use of the gasifier stove markedly reduced emissions of these priority toxic VOCs compared to cooking with an open fire. Thus, substituting open fires with gasifier stoves could help to improve household air quality and alleviate health risks. The study revealed that VOCs were present prior to cooking, possibly originating from previously cooked food (buildup) or the outside environment. VOC emissions were also exacerbated by reduced air flow in high humidity during rainfall, suggesting an area for further research. The findings underscore the importance of adopting cleaner cooking technologies and enhancing kitchen ventilation to mitigate the impacts of VOCs in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Rebryk
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ivan Kozyatnyk
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Mary Njenga
- Centre for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), 30677-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2905-0065, Nairobi, Kenya
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Paris E, Avino P, Guerriero E, Vincenti B, Palma A, Carnevale M, Benedetti P, Torre M, Gallucci F. Activated Porous Carbon Fiber: New Adsorbent for Sampling and Analysis by Thermal Desorption of Siloxanes in Biogas and Biomethane. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10890. [PMID: 36078606 PMCID: PMC9517857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing global energy demand requires the continuous development and optimization of the production of alternative energy sources. According to the circular economy approach, waste conversion into biogas and biomethane represent an interesting energy source. The input into the distribution network and energy conversion systems of biomethane requires quality monitoring and the use of cleaning up systems. Therefore, there is a need to constantly invest in the development of sampling and analysis systems that save time, costs, and materials. The purpose of this study was to use activated porous carbon fiber (APCF), an extremely versatile material for sampling and analysis by thermal desorption, to show the advantages it has over the adsorbents traditionally used for siloxane monitoring. Siloxanes are among the contaminating compounds that are mainly present in biogas and biomethane, and if not removed sufficiently, they endanger the quality and use of the gas. These are highly harmful compounds since during combustion, they produce quartz particles that are abrasive to the surfaces of the materials involved in the energy production process. In addition, siloxanes directly hinder the energy properties of biomethane during combustion, due to their radical scavenger properties. In this work, the efficiency of APCF tube was evaluated by comparing it with common multilayer tube thought sampling and analyzing siloxanes in lab scale and in real scale (biogas plant). Thermal desorption analysis coupled with GC-MS for the determination of siloxanes showed that the use of APCF allows to obtain better performance. This allows to deduce that APCF is an innovative material for the establishment of a better sampling and analysis method than the current ones, enabling better results to be achieved in the process of monitoring fuel quality in biomethane production and storage facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Paris
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council, Rome Research Area-Montelibretti, Monterotondo, 00015 Scalo, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vincenti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Palma
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Carnevale
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Benedetti
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council, Rome Research Area-Montelibretti, Monterotondo, 00015 Scalo, Italy
| | - Marco Torre
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council, Rome Research Area-Montelibretti, Monterotondo, 00015 Scalo, Italy
| | - Francesco Gallucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
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