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Peter S, Aderibigbe BA. Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin Hybrid Compounds: Potential Anticancer Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:644-665. [PMID: 38357952 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266288319240206052223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of utilizing drug repurposing/repositioning in the development of hybrid molecules is an important strategy in drug discovery. Fluoroquinolones, a class of antibiotics, have been reported to exhibit anticancer activities. Although anticancer drug development is achieving some positive outcomes, there is still a need to develop new and effective anticancer drugs. Some limitations associated with most of the available anticancer drugs are drug resistance and toxicity, poor bio-distribution, poor solubility, and lack of specificity, thereby reducing their therapeutic outcomes. OBJECTIVES Fluoroquinolones, a known class of antibiotics, have been explored by hybridizing them with other pharmacophores and evaluating their anticancer activity in silico and in vitro. Hence, this review provides an update on new anticancer drugs containing fluoroquinolones moiety, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin between 2020 and 2023, their structural relationship activity, and the future strategies to develop potent chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS Fluoroquinolones were mostly hybridized via the N-4 of the piperazine ring on position C-7 with known pharmacophores characterized, followed by biological studies to evaluate their anticancer activity. RESULTS The hybrid molecules displayed promising and interesting anticancer activities. Factors such as the nature of the linker, the presence of electron-withdrawing groups, nature, and position of the substituents influenced the anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds. CONCLUSION The hybrids were selective towards some cancer cells. However, further in vivo studies are needed to fully understand their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijongesonke Peter
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Blessing A Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Manwal A Mekoung P, Malloum A, Govindarajan M, Mballa RN, Patouossa I, Abouem A Zintchem A, Nanseu CP, Mbouombouo IN. Spectroscopic properties (FT-IR, NMR and UV) and DFT studies of amodiaquine. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22187. [PMID: 38076079 PMCID: PMC10709190 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Amodiaquine (AQ) was synthesized by a condensation reaction and characterized by experimental FT-IR, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and UV spectroscopies. In the present work, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The structural and spectroscopic (FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR and UV) data of amodiaquine molecule in ground state have been investigated by using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The calculations have been performed at the using B3LYP method with 6-311++G(d,p) and 6-311++G(2d, p) basis sets theory level were performed, first, to confirm its structure, then to explain its reactive nature through its molecular properties such as natural charges, local and global reactivity descriptors or natural bond orbital (NBO). Afterwards, the calculated properties were compared with experimental results. The 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were calculated by using the gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method, while the electronic UV-Vis spectrum is predicted using the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Globally, the computerized results showed good agreement close similarity with the experimental values. The molecular properties such as natural charges, local and global reactivity descriptors, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), natural bond orbital (NBO) of title molecule were calculated insights into the stability, reactivity and reactive sites on the molecule. The calculated energy band gap (ELUMO-EHOMO) value of AQ was found to be 4.09 eV suggesting that it could be considered as a hard molecule with high stability, supported by global reactivity descriptors. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis revealed heteroatoms (oxygen and nitrogen) as the most putative nucleophilic sites when hydrogen atoms to which they are linked appear as electrophilic sites. The potential use of amodiaquine as non-linear optical (NLO) material and its thermodynamic indicators have also been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pélagie Manwal A Mekoung
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
- National Drug Quality Control and Valuation Laboratory, P.O. Box 12216 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alhadji Malloum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 46 Maroua, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Munusamy Govindarajan
- Department of Physics, Avvivayar Government College for Women, Karaikal, Puducherry, India
- Arrignar Anna Govermnet Arts and Science College, Karaikal, Puducherry, India
| | - Rose Ngono Mballa
- National Drug Quality Control and Valuation Laboratory, P.O. Box 12216 Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of pharmacology and traditional medicine, FMSB, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 1364 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Issofa Patouossa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Auguste Abouem A Zintchem
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles P.N. Nanseu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ibrahim N. Mbouombouo
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ebolowa, PO. Box 812 Ebolowa, Cameroon
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Alkhawaja B, Al-Akayleh F, Nasereddin J, Malek SA, Alkhawaja N, Kamran M, Al-Rubaye Z, Smairat M, Al-Remawi M, Aburayyan WS. Levofloxacin-Fatty Acid Systems: Dual Enhancement Through Deep Eutectic Formation and Solubilization for Pharmaceutical Potential and Antibacterial Activity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:244. [PMID: 38030950 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids, including medium-chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, are known for their broad health benefits, including antimicrobial activity. Through their green properties, deep eutectic systems have been heralded as having the potential to be at the forefront of pharmaceutical applications. In this work, capric acid and geranic acid, two examples of medium-chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, were employed to enhance the pharmaceutical properties and the antibacterial activity of levofloxacin. To this end, levofloxacin formulations with either capric or geranic acid were prepared and characterized using appropriate techniques. Levofloxacin was utilized to create innovative deep eutectic systems in conjunction with capric acid at three different molar ratios: 1:9, 2:8 and 3:7. This was confirmed through a rigorous analysis involving nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that geranic acid demonstrated an impressive threefold improvement in levofloxacin's solubility compared to its solubility in aqueous solutions. The antibacterial activity of the novel combinations of levofloxacin with either fatty acid was evaluated using a checkerboard titration assay. Gratifyingly, both formulations exhibited synergistic effects against a panel of levofloxacin-sensitive and resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, the observed superior antibacterial activity of levofloxacin illuminates the potential use of fatty acid-based formulations and deep eutectic systems as green and innovative strategies to combat the global antimicrobial resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Alkhawaja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan.
| | - Faisal Al-Akayleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan.
| | - Jehad Nasereddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, 13110, Jordan
| | - Suzanne Abdel Malek
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Nour Alkhawaja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Zaid Al-Rubaye
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Maisa'a Smairat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
| | - Walid Salem Aburayyan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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Gómez-Sánchez E, Franco-de la Torre L, Hernández-Gómez A, Alonso-Castro ÁJ, Serafín-Higuera N, Terán-Rosales F, Bologna-Molina RE, Isiordia-Espinoza MA. Antagonistic, synergistic, and additive antibacterial interaction between ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin against Staphylococcus aureus. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:174-181. [PMID: 36099212 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the interaction between ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin against beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Concentration-dependent curves for each individual drug were carried out to obtain the mean inhibitory concentration in the agar well diffusion assay. Then, different ratios of the ciprofloxacin-amoxicillin combination (0.5:0.5, 0.8:0.2, 0.2:0.8, 0.9:0.1, 0.1:0.9, 0.95:0.05, and 0.05:0.95) were assessed. Data were analyzed using the isobolographic analysis and interaction index. The isobolographic evaluation shows that the 0.9:0.1 and 0.95:0.05 ratios of the ciprofloxacin-amoxicillin combination produced a synergistic antimicrobial interaction, the 0.8:0.2, 0.2:0.8, 0.1:0.9, and 0.05:0.95 proportions showed an additive antibacterial effect, and the 0.5:0.5 proportion induced antagonistic antimicrobial effects. The interaction index showed similar outcomes to the isobolographic analysis. In conclusion, the data of this study mainly show antimicrobial additive results of the ciprofloxacin-amoxicillin combination against beta-lactamase-producing S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gómez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, División de Disciplinas Básicas para la Salud, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lorenzo Franco-de la Torre
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Cuerpo Académico Terapéutica y Biología Molecular (UDG-CA-973), Departamento de Clínicas, División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adriana Hernández-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Cuerpo Académico Terapéutica y Biología Molecular (UDG-CA-973), Departamento de Clínicas, División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ángel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Serafín-Higuera
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Flavio Terán-Rosales
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Mario Alberto Isiordia-Espinoza
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Cuerpo Académico Terapéutica y Biología Molecular (UDG-CA-973), Departamento de Clínicas, División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
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Lorenz S, Suaifan G, Kümmerer K. Designing benign molecules: The influence of O-acetylated glucosamine-substituents on the environmental biodegradability of fluoroquinolones. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136724. [PMID: 36208803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are detected worldwide in the aquatic environment, with continuously rising concentrations. Antibiotics in the environment have the potential to damage ecosystems and contribute to the development of resistance. Whilst a few antibiotics, such as some β-lactams, are eliminated by effluent treatment, others, such as fluoroquinolones, are not or just partially removed and enter the environment. Therefore, approaches are needed to tackle those problems at the compound level. Benign by design (BbD), an important part of green pharmacy, has the goal to integrate environmental fate and end-of-use considerations at the very beginning, i.e., into the design of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Hence, pharmaceuticals should be designed to be sufficiently active and stable during storage and usage but should degrade after excretion into the environment, so that they cannot cause any adverse effects. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are important broad-spectrum antibiotics. They are known to be persistent in the environment and to be neither inactivated nor degraded or even mineralized during sewage treatment. The addition of new substituents via amidation, like glucosamine moieties, at the carboxylic group of FQs, led to better antimicrobial activity compared to its parent compounds against various microorganisms. To investigate if the addition of sugar moieties could improve the overall environmental biodegradability of FQs, eight novel quinolone and fluoroquinolone analogs conjugated with 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose have been investigated regarding their ready biodegradability (OECD 301D/F) and their degradation pathways have been analyzed. According to the OECD 301D test, none of the substances could be classified as readily biodegradable. However, the O-acetyl analogs did undergo a partial degradation of the O-acetyl glucosamine moiety, via stepwise deacetylation and the degradation of the whole glucosamine moiety. The degradation resulted in Fluoroquinolone-3-carboxamide derivatives. Those insights could be further used as input for fragment-based design of benign APIs that will degrade once they reached the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lorenz
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Ghadeer Suaifan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
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Egorov AR, Kurasova MN, Khubiev O, Bogdanov NA, Tskhovrebov AG, Kirichuk AA, Khrustalev VN, Rubanik VV, Rubanik VV, Kritchenkov AS. Ciprofloxacin chitosan conjugate: combined antibacterial effect and low toxicity. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Albumin/Thiacalix[4]arene Nanoparticles as Potential Therapeutic Systems: Role of the Macrocycle for Stabilization of Monomeric Protein and Self-Assembly with Ciprofloxacin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710040. [PMID: 36077448 PMCID: PMC9455997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic application of serum albumin is determined by the relative content of the monomeric form compared to dimers, tetramers, hexamers, etc. In this paper, we propose and develop an approach to synthesize the cone stereoisomer of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene with sulfobetaine fragments stabilization of monomeric bovine serum albumin and preventing aggregation. Spectral methods (UV-vis, CD, fluorescent spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering) established the influence of the synthesized compounds on the content of monomeric and aggregated forms of BSA even without the formation of stable thiacalixarene/protein associates. The effect of thiacalixarenes on the efficiency of protein binding with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was shown by fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding constant increases in the presence of the macrocycles, likely due to the stabilization of monomeric forms of BSA. Our study clearly shows the potential of this macrocycle design as a platform for the development of the fundamentally new approaches for preventing aggregation.
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