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Draz MU, Zia Ul Haq M, Hayat A, Ajab H. An ALP enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor coated with signal-amplifying BaTiO 3 nanoparticles for the detection of an antiviral drug in human blood serum. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:534-547. [PMID: 38235091 PMCID: PMC10790964 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00839h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) is an antiviral drug used to treat the co-infections of HIV/HBV viruses. Accurate monitoring of TFV drug levels is essential for evaluating patient adherence, optimizing dosage, and assessing treatment efficacy. Herein, we propose an innovative electrochemical sensing approach by using the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme with the support of BaTiO3 nanoparticles. An attractive sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensor towards TFV detection were achieved. First, the nanoparticles were synthesized by following a single-step sol-gel method and characterized through various analytical techniques, including SEM, EDX, FT-IR, BET, zeta potential, XRD, and UV-vis and Raman spectroscopy. The suggested mechanism demonstrated the formation of a strong bond between TFV and the ALP enzyme, primarily through the phosphate group, resulting in enzyme inhibition. Various parameters like nanoparticle amount, electrode modification time with enzyme and BaTiO3 nanoparticles, and drug incubation time were optimized. The biosensor demonstrated an outstanding limit of detection (LOD) of 0.09 nM and recovery percentages of 98.6-106% in human blood serum, indicating adequate repeatability and selectivity. The proposed biosensor can be converted into a portable device for measuring small sample volumes and observing patients for immediate medical care or personalized therapies. It achieved better sensitivity compared to existing methods, making it suitable for precise drug detection in microdoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Draz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia Ul Haq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University, Islamabad Lahore Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Huma Ajab
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad Pakistan
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Tiris G, Genc AA, Oven E, Erk N. A green approach for the analysis of emtricitabine bictegravir and tenofovir in a pharmaceutical preparation using novel HPLC and spectrophotometric methods. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5712. [PMID: 37641431 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Two spectrophotometric techniques and a novel HPLC method were consecutively applied for the simultaneous quantification of the active ingredients of emtricitabine (EMC), tenofovir (TNF), and bictegravir (BIC). The first spectrophotometric method is the dual amplitude difference method coupled with the ratio difference method. TNF was determined using the dual amplitude difference method, while BIC and EMC were determined using the ratio difference method. The second spectrophotometric method was the constant multiplication with absorbance extraction method, and was applied for the determination of active substances used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. BIC was determined by the constant multiplication method, whereas EMC and TNF were determined using the absorbance extraction method. For the HPLC method, the XBridge C18 column was used. The solvent system comprised acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (pH 6.8; 30:70 v/v). All active ingredients were detected at 260.0 nm, and the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The experiment was completed within 5.5 min. The experiments carried out enabled the simultaneous analysis of the three active substances and they were economical, fast, environmentally friendly, and simple. The methods have been successfully applied to prepare mixtures and tablets without matrix interference. The methods were evaluated in terms of green chemistry. The methods have been validated according to International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tiris
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asena Ayse Genc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elifnaz Oven
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Erk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Mehmandoust M, Soylak M, Erk N. Innovative molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the nanomolar detection of Tenofovir as an anti-HIV drug. Talanta 2023; 253:123991. [PMID: 36228557 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TNF) is an antiviral medicine that is utilized to treat the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, its level must be controlled in the human body and environment at the risk of causing kidney and liver problems. Therefore, determining TNF concentration in real samples with more advanced, inexpensive, and accurate sensing systems is essential. In this work, a novel electrochemical nanosensor for TNF determination based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) on the screen-printed electrode modified with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphite carbon nitride, and platinum nanoparticles (MIP-Pt@g-C3N4/F-MWCNT/SPE) was constructed through the electro-polymerization approach. The molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared on the electrode surface with TNF as the template molecule and 2-aminophenol (2-AP) as the functional monomer. Moreover, factors that affect sensor response were optimized. Pt@g-C3N4/F-MWCNT nanocomposite had an excellent synergistic effect on MIP, allowing rapid and specific identification of the test substance. The results demonstrated that the electro-polymerization of 2-AP supplies large amounts of functional groups for the binding of the template molecules, which remarkably enhances the sensitivity and specific surface area of the MIP sensor. This surface enlargement increased the analyte accessibility to imprinted molecular cavities. Under optimum conditions, the oxidation peak current had a linear relationship with TNF concentration ranging from 0.005 to 0.69 μM with a low detection limit of 0.0030 μM (S/N = 3). The results demonstrated that the designed MIP sensor possesses acceptable sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility toward TNF determination. Moreover, the developed sensor was applied to biological and water samples to determine TNF, and satisfactory recovery results of 95.6-104.8% were obtained (RSD less than 10.0%). We confirm that combining as-synthesized nanocomposite Pt@g-C3N4/F-MWCNT with MIP improves the limitations of MIP-based nanosensors. The proposed electrode is also compatible with portable potentiostats, allowing on-site measurements and showing tremendous promise as a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehmandoust
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Erk
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
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Xiao J, Shi S, Yao L, Feng J, Zuo J, He Q. Fast and Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection for Antiviral Drug Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Biological Matrices. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1123. [PMID: 36551090 PMCID: PMC9775179 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is an antiretroviral medication with significant curative effects, so its quantitative detection is important for human health. At present, there are few studies on the detection of TDF by electrochemical sensors. This work can be a supplement to the electrochemical detection of TDF. Moreover, bare electrodes are susceptible to pollution, and have high overvoltage and low sensitivity, so it is crucial to find a suitable electrode material. In this work, zirconium oxide (ZrO2) that has a certain selectivity to phosphoric acid groups was synthesized by a hydrothermal method with zirconyl chloride octahydrate as the precursor. A composite modified glassy carbon electrode for zirconium oxide-chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (ZrO2-CS-MWCNTs/GCE) was used for the first time to detect the TDF, and achieved rapid, sensitive detection of TDF with a detection limit of sub-micron content. The ZrO2-CS-MWCNTs composite was created using sonication of a mixture of ZrO2 and CS-MWCNTs solution. The composite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical analysis was performed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Compared with single-material electrodes, the ZrO2-CS-MWCNTs/GCE significantly improves the electrochemical sensing of TDF due to the synergistic effect of the composite. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method has achieved good results in linear range (0.3~30 μM; 30~100 μM) and detection limit (0.0625 μM). Moreover, the sensor has the merits of simple preparation, good reproducibility and good repeatability. The ZrO2-CS-MWCNTs/GCE has been applied to the determination of TDF in serum and urine, and it may be helpful for potential applications of other substances with similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Xiao
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 421007, China
| | - Shuting Shi
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Liangyuan Yao
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
| | - Jinxia Feng
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Jinsong Zuo
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Quanguo He
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 421007, China
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Facile One-Step Synthesis of Nickel Sulphide Nanoparticles Decorated Poly (Acrylic Acid) Coated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube for Detection of Tenofovir in Human Urine. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-022-00784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Festinger N, Kisielewska A, Burnat B, Ranoszek-Soliwoda K, Grobelny J, Koszelska K, Guziejewski D, Smarzewska S. The Influence of Graphene Oxide Composition on Properties of Surface-Modified Metal Electrodes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217684. [PMID: 36363278 PMCID: PMC9654030 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes the effect of the concentration of two graphene oxides (with different oxygen content) in the modifier layer on the electrochemical and structural properties of noble metal disk electrodes used as working electrodes in voltammetry. The chemistry of graphene oxides was tested using EDS, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and combustion analysis. The structural properties of the obtained modifier layers were examined by means of scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was employed for comparative electrochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Festinger
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Lodz Institute of Technology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Kisielewska
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Burnat
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ranoszek-Soliwoda
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Grobelny
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Koszelska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Guziejewski
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Smarzewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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