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Zhang L, Yi C, Du C, Wen C, Li Z, Chen Y, Wen X, Wang C. Trichoderma metabolites trigger aggregation behavior in Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus). INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1759-1772. [PMID: 36916036 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that some Trichoderma fungi trigger aggregation behavior in Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction of termite aggregation by Trichoderma fungi remain unclear. Here, we found that the aqueous or acetone extract of Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckfeldt & Nirenberg and Trichoderma virens Pers. ex Fries isolated from the gut or cuticle of C. formosanus elicited significant termite aggregation in 2-choice tests. We then screened 9 Trichoderma metabolites (3-acetoxy-2-butanone, phenol, 3-ethoxypropionic acid, ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate, diglycolic acid, d-valine, styrene, 3-aminopyridine, and hexyl acetoacetate) that triggered termite aggregation. Among them, phenol (1 000 μg/mL), 3-ethoxypropionic acid (10 μg/mL), ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate (1 000 μg/mL), and diglycolic acid (1 000 μg/mL) showed the strongest activities, triggering termite aggregation throughout the 24-h period. As T. asperellum and T. virens produce different metabolites that trigger aggregation behavior in termites, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between subterranean termites and Trichoderma fungi likely vary. Future studies are needed to test whether these chemicals can attract termites and increase bait consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Yi
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengju Du
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wen
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiujun Wen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang X, Long C, Zhu X, Zhang X, Li J, Luo J, Li J, Gao Q. Preparation of Strong and Thermally Conductive, Spider Silk-Inspired, Soybean Protein-Based Adhesive for Thermally Conductive Wood-Based Composites. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18850-18863. [PMID: 37781925 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of formaldehyde-free functional wood composite materials through the preparation of strong and multifunctional soybean protein adhesives to replace formaldehyde-based resins is an important research area. However, ensuring the bonding performance of soybean protein adhesive while simultaneously developing thermally conductive adhesive and its corresponding wood composites is challenging. Taking inspiration from the microphase separation structure of spider silk, boron nitride (BN) and soy protein isolate (SPI) were mixed by ball milling to obtain a BN@SPI matrix and combined with the self-synthesized hyperbranched reactive substrates as amorphous region reinforcer and cross-linker triglycidylamine to prepare strong and thermally conductive soybean protein adhesive with cross-linked microphase separation structure. These findings indicate that mechanical ball milling can be employed to strip BN followed by combination with SPI, resulting in a tight bonded interface connection. Subsequently, the adhesive's dry and wet shear strengths increased by 14.3% and 90.5% to 1.83 and 1.05 MPa, respectively. The resultant adhesive also possesses a good thermal conductivity (0.363 W/mK). Impressively, because hot-pressing helps the resultant adhesive to establish a thermal conduction pathway, the thermal conductivity of the resulting wood-based composite is 10 times higher than that of the SPI adhesive, which shows a thermal conductivity similar to that of ceramic tile and has excellent potential for developing biothermal conductivity materials, geothermal floors, and energy storage materials. Moreover, the adhesive possessed effective flame retardancy (limit oxygen index = 36.5%) and mildew resistance (>50 days). This bionic design represents an efficient technique for developing multifunctional biomass adhesives and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources & MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources & MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources & MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources & MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources & MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources & MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources & MOE Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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A Salt-Tolerant Strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum HL167 Is Effective in Alleviating Salt Stress, Promoting Plant Growth, and Managing Fusarium Wilt Disease in Cowpea. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030304. [PMID: 36983472 PMCID: PMC10052927 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is a constraint factor in agricultural production and restricts crops yield and quality. In this study, a salt-tolerant strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum HL167 was obtained from 64 isolates showing significant salt tolerance and antagonistic activity to Fusarium oxysporum. T. longibrachiatum HL167 inhibited F. oxysporum at a rate of 68.08% in 200 mM NaCl, penetrated F. oxysporum under 200 mM NaCl, and eventually induced F. oxysporum hyphae breaking, according to electron microscope observations. In the pot experiment, pretreatment of cowpea seedlings with T. longibrachiatum HL167 reduced the accumulation level of ROS in tissues and the damage caused by salt stress. Furthermore, in the field experiment, it was discovered that treating cowpea with T. longibrachiatum HL167 before root inoculation with F. oxysporum can successfully prevent and control the development of cowpea Fusarium wilt, with the best control effect reaching 61.54%. Moreover, the application of HL 167 also improved the K+/Na+ ratio of cowpea, alleviated the ion toxicity of salt stress on cowpea, and HL167 was found to effectively colonize the cowpea roots. T. longibrachiatum HL167, which normally survives in saline–alkali environments and has the functions of disease prevention and plant growth promotion capabilities, has important research implications for improving the saline–alkali soil environment and for the sustainable development of green agriculture.
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Zhang S, Li M, Cui X, Pan Y. Effect of different straw retention techniques on soil microbial community structure in wheat-maize rotation system. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1069458. [PMID: 36741880 PMCID: PMC9893011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotational straw return technique is considered an effective measure for improving soil quality and maintaining soil microorganisms. However, there are few reports on the influence of wheat-maize crop rotation and straw-returning tillage on crop soil microbial communities in China. This study aimed to investigate how wheat or maize straw-incorporation practices affect bacterial and fungal communities under wheat-maize rotational farming practices. To clarify the effects of straw incorporation on microbial composition, microbial communities from soils subjected to different treatments were identified using high-throughput sequencing. Our results showed that, before corn planting, wheat and maize straw returning reduced bacterial density and increased their diversity but had no effect on fungal diversity. However, before wheat planting, returning wheat and corn stalks to the field increased the diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, whereas returning corn stalks to the field reduced the diversity of fungi and other microorganisms. Straw return significantly increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota in the first season and decreased it in the second season; however, in the second season, wheat straw return increased the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium, which can promote the soil microbial nitrogen cycle and provide nitrogen to the soil. Wheat and maize straw return increased the relative abundance of Chaetomium, whereas, individually, they decreased the relative abundance. In addition, we detected two fungal pathogens (Fusarium and Trichoderma) under the two planting patterns and found that the relative abundance of pathogenic Fusarium increased with wheat straw return (FW and SW). Trichoderma increased after treatment with maize straw return before wheat planting (S group). These results suggest that wheat straw return (FW and SW) and maize straw return might have a negative impact on the pathogenic risk. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine how to manage straw returns in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyue Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Yuemin Pan ✉
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