Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review

A quality control system of Chinese medicine preparation based on fingerprint identification technology, chemometrics and network pharmacology, using the Yixinshu capsule as an example

Establishing a trustworthy quality control system for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is crucial to ensure the stability and reliability of the therapeutic efficacy of Chinese medicinal preparations (CMPs). This study takes Yixinshu Capsules (YXSC) as the research subject and develops a quality control system for TCM by integrating fingerprint technology, chemometrics, and network pharmacology. Initially, a dual-wavelength absorption coefficient ratio fingerprint (DWAR) was employed to verify the peak purity of each fingerprint peak in YXSC, while a three-dimensional chromatographic fingerprint (3DCFP) was utilized to generate full-wavelength chromatographic fingerprints of sample components. Subsequently, electrochemical (EC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods were adopted as supplementary analytical approaches to evaluate YXSC comprehensively. A five-dimensional quantitative fingerprint method (5DQFM) was then applied to assess the above three detection methods from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, enabling a holistic evaluation of YXSC's quality consistency. Furthermore, chemometric analysis demonstrated that 5DQFM and 3DCFP could accurately characterize YXSC's quality. Finally, network pharmacology was employed as a research methodology to explore the potential mechanisms through which different active chemical components in YXSC exert therapeutic effects on heart failure (HF). This study evaluates YXSC's quality from both chemical and biological perspectives and develops a comprehensive and reliable quality control approach, providing novel insights for quality control and therapeutic efficacy research of CMP.

The impact of irrigation levels and abscisic acid application on the biochemical profiles of strawberries

This study comprehensively examined the effects of irrigation levels and foliar ABA (absisic acid) applications on the biochemical structure of strawberries. ABA treatments significantly increased the levels of total acid (TA), chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, ascorbic acid, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and total soluble solids (TSS), all of which are important for fruit quality. Additionally, 50 % deficit irrigation level (Ir50) increased TSS content by 17 %, fructose and glucose by 18 %, sucrose by 11 %, total phenolic content by 27 %, and total antioxidant content by 7 % compared to the full irrigation (Ir100). ABA treatments with Ir50 practices significantly enhanced the concentrations of TA, syringrid acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, TSS, fructose, and glucose, which may contribute to the health consciousness of consumers. This study, therefore, highlights the intricate interactions of ABA treatments and irrigation regarding the biochemical profiles of fruits.

Green and chemical-free pretreatment of flavonoids in tea plant seed husk using ultrasound-cold isostatic pressure synergistic extraction

A new method was established to extract flavonoids from tea plant seed husk: ultrasonic-cold isostatic pressure synergistic extraction. The effects of pressure, ethanol concentration, tea plant seed husk addition and treatment time on the extraction of flavonoids were investigated. The optimal extraction process was determined as follows: applied pressure 468.440 MPa, 31.169 g of tea plant seed husk, ethanol concentration 69.067 %, and processing time 10.916 min. Characterization experiments demonstrated that ultrasonic synergistic cold isostatic pressure extraction could effectively destroy the plant structure and promote the efflux of active ingredients. Then, the flavonoid extracts were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by LC-MS/MS, and three flavonoids were identified and found to be higher in the ultrasonic-cold isostatic pressure synergistic extraction group. Finally, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic tests revealed that the activity of the extract was higher in the ultrasonic-cold isostatic pressure synergistic extraction group and did not destroy the activity of extraction.

The mechanism of perilla oil in regulating lipid metabolism

Emerging science supports the role of lipid metabolism disorders in the occurrence and development of chronic diseases. Dietary intervention has been shown to be an effective strategy for regulating lipid metabolism. Recent studies showed that perilla is rich in various effective ingredients, including fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These ingredients exhibit a myriad of benefits, notably enhancing intestinal health and helping to manage metabolic diseases. Perilla oil stands out as a promising agent for regulating lipid metabolism, underscoring its potential for various health applications. This review introduces the active ingredients in perilla and provides a systematic overview of the mechanism by which perilla oil regulates lipid metabolism to expand its application value. Further research should focus on exploring the dose effect and absorption efficiency of perilla oil in clinical applications.

Flavonoids and their role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and human diseases

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are important drivers in the pathogenesis and progression of many chronic diseases, such as cancers of the breast, kidney, lung, and others, autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis), cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia), neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease), mental disorders (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), gastrointestinal disorders (inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer), and other disorders. With the increasing demand for less toxic and more tolerable therapies, flavonoids have the potential to effectively modulate the responsiveness to conventional therapy and radiotherapy. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and plant-derived beverages. Six of the twelve structurally different flavonoid subgroups are of dietary significance and include anthocyanidins (e.g. pelargonidin, cyanidin), flavan-3-ols (e.g. epicatechin, epigallocatechin), flavonols (e.g. quercetin, kaempferol), flavones (e.g. luteolin, baicalein), flavanones (e.g. hesperetin, naringenin), and isoflavones (daidzein, genistein). The health benefits of flavonoids are related to their structural characteristics, such as the number and position of hydroxyl groups and the presence of C2C3 double bonds, which predetermine their ability to chelate metal ions, terminate ROS (e.g. hydroxyl radicals formed by the Fenton reaction), and interact with biological targets to trigger a biological response. Based on these structural characteristics, flavonoids can exert both antioxidant or prooxidant properties, modulate the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes and the expression and activation of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)), induce apoptosis and autophagy, and target key signaling pathways, such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Bcl-2 family of proteins. This review aims to briefly discuss the mutually interconnected aspects of oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms, such as lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA damage, and the mechanism and resolution of inflammation. The major part of this article discusses the role of flavonoids in alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, two common components of many human diseases. The results of epidemiological studies on flavonoids are also presented.

A network pharmacology approach and experimental validation to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of quercetin against alcoholic brain injury via the JNK/P38 MAPK signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

Alcoholic brain damage (ABD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption, characterized by neuronal injury and cognitive decline. Currently, effective therapeutic strategies remain limited. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, has demonstrated robust antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, suggesting its potential utility in ABD management. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying quercetin's therapeutic effects on ABD, specifically focusing on its regulatory role in the JNK/P38 MAPK signaling pathway, a critical mediator involved in neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the protective effects of quercetin and underscore its promise as a novel therapeutic agent targeting neuronal injury pathways associated with alcoholic brain damage.

METHODS

The components and targets of QE and ABD were identified from multiple databases, and potential targets and pathways were predicted using protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking was then employed to validate the predicted results. In vivo, an EtOH-induced ABD rat model was established, while in vitro, EtOH-induced BV2 microglial cells were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of QE. The potential mechanisms of QE were further validated through both in vivo and in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

KEGG analysis indicated that the JNK/P38 MAPK signaling pathway is likely associated with the protective effects of QE against ABD. Molecular docking results demonstrated that QE effectively binds to key proteins. QE significantly reduced brain tissue damage in ABD rats, and molecular biology analyses revealed that QE inhibited the protein expression of inflammatory cytokines in ABD and reduced oxidative stress levels in BV2 cells. Additionally, QE markedly decreased the protein expression levels of phosphorylated JNK and P38.

CONCLUSION

The study results indicate that QE significantly mitigates the progression and severity of alcoholic brain damage (ABD), with its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects associated with the downregulation of the JNK/P38 MAPK pathway.

Dietary flavonoid actions on senescence, aging, and applications for health

Fruits and vegetables contain biologically active phenolic compounds that show mitigating effects against free radical damage and inflammation. The unique properties of phenolic compounds are protection against oxidative stress, and inception and potentiating of inflammation in the body. Aging is manifest with changes in epigenetic modifications and as with living systems undergo entropy. The gradual decline of body functions and in many cases with aging the cellular processes of senescence are contributors to age-related diseases. Herein the focus is on phenolic compounds as a diet approach to delay the negative consequences of aging. The actions of phenolic compounds on the biology of aging and senescence are presented. The phenolic compounds called flavonoids which are found in many fruits are potential antisenescence factors that benefit health by reducing damage to DNA and the senescence-associated phenotypic cell changes in healthy cells during aging. Flavonoids are proposed to delay and palliate aging where senescence is involved. The dietary sources of natural phenolic compounds afford protection in the aging process and include as some examples naringenin, hesperidin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, genistein, epigallocatechin gallate, and resveratrol. Many of these compounds possess antisenescence effects. The purpose of the review is to discuss where food flavonoids interact with the targets of senescence and how these compounds can attenuate aging-related events. The goal is to provide greater insight into dietary flavonoids and how they improve health and lower the consequences of aging. A novel aspect of this review is the application of flavonoids to neuroprotective effects in brain to reduce pain and improve health with aging.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Amomum villosum Lour. Using natural deep eutectic solvent: Process optimization, comparison, identification, and bioactivity

Amomum villosum Lour. (A. villosum) is widely utilized in culinary and medicinal contexts due to its rich diversity of bioactive compounds. In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) was employed to extract flavonoids from A. villosum. The NaDES composed of betaine and glycerol (Bet-Gly) exhibited effective performance as an extraction solvent, as evidenced by its high efficiency. Optimal extraction conditions (water content: 30 %, solid-liquid ratio: 1:20 g/mL, temperature: 70 °C, ultrasonic power: 85 % P, time: 30 mins) were established via single-factor experiments. The maximum total flavonoid content (TFC) of 82.22 ± 0.39 mg rutin equivalent per gram dry weight (mg Rut/g DW) was achieved under optimized conditions. Comparative studies revealed that the UAE-NaDES method afforded higher TFC and DPPH radical scavenging activity values, broader flavonoid diversity, and demonstrated a better capacity to stabilize them compared to conventional solutions. Furthermore, NaDES exhibited favorable biocompatibility properties, and the resulting extract displayed remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. These findings demonstrate that NaDES is an efficient solvent for flavonoids extraction from A. villosum, with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries, thereby minimizing solvent removal steps.

Apigenin Alleviates Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Upregulating Nrf2-Mediated Tight Junction Integrity

Epithelial barrier dysfunction, critically involved in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, is significantly regulated by Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress. Apigenin, a flavonoid commonly found in fruits and vegetables with diverse biological properties, has an unclear impact on intestinal I/R injury. We hypothesize that apigenin improves intestinal barrier dysfunction by activating Nrf2 signaling. Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups to establish an I/R model using superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Hypoxia and re-oxygenation (H/R) model was developed utilizing Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells, which were exposed to hypoxic conditions followed by re-oxygenation. Apigenin protected against intestinal mucosal damage by suppressing inflammatory cytokines release (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MPO, p < 0.01), ameliorating oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, p < 0.01), and improving barrier dysfunction (DAO and TEER, p < 0.01) both in vivo and in vitro, without causing significant changes in the corresponding normal controls (p > 0.05). Apigenin up-regulated the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and tight junction (TJ) proteins (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the knockdown of Nrf2 significantly abrogated apigenin-enhanced the TJ expression. Apigenin pretreatment alleviates intestinal I/R-induced barrier damage through Nrf2 activation and TJ upregulation, offering new strategies for preventing or treating I/R-associated intestinal diseases.

15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects

15-Lipoxygenase-2 (15-Lox-2) is one of the key enzymes in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway, which belongs to the unsaturated fatty acid metabolic pathway. This pathway is involved in the foam cell transformation of macrophages during the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). The role of salidroside (SAL) in cardiovascular diseases has been extensively studied, but its impact on macrophage foam cell formation has not yet been clearly clarified. We aimed to determine the effects of 15-Lox-2 deficiency on macrophage (Ana-1 cell) foam cell formation, and those of SAL on 15-Lox-2-deficient macrophages. 15-Lox-2-deficient macrophages were generated using short hairpin RNA. Results indicated that 15-Lox-2 expression in the aorta of atherosclerotic patients is lower than that of the normal group. Additionally, 15-Lox-2 deficiency dramatically promoted macrophage uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and increased the Cyclin D1 level while dramatically decreasing caspase3 expression. Furthermore, inflammation, complement, and TNF-α signaling pathways, along with IL1α, IL1β, IL18, and Cx3cl1, were activated in 15-Lox-2-deficient macrophages. These changes were alleviated by SAL through inhibiting AA effects, and the effects of AA on macrophages could be inhibited by SAL. Consistently, phospholipase A2-inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) restored these changes. In summary, SAL reversed the effects of 15-Lox-2 deficiency on macrophages by inhibiting excessive AA and may be a promising therapeutic potential in treating atherosclerosis resulting from 15-Lox-2 deficiency.

Identification of RIPK3 as a target of flavonoids for anti-necroptosis in vitro

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), a key regulator of necroptosis, has emerged as an important target for therapeutic intervention. Flavonoids are natural compounds known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, with recent studies highlighting their potential to modulate necroptosis. In this study, we explored the potential of RIPK3 as a target for flavonoids to achieve anti-necroptosis and anti-inflammatory effects. A library of 63 flavonoids was tested for RIPK3 binding and kinase inhibition using fluorescence polarization (FP) competition assay and ADP-Glo kinase activity assay. Six flavonoids, including scutellarein, robinetin, baicalin, myricetin, baicalein, and tricetin, showed significant inhibition of RIPK3, with IC50 values ranging from 2.5 to 13.7 μM. Structural studies of tricetin and robinetin through co-crystallization and molecular docking revealed distinct binding modes of these flavonoids within the ATP-binding pocket of RIPK3. The anti-necroptosis effects of these flavonoids were further evaluated in human HT-29 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) using a TSZ-induced cell death assay, resulting in EC50 values in the tens of micromolar range. Western blot analysis demonstrated that these flavonoids inhibit the phosphorylation of RIPK3 and its downstream effector, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), and disrupt the formation of RIPK1 and RIPK3 aggregates in the necroptosis pathway. These findings identify RIPK3 as a target of natural flavonoids for the first time and elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-necroptotic activity of these flavonoids.

Scutellaria barbata ameliorates acute respiratory distress syndrome by inhibiting neutrophil-mediated inflammatory responses

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The traditional medicinal herb Scutellaria barbata D. Don (commonly known as Ban Zhi Lian) is renowned for its heat-clearing and detoxifying properties and has been used to treat inflammatory conditions and various cancers. While lung inflammation is an indication for S. barbata, its effects on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Dysregulated neutrophilic inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. In this study, we aimed to investigate the novel application of S. barbata in treating neutrophilic inflammation and ARDS. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of the ethanol extract of S. barbata (SB-EtOH) in mitigating neutrophil-driven inflammatory responses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chromatographic fingerprint of SB-EtOH was analyzed, and its ethnopharmacological mechanisms were examined for their effects on inflammatory responses in human neutrophils. The therapeutic potential of SB-EtOH was further assessed using a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS.

RESULTS

SB-EtOH significantly inhibited respiratory burst, degranulation, and chemotactic responses in activated human neutrophils without cytotoxic effects. Additionally, SB-EtOH attenuated phosphorylation of key inflammatory signaling molecules, Akt and p38, while reducing calcium mobilization in activated human neutrophils. In the LPS-induced ARDS mouse model, SB-EtOH reduced pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, lung tissue damage, and oxidative stress accumulation.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that S. barbata is a promising therapeutic candidate for ARDS and other neutrophil-predominant inflammatory diseases by mitigating neutrophilic inflammation.

Extracellular vesicles as therapeutic modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on signaling mechanisms

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles, which contribute significantly to neuroinflammation, a central driver of disease pathogenesis. The activation of microglia and astrocytes, coupled with the complex interactions between Aβ and tau pathologies and the innate immune response, leads to a cascade of inflammatory events. This process triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, exacerbating neuronal damage and fostering a cycle of chronic inflammation that accelerates neurodegeneration. Key signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), are involved in regulating the production of these inflammatory mediators, offering potential therapeutic targets for AD. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising tool for AD therapy, due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver therapeutic agents. Despite challenges in standardizing EV-based therapies and ensuring their safety, EVs offer a novel approach to modulating neuroinflammation and promoting neuroregeneration. This review aims to highlight the intricate relationship between neuroinflammation, signaling pathways, and the emerging role of EV-based therapeutics in advancing AD treatment strategies.

Multi-Index Quantitative Analysis of Pharyngiyan Tablet Characteristics by Screening Different Quality Control Components

Pharyngiyan tablet is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) renowned for its efficacy in moisturizing the lungs, clearing the throat. However, it exhibits quality variations due to discrepancies in regulatory standards and challenges in comprehensive evaluation. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to qualitatively analyze the chemical composition of pharyngiyan tablets. Full composition analysis detected 131 chemical constituents. Gallic acid, paeoniflorin, rutin, baicalin, and harpagoside were identified as quality control (QC) indexes through rational screening. These indexes were selected based on their effectiveness in demonstrating differences, stability after processing, specificity, and cost-effectiveness in measurement. For the multimetric quality assessment of the five screening components, a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method with wavelength switching was developed. A total of 104 batches of samples from 10 manufacturers were included in the analyses. The content of each ingredient varied significantly across enterprises and batches, with certain enterprises characterized by inferior drug feeding, deviation from prescribed ingredient amounts, and nonstandardized feeding practices. Overall, aquality assessment method was established to provide a basis for the market regulation and quality assessment of pharyngiyan tablets.

Therapeutic potential of natural flavonoids in atherosclerosis through endothelium-protective mechanisms: An update

Atherosclerosis and its associated cardiovascular complications remain significant global public health challenges, underscoring the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. Endothelial cells are critical for maintaining vascular health and homeostasis, and their dysfunction is a key contributor to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Targeting endothelial dysfunction has, therefore, emerged as a promising approach for the prevention and management of atherosclerosis. Among natural products, flavonoids, a diverse class of plant-derived phenolic compounds, have garnered significant attention for their anti-atherosclerotic properties. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that flavonoids can mitigate endothelial dysfunction, highlighting their potential as endothelial dysfunction-targeted therapeutics for atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of natural flavonoids in modulating various aspects of endothelial dysfunction and their therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also discuss the challenges and future prospects of translating natural flavonoids into clinical applications for cardiovascular medicine. This review aims to provide critical insights to advance the development of novel endothelium-protective pharmacotherapies for atherosclerosis.

Mechanistic and metabolic exploration of neohesperidin against lung cancer cell lines through ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis: An in-silico and in-vitro approach

Lung cancer is a significant contributor to global mortality rates in the human population. However, the results of current treatment options are still unsatisfactory. Thus, the study explores low-toxic natural substances that release caspases and trigger apoptosis. Neohesperidin (NHP), a flavonoid, has anticancer efficacy although its molecular mechanism is unknown. In the current work, through in-silico and in-vitro screening, we discovered that NHP significantly reduces the expression of x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (xIAP) and ATP on its administration, leading to apoptosis in human and mice lung (A549 and LLC-1) cancerous cells. Furthermore, NHP promoted the production of second-mitochondria-derived-activator-of-caspase (SMAC) and triggers mitochondrial dysfunction which also promotes apoptosis (51.1 %) as well as necrosis (25.8 %). This mechanism is regulated by mitochondria-mediated (Bax and Bcl-2) caspases-dependent apoptotic and ROS mediated pathway which increases SMAC expression by 21.2 % along with lowering the xIAP level (by 36.5 %). Moreover, network pharmacology was utilized to delineate the interactions of the compounds within biological networks, emphasizing their potential to target multiple pathways. In addition, we investigated the alterations in metabolites within A549 cells caused by NHP using liquid-chromatography-high-resolution-mass-spectrometry (LC-HRMS)-based metabolomics. The results revealed perturbations in metabolomes that are involved in multiple pathways. Therefore, this study indicates that NHP is a potential therapeutic agent to mitigate and control the proliferation of lung cancer and also regulates the energy metabolism.

Baicalein Interactions with Lipid Membrane Models: Implications for Its Protective Role against Respiratory Viral Infections

Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, and antiviral properties, as is the case for baicalein derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, which is effective against respiratory viral infections. In this study, we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between baicalein and Langmuir monolayers as models for cell membranes. For comparison, we analyzed monolayers from lipid extracts of two cell lines: oropharyngeal carcinoma (HEp-2), which is susceptible to respiratory viral infections, and primary melanoma (A375), which is not. Baicalein incorporation into A375 lipid extract monolayers shifted the π-A isotherms to larger areas, reducing monolayer stability. In contrast, its incorporation into HEp-2 lipid extract monolayers shifted the π-A isotherms to smaller areas, enhancing both compaction and stability. Polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) revealed that baicalein interactions with A375 lipid extracts involved electrostatic attractions and repulsions with choline and phosphate headgroups, disrupting chain organization and expanding the monolayer. In HEp-2 lipid extracts, baicalein interacted strongly with phosphate headgroups and lipid chains, increasing chain order and stabilizing the monolayer. These findings suggest that baicalein stabilizes HEp-2 lipid membranes, potentially providing a protective mechanism against respiratory viral infections. Its selective interaction with lipid membranes is consistent with its therapeutic potential and role in modulating membrane properties to inhibit viral entry.

Valorisation of hydrodistillation by-products from Damask Rose (Rosa damascena): extraction, characterization, and bioactivity of phenolic compounds with biological properties

The present study focuses on the valorization of aqueous waste generated from the essential oil distillation of Damask rose (Rosa damascena) petals through the extraction and characterization of their bioactive compounds having potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aqueous waste, referred to as rose water, was subjected to liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate, followed by solvent evaporation and methanol solubilization. The final extract shows a significant bioactivity, with a total phenolic content of 255.45 µg GAE/g dry extract (DE) and a total flavonoid content of 320.86 µg QE/g DE. The antioxidant capacity, assessed via the DPPH radical scavenging assay, revealed an IC50 value of 18.23 µg/mL, indicating potent activity. HPLC-DAD analysis identified key phenolic compounds, including protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, ellagic acid, and quercetin. The extract also exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects, as evidenced by the inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The valorization of rose water not only contributes to the discovery of bioactive compounds but also promotes the sustainable management of distillation by-products, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.

A Functional Beverage from Coffee and Olive Pomace: Polyphenol-Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic Properties, and Mouse Behavior

BACKGROUND

Coffee is widely consumed worldwide and is rich in polyphenols with antioxidant properties linked to a reduced risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Olive pomace (OP), a by-product of olive oil production, contains phenolic compounds with cardioprotective effects but is often discarded. Combining it with coffee could enhance health benefits and promote sustainability.

METHODS

Soluble solids, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH• scavenging activity) were analyzed in C-OP at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% OP concentrations. The C-OP 10% brew was selected for further evaluation with α-amylase inhibition and a 14-day pilot study in a murine model, evaluating weight, food and liquid intake, and behavior, compared to a control group.

RESULTS

Adding OP powder to ground coffee increased the total phenol content in the brews. The highest antioxidant activity (6.62-8.17 mmol TE/L) was found in those brewed from 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations. The C-OP 10% brew had the highest acceptance in mice, with increased consumption, greater exploratory behavior, and reduced resting time. It also showed 30.5% α-amylase inhibition at 200 µg/mL.

CONCLUSIONS

The incorporation of OP into coffee enhances its total phenol content and antioxidant capacity. The C-OP 10% brew showed optimal bioactivity, suggesting its potential as a functional beverage for metabolic health.

Natural Brominated Fatty Acid-containing Flavonoids Bromaliphflas A-B From Marine-derived Streptomyces qinglanensis 1678

Two new brominated fatty acid-containing flavonoids (1 and 2), together with the known compound 5-hydroxy-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavone (HTMF) (3), were obtained from marine-derived Streptomyces qinglanensis 1678. The structures of the new isolates were established on the basis of their electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, one-, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance datasets. Bioactivity results show that compounds 2 and 3 exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory bioactivities. It seems that HTMF substitution could enhance the bioactivities of the anti-inflammatory bioactivities of 8-bromohexanoic acid, however, the influence of 6/8-bromohexanoic acid on the anti-inflammatory bioactivities of HTMF may depend on the length of the fatty chain.

Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.)-An Edible Weed with Health-Promoting Properties

Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.) is a species of medicinal perennial in the celery family (Apiaceae), also considered an edible plant with medicinal effects and high nutritional value. In traditional folk medicine, it was known as a remedy for gout (arthritis) and also used to relieve rheumatism or sciatica. The botanical characteristics, occurrence, nutritional composition, and traditional and present-day applications of this plant are discussed. Furthermore, the important specific plant metabolites including organic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, coumarins, polyacetylenes and terpene components of essential oil are presented and their biological activity is described. The valuable medicinal properties of Aegopodium podagria L. include anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic, sedative and protective effects on the kidneys and liver. The aim of this paper was to describe, on the basis of the available literature, the chemical composition, bioactivity and health-promoting properties of this wild edible plant. The information obtained is described and summarized in tables.

Efficacy and Safety of Topical Compound Heparin Sodium Allantoin Gel (Main Components: Onion Extract Quercetin) for the Treatment of Rosacea

BACKGROUND

The management of papulopustular rosacea presents a significant clinical challenge. Anti-inflammatory and vasoconstrictive treatments are ineffective in the rapid amelioration of the dryness, burning, and itching caused by skin barrier damage in patients with papulopustular rosacea.

AIMS

To assess the efficacy and safety of the topical application of compound heparin sodium allantoin gel to treat rosacea.

METHODS

Eighty-two patients participated in this randomized, prospective, single-center, and controlled trial. The Clinician Erythema Assessment score, Investigator Global Assessment score, transepidermal water loss, and skin hydration were evaluated at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Rosacea-specific quality of life score, itching, dryness, burning, Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, and Patient Self-Assessment grades were also assessed.

RESULTS

Compared with the traditional therapy group, the 8-week and 12-week topical application of compound heparin sodium allantoin gel to treat rosacea significantly decreased Clinician Erythema Assessment/Investigator Global Assessment grades, burning and itching grades, and rosacea-specific quality of life scores. Compound heparin sodium allantoin gel significantly improved the skin barrier with hydration and significantly decreased trans-epidermal water loss. For patients with Demodex infestation, externally applied compound heparin sodium allantoin gel was associated with better rosacea treatment outcomes and improved skin barrier function than externally applied hyaluronic acid. This may be attributable to the inhibition of abnormal demodex, improved skin barrier, and repair of minor skin wounds.

CONCLUSIONS

Compound heparin sodium allantoin gel effectively improved facial erythema, alleviated ithching and burning sensations, and improved patients' quality of life.

TRAIL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: ChiCTR2400087948.

Multi-Effects of Natural Plant Bioactive Components on Intestinal Health in Pigs: Promising Feed-Antibiotic Alternatives?

The poor intestinal health induced by management, stress, or infection remains a substantial challenge restricting the rapid development of the pig industry. Some natural plant bioactive components (NPBCs) have garnered considerable interest owing to their multifarious benefits, including enhancing intestinal morphology, digestion and absorption, barrier function, immune function, and regulating the gut microbiota. However, there are critical factors, such as the lack of standardized production technologies, lower stability and bioavailability, and unclear mechanisms of NPBCs, severely limiting their feeding efficacy and their application in animal production. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of the recent advances regarding the impacts of NPBCs on pig gut health. Additionally, we highlighted the key areas that warrant further in-depth investigation. Taken together, NPBCs could be green, safe, and effective feed additives by constructively overcoming their limitations, and they are expected to have broader applications in animal husbandry.

Extraction of total flavonoids from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai and its antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition effects

Ultrasound-assisted extraction technology was utilized to extract total flavonoids from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai, and response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction process. The anti-oxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities were evaluated, along with an analysis of the type of inhibition. The results revealed that the optimal extraction conditions for total flavonoids from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai were as follows: an ethanol concentration of 62%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 15:1 mL/g, an ultrasonic temperature of 68°C, and an ultrasonic time of 40 min, resulting in a total flavonoid extraction rate of 10.18%. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that the Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai extract exhibited significant radical scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, with IC50 values of 582 µg/mL, 538 µg/mL, and 1709 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, enzyme inhibition assays indicated that the Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai extract possesses notable inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase, with an IC50 value of 2658 µg/mL. This inhibition is mediated through a mixed reversible inhibition mechanism.

Deciphering the role of cytokines in aging: Biomarker potential and effective targeting

Aging is often characterized by chronic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and cellular senescence with chronically elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These small glycoproteins are mainly secreted by immune cells, mediating intercellular communication and immune system modulation through inflammatory signaling. Their pro- and anti-inflammatory effects make them a noteworthy research topic as well as a promising ally in combating inflammation and the aging process. Cytokines exert a synergistic role in aging and disease and may prove useful biomarkers of tissue-specific dysregulation, disease diagnosis and monitoring, presenting potential therapeutic options as anti-inflammatory and senolytic medications. In this review, we address the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicating cytokines in the aging process and related diseases, highlighting their biomarker potential. We focus on the current therapeutic strategies, including specific pharmaceutical agents, supplements, a balanced diet, and healthy habits such as exercise, stress management, and caloric restriction.

Artichoke leaf hydroethanolic extract reduces neuropathic pain in a rat model of chronic constriction injury via attenuating the sciatic nerve oxidative stress

Neuropathic pain, a nerve damage consequence, presents symptoms such as dysesthesia, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. This study aimed to evaluate the alleviating potential of artichoke leaf extract in neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in male rats. The hydroethanolic extract of artichoke leaf was administered via gavage at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 21 days. Behavioural tests were conducted on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 post-surgeries. Only the dose of 800 mg/kg significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia from day 14 and mechanical allodynia from day 7, and the other doses did not affect behaviours. Biochemical analysis showed that artichoke extract decreased lipid peroxidation and restored antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and GPx) in the sciatic nerve tissue. In conclusion, artichoke leaf extract administration diminishes neuropathic pain-related behaviours by enhancing antioxidant capacity and reducing oxidative stress in the rats' sciatic nerve.

Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Anemia Risk in Children and Adolescents: Insights from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Anemia, a global health concern, significantly impacts children and adolescents, impairing their physical and cognitive development. While nutritional deficiencies are primary contributors, oxidative stress has emerged as a key factor in anemia pathogenesis. Flavonoids, known for their antioxidant properties, may play a protective role, but their relationship with anemia in pediatric populations remains underexplored. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2017-2018), we analyzed 6815 participants aged ≤20 years to investigate the association between dietary flavonoid intake and anemia risk. Flavonoid intake was assessed via two 24 h dietary recalls, and anemia was defined using WHO hemoglobin thresholds. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were employed, adjusting for sociodemographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors. The results showed that lower dietary flavonoid intake was significantly associated with increased anemia risk. High-intake groups of total flavonoids and flavan-3-ols were linked to a reduced anemia prevalence compared to low-intake groups, with odds ratios (ORs) of OR = 0.641 (95% CI: 0.439, 0.935) and 0.612 (95% CI: 0.406, 0.921), respectively. This study highlights the potential protective role of dietary flavonoids, particularly flavan-3-ols, in reducing the anemia risk among children and adolescents, underscoring the importance of flavonoid-rich diets in anemia prevention.

Bioactivity and biomedical applications of pomegranate peel extract: a comprehensive review

Pomegranate peel is a by-product generated during the processing of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit, accounting for approximately 50% of the total mass of the fruit. Although pomegranate peel is usually regarded as waste, it is rich in various bioactive metabolites such as polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids, demonstrating significant medicinal and nutritional value. In recent years, Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) has shown broad application prospects in the biomedical field due to its multiple effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-apoptotic properties, and promotion of cell regeneration. This review consolidates the major bioactive metabolites of PPE and explores its applications in biomedical materials, including nanodrug carriers, hydrogels, and tissue engineering scaffolds. By synthesizing the existing literature, we delve into the potential value of PPE in biomedicine, the challenges currently encountered, and the future directions for research. The aim of this review is to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the utilization of PPE and to facilitate its broader application in the biomedical field.

Protective mechanism of apigenin in proton pump inhibitor-associated progressive cognitive impairment in adult zebrafish via targeting GSK-3β pathway

Cognitive impairment is characterized by memory loss and difficulty in focusing, remembering, adhering to directions, and solving problems; commonly seen in an elderly population. Apigenin (APG) (4', 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid with several positive health benefits, including chemoprevention, antioxidant and can suppress inflammatory responses by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-1β levels. In this experimental study, we observed the possible neuroprotective effects of APG in the zebrafish model exposed to Lansoprazole (LPZ), a proton pump inhibitor known to induce cognitive impairment through hyperactivation of GSK-3β pathway. This experiment involves 12 adult zebrafish per group, where one group received LPZ (100 mg) as a toxin for 7 days and APG (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) as treatment, while DPZ (5 mg/kg) served as a standard comparison over the same period. Neurobehavioral tests such as T-Maze, Novel Tank Test (NTT), and Novel Object Recognition (NOR) were performed. Several biochemical assessments were also performed to evaluate the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), nitrite (NO), acetylcholinesterase activity (AChEs), catalase activity, neurotransmitters (GABA and glutamate), neuroinflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10), and histopathological analysis. The results showed that apigenin enhanced memory function, improved neurotransmitter balance, decreased oxidative stress markers, regulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibited GSK-3β activity. Additionally, the co-administration of a GSK-3β inhibitor further promoted neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement facilitated by apigenin, highlighting the importance of the GSK-3β signaling pathway. These findings highlight the potential of apigenin as a natural compound for mitigating cognitive dysfunction. However, this study should also include long-term toxicity assessments and deeper molecular analysis to elucidate Apigenin's mechanism of action fully. Future research should address these gaps to validate its therapeutic potential.

Combination Therapy of Losartan and Fisetin Reduces Senescence and Enhances Osteogenesis in Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are well established for their osteogenic potential but are prone to senescence with aging or in vitro expansion. Drug treatments that reduce cellular senescence may enhance the regenerative capacity of BM-MSCs. This study investigates the effects of losartan and fisetin, both separately and in combination, on cellular senescence and osteogenesis. Human BM-MSCs were exposed to low and high concentrations of each drug for 24 h. Our findings showed that high-dose losartan exhibited cytotoxicity, focusing subsequent analyses on the low doses. Both low-dose losartan and fisetin effectively mitigated cellular senescence, with combined treatment showing synergistic effects in reducing senescence markers. From these initial findings, subsequent experiments utilized low doses of both compounds to evaluate their effect on differentiation capacity. Our multimodal approach, incorporating flow cytometry, senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) immunohistochemistry, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) quantification, and differentiation potential assays, revealed that the combination of 23.6 μM of losartan and 50 μM of fisetin was optimal for reducing cellular senescence and enhancing osteogenesis in BM-MSCs. These results support potential therapeutic strategies to counteract age-related declines in bone health and improve healing. By targeting cellular senescence while promoting osteogenesis, losartan and fisetin offer promising avenues for future research aimed at enhancing the regenerative capacity of BM-MSCs in the context of musculoskeletal regenerative medicine.

Flavonoid intake, inflammation, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dietary intake of total flavonoids and their six subclasses and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in adults, and to evaluate the potential mediating effect of inflammation in this association.

METHODS

Cross-sectional data from 3841 individuals participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018 were included in the analysis. Flavonoid intake was assessed using a 2-day dietary recall method, and ASCVD status was determined by extracting relevant information from the medical condition questionnaire. To determine the relationship between flavonoid intake and ASCVD risk, we employed logistic regression, subgroup, mediation, and restricted cubic spline analyses.

RESULTS

Intake of flavan-3-ols, flavones, flavonols, and total flavonoids was negatively correlated with ASCVD risk. Subgroup analysis revealed that the association between flavonoid intake and ASCVD risk exhibits sex-specific differences, with the relationship being more pronounced among women. The significant associations between increased flavonoid intake and reduced ASCVD risk were observed in smokers, non-alcohol consumers, physically inactive individuals, those with hypertension. A nonlinear relationship was observed between the intake of total flavonoids, flavan-3-ols and flavonols and ASCVD risk. Additionally, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), inflammatory markers relevant to ASCVD, were found to mediate the association between flavonoid intake and ASCVD risk. Flavonoids demonstrated a dose‒response relationship with reductions in the levels of hs-CRP and the NLR.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates the inverse association between flavonoid intake, particularly flavan-3-ols, flavones, and flavonols, and the risk of ASCVD. It highlights the mediating role of CRP and NLR in this relationship. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of considering lifestyle factors and sex when evaluating the cardiovascular benefits of flavonoids.

Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Blood Orange By-Products in Treated HT-29 and Caco-2 Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines

Blood orange peel flour (BO-pf)-a by-product of the citrus supply chain-still contains bioactive molecules with known health benefits, such as antiradical scavenging activity or an antiproliferative activity regarding tumors. In vitro studies have demonstrated that orange polyphenols showed potential involvement in necroptosis. In addition to previous research, we tested BO-pf on two colorectal cancer cell lines. Using HT29 and Caco2 cells, our experiments confirmed the regulation of inflammasome expression. They provided valuable insights into how BO-pf influences the cancer cell features (i.e., viability, proliferation, and pro- and anti-inflammatory activity). Notably, BO-pf extract is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses showed that treatment with BO-pf extract demonstrated beneficial effects by influencing the expression of both pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) through the modulation of the TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Moreover, the results of this study demonstrate that BO-pf extracts can enhance the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGFβ, suggesting that BO-pf extracts may represent a promising functional ingredient to counteract the intestinal inflammatory responses involved in IBD.

Synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection: The molecular impact of flavonoids on neurodegenerative disease progression

Flavonoids are a broad family of polyphenolic chemicals that are present in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. Because of their neuroprotective qualities, flavonoids have attracted a lot of interest. The potential of flavonoids to control synaptic plasticity-a crucial process underlying memory, learning, and cognitive function-is becoming more and more clear. Dysregulation of synaptic plasticity is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (0.4 %), Parkinson's (1-2 %), Alzheimer's (5-7 %), and Huntington's ((0.2 %)). This review discusses the molecular mechanisms via which flavonoids influence synaptic plasticity as well as their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Flavonoids modulate key signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR to support neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal health, while also influencing neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF) and their receptors (TrkB, TrkA). They regulate neurotransmitter receptors like GABA, AMPA, and NMDA to balance excitatory and inhibitory transmission, and exert antioxidant effects via the Nrf2-ARE pathway and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting NF-κB signaling, highlighting their potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases. These varied reactions support the preservation of synapse function and neuronal integrity in the face of neurodegenerative insults. Flavonoids can reduce the symptoms of neurodegeneration, prevent synaptic loss, and enhance cognitive function, according to experimental studies. However, there are still obstacles to using these findings in clinical settings, such as limited bioavailability and the need for consistent dose. The focus of future research should be on improving flavonoid delivery systems and combining them with conventional medications.

Prunin: An Emerging Anticancer Flavonoid

Despite the substantial advances in cancer therapies, developing safe and effective treatment methodologies is critical. Natural (plant-derived compounds), such as flavonoids, might be crucial in developing a safe treatment methodology without toxicity toward healthy tissues. Prunin is a flavonoid with the potential to be used in biomedical applications. Prunin has yet to undergo thorough scientific research, and its precise molecular mechanisms of action remain largely unexplored. This review summarizes the therapeutic potential of prunin for the first time, focusing on its underlying mechanisms as an anticancer compound. Prunin has gained significant attention due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. This review aims to unlock how prunin functions at the molecular level to exert its anticancer effects, primarily modulating key cellular pathways. Furthermore, we have discussed the prunin's potential as an adjunctive therapy with conventional treatments, highlighting its ability to strengthen treatment responses while decreasing drug resistance. Moreover, the discussion probes into innovative delivery methods, particularly nanoformulations, that might address prunin's bioavailability, solubility, and stability limitations and optimize its therapeutic application. By providing a comprehensive analysis of prunin's properties, this review aims to stimulate further exploration of using prunin as an anticancer agent, thereby progressing the development of targeted, selective, safe, and effective therapeutic methods.

Metabolic regulation and oxidative stress attenuation in LPS-stimulated macrophages by flavonoids

Periodontal disease, prevalent in 20% to 50% of the population, is a chronic multifactorial inflammation caused by a dysbiotic oral biofilm, with gingivitis and periodontitis being the most common forms. Flavonoids, such as myricetin and catechin, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, reducing nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. This study compared the effects of different flavonoids on viability and oxidative response of LPS-stimulated macrophages. RAW 264.7 macrophages were cultured at a density of 1-5 × 105 cells for 24 h. Cells were treated with flavonoids epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), taxifolin, myricetin, pinocembrin, and kaempferol (200 to 6.25 µM) for 2 h, and evaluated for cytotoxicity, using resazurin assays. Additionally, cells were treated with flavonoids (50, 25, and 12.5 µM) for 2 h, followed by exposure to LPS (100 ng/mL or 1 µg/mL) for 72 h, and cytotoxicity determined. NO and ROS levels were quantified after 2 h of flavonoid treatment, followed by LPS exposure (1 µg/mL), compared to control dexamethasone (DEX). LPS at 1 μg/mL significantly reduced cell viability (75.26%) and in its presence, taxifolin, myricetin, and kaempferol stimulated cell metabolic activity. All flavonoids, regardless of concentration, reduced NO levels when cells were treated with LPS. The flavonoids also reduced ROS levels, with EGCG and myricetin at 50 and 12.5 μM and kaempferol at 50 μM reducing levels to below those of the untreated control, as observed for DEX. The flavonoids, particularly EGCG, taxifolin, myricetin, and kaempferol, at the concentrations tested, stimulated macrophage metabolism, and reduced NO and ROS concentrations in the presence of LPS.

Nasal Administration of a Nanoemulsion Based on Methyl Ferulate and Eugenol Encapsulated in Chitosan Oleate: Uptake Studies in the Central Nervous System

Background/Objectives: The phytochemicals ferulic acid (Fer) and eugenol display neuroprotective effects for their anti-oxidative properties; moreover, eugenol can induce dopamine (DA) release from dopaminergic neuronal cells. However, poor bioavailability and/or fast elimination rate limit their clinical benefits. We therefore propose a new nasal formulation based on a nanoemulsion (NE) for the jointed brain-targeting of eugenol and methyl ferulate (Fer-Me, i.e., a Fer-lipidized derivative maintaining the parent compound anti-oxidative properties). NE was obtained using chitosan oleate, a surfactant combining mucoadhesive and absorption-enhancing properties with stabilizing effects on the dispersion of eugenol, used as a Fer-Me vehicle. Methods: The nasal formulation was obtained by spontaneous emulsification processes; cell viability and uptake studies were performed on an in vitro model of respiratory mucosa (RPMI 2650 cells). After intravenous and nasal administrations, the pharmacokinetic profiles of eugenol and Fer-Me in rats' bloodstreams and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed via HPLC-UV analysis. Results: The NE dispersed-phase mean diameter was 249.22 ± 32.78 nm; Fer-Me and eugenol loading in NE was about 1 and 2 mg/mL, respectively. NE increased the uptake of loaded compounds by mucosal cells. Following intravenous administration, the Fer-Me plasma half-life was 10.08 ± 0.37 min, and a negligible ability of the compound to permeate in the CSF, compared to eugenol, was observed. NE nasal administration allowed us to sensibly increase the Fer-Me brain-targeting and prolong the eugenol permanence in the CSF. Conclusions: This nasal formulation appears promising to overcome Fer and eugenol pharmacokinetic issues. The possible translational relevance of the present findings is discussed.

Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC.: Back in Our Pantries? A Review of Its Pharmacological Activity and Mechanisms of Action

Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC., commonly known in Spain as "Rock Tea", is a medicinal plant native to the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, and Morocco. It has traditionally been used as a digestive, analgesic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, or for respiratory diseases. This narrative review aims to scientifically validate the ethnopharmacological uses of J. glutinosa as a medicinal plant, emphasizing the relationship between its traditional applications, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms of action based on experimental evidence. A comprehensive search was conducted in various electronic databases to gather information on its traditional uses, phytochemical composition, and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies related to pharmacological properties. The literature review uncovered significant findings regarding the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of this medicinal plant in various experimental models, particularly highlighting its spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

Targeting miRNA with flavonoids: unlocking novel pathways in cardiovascular disease management

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with complex pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and endothelial dysfunction driving disease progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have emerged as key regulators of gene expression involved in these processes, positioning them as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in CVD management. Simultaneously, flavonoids, naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found in various plant-based foods, have gained attention for their cardioprotective properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Recent studies suggest a novel intersection between flavonoids and miRNAs, where flavonoids may modulate the expression of specific miRNAs implicated in CVD pathogenesis. This review explores the potential of flavonoids as miRNA modulators, focusing on their ability to regulate miRNAs associated with cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and vascular inflammation. By bridging the therapeutic potential of flavonoids with miRNA targeting, this review highlights innovative pathways for advancing CVD treatment strategies. Additionally, preclinical and clinical evidence supporting these interactions is discussed, alongside the challenges and opportunities in developing flavonoid-based miRNA therapies. Unlocking this synergy could pave the way for more effective, personalized approaches to CVD management, addressing unmet needs in contemporary cardiovascular care.

A Novel Formulation Based on Resveratrol and Water Extracts from Equisetum arvense, Crataegus curvisepala, Vitex agnus-castus, and Glycine max Inhibits the Gene Expression of Inflammatory and Osteoclastogenic Biomarkers on C2C12 Cells Exposed to Oxidative Stress

Medicinal plants and natural compounds have been considered alternative therapeutic options for counteracting postmenopausal disorders thanks to their different concomitant effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the regulation of hormone activity. It is important to highlight that the efficacy of medicinal plants and natural compounds increases when used in combination, thus making the development of herbal formulations rational. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of an innovative formulation consisting of resveratrol and water extracts from Equisetum arvense, Crateagus curvisepala, Vitex agnus-castus, and Glycine max. The phenolic composition and radical scavenger properties were evaluated using chromatographic and colorimetric (ABTS) methods, whilst the limits of biocompatibility were assessed through allelopathy, the Artemia salina (brine shrimp) lethality test, and Daphnia magna cardiotoxicity assay. The protective effects were evaluated on C2C12 cell lines exposed to the pro-oxidant stimulus, which consisted of hydrogen peroxide. The gene expression of estrogen 1 (ESR1, also known as ERα) and prolactin (PRLR) receptors, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) was measured. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that the main phytochemicals were hydroxycinnamic and phenolic acids, in particular coumaric acid (7.53 µg/mL) and rosmarinic acid (6.91 µg/mL), respectively. This could explain the radical scavenger effect observed from the 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. According to the ecotoxicological models' results, the formulation was revealed to be non-toxic, with a LC50 value > 1 mg/mL. Therefore, a biocompatible concentration range (200-1000 µg/mL) was used in C2C12 cells, where the formulation blunted the hydrogen peroxide-induced upregulation of TNFα, IL-6, RANKL, ESR1, and PRLR. Overall, the results of this study corroborate the use of the formulation for facing the oxidative stress and inflammation, which forms the basis of the osteoclastogenic process.

Anticryptosporidial action mechanisms of Launaea spinosa extracts in Cryptosporidium parvum experimentally infected mice in relation to its UHPLC-MS metabolite profile and biochemometric tools

BACKGROUND

Cryptosporidium parvum, a leading cause of diarrhea, is responsible for millions of food and waterborne illnesses in humans and animals worldwide. Launaea spinosa (Asteraceae family) is a common herb found in the desert of the Mediterranean region, encompassing the peninsula of Sinai. Traditionally, it has been utilized for managing gastrointestinal issues and inflammation.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

The present study aimed to assess Launaea spinosa (LS) extracts viz. ethyl acetate (LS-EtOAc), ethanol (LS-EtOH), and n-butanol (LS-BuOH), of different polarities against C. parvum in experimentally infected mice based on immunological, biochemical, histo- and immunohistochemical assays. Extracts were characterized via UHPLC-ESI-LIT-Orbitrap-MS and metabolite profiles were subjected to correlation modeling with bioactivities via supervised Partial Least Square (PLS) to identify active agents. Most L. spinosa extracts reduced fecal C. parvum oocyst count and mucosal burden (P < 0.05) than untreated infected mice, with LS-BuOH (200 mg/kg) exerting the highest reduction percentage (97%). These extracts increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in infected and treated mice at all examined days post treatment. Also, the highest Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-15 (IL-15) levels were obtained after 10 days of post inoculation (dPI), which were restored to a healthy state after 21 days, concurrent with a decrease in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) (P < 0.001). The increased liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) levels with infection were likewise reduced with extract administration. The LS extracts caused a significant increase in antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (P < 0.001). Examination of colon tissue revealed that infected-treated mice with LS extracts exhibited a reduction in the expression of cleaved caspase-3, damage score, and degenerative changes. Metabolite profiling of different L. spinosa extracts led to the identification of 86 components, primarily phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, and fatty acids, with the first report of sulfated triterpenoid saponins in Launaea genus. PLS regression analysis revealed that bioeffects were significantly positioned close to LS-BuOH extract (R2: 0.9) mostly attributed to triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated potential anti-cryptosporidial effects of LS extracts, especially LS-BuOH, suggesting its potential for inclusion in future nutraceuticals aimed at C. parvum treatment.

Serum Pharmacology Combining Network Pharmacology to Discover the Mechanism of Total Flavonoids in Aronia melanocarpa Fruit for Acute Lung Injury

In this study, we used in vitro antioxidant assay and in vivo anti-inflammatory assay to comprehensively evaluate the activity of total flavonoids of Aronia melanocarpa fruit (AMF) in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) and explored the mechanism of action of total flavonoids of AMF in the treatment of ALI based on the method of serum medicinal chemistry combined with network pharmacology. In the present study, 107.37 mg g-1 alcoholic extract of total flavonoids was used for the determination of in vitro antioxidant activity by UV spectrophotometric method; the ALI model mice were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the organ index of mice, the wet-to-dry ratio of lungs, and the histopathological sections of lungs were measured; the levels of inflammatory factors (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], TL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were determined in serum and alveolar lavage fluid of mice by ELISA; the composition of AMF total flavonoids and the migratory components of blood were analyzed on the basis of UHPLC-MS/MS. We analyzed the composition of AMF total flavonoids and the migratory components in blood based on UHPLC-MS/MS technology as well as analyzed the active compounds, targets and mechanism of action of AMF total flavonoids in the treatment of ALI through serum medicinal chemistry combined with network pharmacology. The in vitro antioxidant combined with in vivo anti-inflammatory assays showed that AMF total flavonoids exhibited excellent therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of ALI. A total of 31 flavonoids were identified by UHPLC-MS/MS, and 21 compounds were identified from the serum samples of mice after the administration of AMF total flavonoids, including 11 prototypical compositions and 10 metabolites; 11 blood-migratory prototypical compositions and relevant targets for ALI were collected by network pharmacology. Finally, 77 intersecting targets were obtained, including AKT1, interleukin-6 [IL-6], TNF, EGFR, and IL-1β. These overlapping targets mainly corresponded to quercetin, 5-hydroxy-3,3',4',6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone, and kaempferol, which regulate inflammatory responses through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The mechanism of action of total flavonoids from AMF fruits for the treatment of ALI provided a new way to utilize AMF as a new food resource and new ideas for the research of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of ALI.

Regulation of adipokine and batokine secretion by dietary flavonoids, as a prospective therapeutic approach for obesity and its metabolic complications

Traditionally recognised as the energy reservoir and main site of adaptive thermogenesis, white and brown adipose tissues are complex endocrine organs regulating systemic energy metabolism via the secretion of bioactive molecules, termed "adipokines" and "batokines", respectively. Due to its significant role in regulating whole-body energy metabolism and other physiological processes, adipose tissue has been increasingly explored as a feasible therapeutic target for obesity. Flavonoids are one of the most significant plant polyphenolic compounds holding a great potential as therapeutic agents for combating obesity. However, understanding their mechanisms of action remains largely insufficient to formulate therapeutic theories. This review critically discusses scientific evidence highlighting the role of flavonoids in ameliorating obesity-related metabolic complications, including adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular comorbidities in part by modulating the release of adipokines and batokines. Further discussion advocates for the use of therapeutics targeting these bioactive molecules as a potential avenue for developing effective treatment for obesity and its adverse metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.

Molecular mechanisms of Lycii Fructus (Goji berries) against xanthine dehydrogenase in hyperuricemia management: Integrating computational, metabolomic, and experimental approaches

Lycii Fructus (LF), commonly known as Goji berries, has shown potential for managing hyperuricemia, though its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study employs a combination of network-based systems pharmacology, computer-aided drug discovery, untargeted metabolomics and experiments to explore the urate-lowering effects of LF. Molecular docking simulations of 3,760 LF compound-target interactions identified xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) as a key target. Among the compounds, glycitein exhibited the highest binding affinity in molecular dynamics simulations. Metabolomics confirmed the presence of glycitein in LF particles, and it significantly reduced urate levels in hyperuricemia zebrafish models. Further in vitro assays and Cellular Thermal Shift Assays corroborated its inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase. These findings suggest that glycitein may serve as a novel inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, with potential applications in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and drug development for hyperuricemia.

Kurarinone Attenuates LPS-Induced Pneumonia by Inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Kurarinone is a prenylated flavanone isolated from Sophora flavescens Aiton. This investigation aimed to elucidate whether kurarinone could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pneumonia and explore the underlying mechanism. C57BL/6 mice were treated with LPS (50 μg/20 μL) to establish pneumonia models. Kurarinone (100 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (DEX, 5 mg/kg) was administered for 7 days before LPS inhalation. BEAS-2B cells were incubated with kurarinone at 1, 2, and 5 μM for 2 h before LPS stimulation for 24 h. We found that kurarinone ameliorated lung injury and inflammatory cell infiltration in the mouse lung (p < 0.001). Kurarinone decreased MPO activity (47.6%, p < 0.001) and alleviated the inflammatory response by reducing the levels of IL-1β (34.9%, p < 0.001), TNF-α (55.1%, p < 0.001), and IL-6 (36.2%, p < 0.001) in the lung. Kurarinone reduced the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX2 in LPS-treated BEAS-2B cells in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Mechanistically, kurarinone restrained LPS-induced activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways in vivo and in vitro (p < 0.05). Overall, kurarinone alleviates LPS-induced pneumonia in mice by reducing inflammation via MAPK and NF-κB pathways, suggesting that kurarinone might be a potential therapeutic agent for pneumonia. This study provides new research ideas for the discovery of natural flavonoids that can treat pneumonia.

Untargeted metabolic analysis using LC-Q-TOF-MS and toxicity assessment of Eryngium foetidum in zebrafish embryos

Toxicological studies of edible plant species are important to determine the safety of their consumption. Eryngium foetidum is an edible plant used in some countries for seasoning food and as a natural remedy in folk medicine. Despite this species' gastronomic and medicinal properties, the chemical composition and toxicity have been unclear. The objective of our investigation was to determine the toxic potential of E. foetidum in the zebrafish embryo model and identify the potential compounds involved in its toxicity by electrospray ionization liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Acute exposure of zebrafish embryos to n-hexane extract produced higher toxicity than the other extracts in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion (coagulated embryo). A 96-h median lethal concentration (LC 50) of 2.63 µg mL-1 (CI 95 % 0.58-28.5) was calculated by probit analysis. Caudal fin hypertrophy, head, yolk sac edema, caudal region, or somite malformations were observed. Secondary metabolites such as terpenes, polyphenols, and fatty acids were identified in the n-hexane extract. Also, pollutants such as diglycidyl resorcinol ether, diisopropyl adipate, and lauryl sulfate were found in the n-hexane extract. Our study revealed that chemical pollutants could be associated with the embryonic toxicity of the n-hexane extract of E. foetidum.

Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from medicinal plants: An insight into molecular mechanism, in-silico studies and signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Medicinal plants have historically been the cornerstone of treatment for a myriad of ailments. With modern pharmacology, many contemporary drugs have been derived from traditional medicine practices. Essential oils from these plants, known for their anti-inflammatory capabilities, have played a significant role in treating conditions such as cardiovascular and inflammatory skin diseases, as well as joint inflammation. This study revisits these ancient remedies to further explore their efficacy and mechanisms in the modern context.

FOCUS AREA

This review focuses on identifying and analysing the primary phytochemical in medicinal plants that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. The chemical classes of interest include alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which are prevalent in the essential oils derived from therapeutic plants. By understanding their role in modulating molecular pathways, this study aims to highlight their potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

METHODS

The study employs in silico techniques such as molecular modelling and docking to examine the pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles of selected phytochemical. This approach facilitates a deeper understanding of how these natural compounds interact at the molecular level, either as activators or inhibitors, which can influence various biochemical pathways related to inflammation.

RESULTS

Preliminary findings suggest that specific phytochemical significantly modulate inflammatory pathways, offering potential therapeutic targets. The analysis reveals that these natural substances can effectively reduce inflammation without the adverse side effects commonly associated with synthetic drugs. The study provides a detailed characterization of the active components within essential oils and their respective anti-inflammatory actions.

CONCLUSION

The review underscores the immense potential for medicinal plants as a source for developing new and safer pharmaceuticals aimed at treating inflammatory conditions. By harnessing the power of natural phytochemical, there is a promising avenue for creating innovative drug therapies. This study encourages further research into the utilization of natural plant products, promoting a broader application in medicinal treatments and a return to nature-centric solutions in healthcare.

Informatics-assisted proteomics revealing the anti-inflammatory effects of satsuma orange (Citrus unshiu) peel flavonoid extract in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

Citrus unshiu peel (CUP), rich in flavonoids, has been traditionally used for its health benefits. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of CUP flavonoid extract (CUPFE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells through proteomics analysis. CUPFE significantly reduced the inflammatory mediators and cytokines (nitric oxide, IL-6, and CCL-2) production. Quantitative proteomics analysis using LC-MS/MS identified 140 differentially expressed proteins between the CUPFE and LPS groups, with 86 proteins upregulated and 54 downregulated. Notably, CUPFE negatively regulated 56 proteins induced by LPS. Functional enrichment analysis using gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes revealed that most of these proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways (TNF-α, NF-κB, PI3K-Akt, mTOR, and MAPK) regulating inflammatory processes. Further analysis showed that CUPFE interferes these signaling pathways in a dose-dependent manner, counteracting the LPS-induced effects. Collectively, this study reveals CUPFE's anti-inflammatory effects, laying basis for future research on treating inflammation-related conditions.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-025-01830-1.

Therapeutic effects of kecemcem leaves extract (Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz) on LDL levels, cytokines, and microscopic liver changes in hyperlipidemic rat model

Background

Modern lifestyle, which is characterized by a high-fat diet, increases the risk of hyperlipidemia, a primary trigger for cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Excessive fat consumption can trigger hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress, leading to inflammation and liver damage, which contributes to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Conventional cholesterol-lowering therapies are often expensive and come with side effects, making herbal alternatives such as kecemcem leaves a promising option. Kecemcem leaves extract contains flavonoids such as quercetin and catechin, which exhibit antioxidant properties, regulate lipid metabolism, and reduce inflammation.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of kecemcem leaves extract [Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz] in reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and its impact on pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-10 (IL-10)], as well as liver histology in hyperlipidemic Wistar rats.

Methods

Hyperlipidemia was induced through a high-fat diet for 16 weeks, after which the rats were administered kecemcem leaves extract at doses of 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg body weight for 1 week. One week after the administration of kecemcem leaves extract, blood and liver samples were collected from all rats to measure LDL, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels, as well as to perform liver histological analysis.

Results

Kecemcem leaves extract significantly reduced LDL, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels while increasing IL-10 levels in hyperlipidemic rats, particularly at the 250 mg/kg body weight dose. In addition, there was an improvement in liver histology, as evidenced by decreased steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning. These effects are attributed to the flavonoid content in kecemcem, such as quercetin and catechins, which inhibit cholesterol synthesis, reduce oxidative stress, and decrease liver fat accumulation.

Conclusion

Kecemcem leaves extract potentially reduced LDL, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels, increased IL-10 levels, and improved liver histology. This effect is supported by the flavonoid content of quercetin and catechin. Thus, kecemcem leaves extract has shown promising therapeutic effects in managing conditions related to hyperlipidemia and inflammation.

Anti-atherosclerotic effects of natural compounds targeting lipid metabolism and inflammation: Focus on PPARs, LXRs, and PCSK9

A large body of evidence has shown that modulation of the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the liver X receptors (LXRs), the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and inflammatory processes by natural compounds has hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects. These beneficial outcomes are certainly related to the crucial function of these targets in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and regulating systemic inflammation. Currently, the therapeutic scenario for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) offers a plethora of widely validated and functional pharmacological treatments to improve the health status of patients. However, patients are increasingly sceptical of pharmacological treatments which are often associated with moderate to severe side effects. The aim of our review is to provide a collection of the most recent scientific evidence on the most common phytochemicals, used for centuries in the Mediterranean diet and traditional chinese medicine that act on these key regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and systemic inflammation, which could constitute important tools for CVD management.

Vicenin-2 Hinders Pro-Inflammatory Response via Targeting the CaMKKβ-AMPK-SIRT1 Axis in Lipopolysaccharide-Stressed THP-1 Cells

Plant secondary metabolites are known to be valuable agents to hamper inflammation owing to their multiple mechanisms of action. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of vicenin-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stressed THP-1 cells. After ascertaining the safety of vicenin-2 in our in vitro model, we assessed the anti-inflammatory potential of this flavonoid. Indeed, it counteracted the increase of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels, as well as the overexpression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 caused by the exposure of THP-1 cells to LPS. Acknowledged the role of SIRT1 in the inflammatory process, we focused our attention on this enzyme. Our results showed that LPS dramatically decreased the expression of SIRT1, whereas vicenin-2 restored the levels of this enzyme to those of unexposed cells. These effects were also observed in terms of acetylated p53, a SIRT1 substrate. Notably, we observed that vicenin-2 did not act as a direct activator of SIRT1. Therefore, we investigated the potential involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an upstream activator of SIRT1. Of note, by blocking AMPK by dorsomorphin, the protective effects of vicenin-2 on SIRT1 expression and activity were lost, suggesting the engagement of this kinase. Consequently, the blockage of AMPK caused a downstream loss of the anti-inflammatory effect of vicenin-2, which was no longer able to decrease both the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and the production of cytokines induced by LPS. Finally, docking simulation suggested that vicenin-2 might act as an activator of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ), one of the regulators of AMPK. Overall, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of vicenin-2 may be due to the interaction with the CaMKKβ-AMPK-SIRT1 axis.