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Li HY, Kong XJ, Han SD, Pang J, He T, Wang GM, Bu XH. Metalation of metal-organic frameworks: fundamentals and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5626-5676. [PMID: 38655667 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Metalation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been developed as a prominent strategy for materials functionalization for pore chemistry modulation and property optimization. By introducing exotic metal ions/complexes/nanoparticles onto/into the parent framework, many metallized MOFs have exhibited significantly improved performance in a wide range of applications. In this review, we focus on the research progress in the metalation of metal-organic frameworks during the last five years, spanning the design principles, synthetic strategies, and potential applications. Based on the crystal engineering principles, a minor change in the MOF composition through metalation would lead to leveraged variation of properties. This review starts from the general strategies established for the incorporation of metal species within MOFs, followed by the design principles to graft the desired functionality while maintaining the porosity of frameworks. Facile metalation has contributed a great number of bespoke materials with excellent performance, and we summarize their applications in gas adsorption and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, detection and sensing, and energy storage and conversion. The underlying mechanisms are also investigated by state-of-the-art techniques and analyzed for gaining insight into the structure-property relationships, which would in turn facilitate the further development of design principles. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in MOF metalation have been discussed, and the promising future directions for customizing the next-generation advanced materials have been outlined as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Centre, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xiang-Jing Kong
- Department of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Song-De Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Jiandong Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Centre, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Tao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, China.
- Department of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Guo-Ming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Centre, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Espitia-Almeida F, Valle-Molinares R, Navarro Quiroz E, Pacheco-Londoño LC, Galán-Freyle NJ. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Activity of a Novel 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-Ethylphenyl) Porphyrin against Clinically Important Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1059. [PMID: 37630978 PMCID: PMC10459089 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing emergence of microbes resistant to commercially available antibiotic therapies poses a threat to healthcare systems worldwide. Multiple factors have been associated with the increasing incidence of hospital-acquired infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the massive application of antibiotics in hospitals as a prophylactic measure, self-medication, and nonadherence to pharmacological therapies by patients. In this study, we developed a novel treatment to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance. We synthesized a benzoporphyrin derivative, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-ethylphenyl) porphyrin (TEtPP), with a reaction yield close to 50%. TEtPP exhibited excellent photophysical properties (Φf = 0.12 ± 0.04 and ΦΔ = 0.81 ± 0.23) and was thereby assessed as a potential agent for antibacterial photodynamic therapy. The photophysical properties of the synthesized porphyrin derivative were correlated with the assayed antimicrobial activity. TEtPP showed higher activity against the MRSA strain under irradiation than in the absence of irradiation (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 69.42 µg/mL vs. MIC = 109.30 µg/mL, p < 0.0001). Similar behavior was observed against P. aeruginosa (irradiated MIC = 54.71 µg/mL vs. nonirradiated MIC = 402.90 µg/mL, p < 0.0001). TEtPP exhibited high activity against S. aureus in both the irradiated and nonirradiated assays (MIC = 67.68 µg/mL vs. MIC = 58.26 µg/mL, p = 0.87).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Espitia-Almeida
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia (N.J.G.-F.)
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Biology Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia 081001, Colombia
| | - Roger Valle-Molinares
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Biology Program, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia 081001, Colombia
| | - Elkin Navarro Quiroz
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia (N.J.G.-F.)
| | | | - Nataly J. Galán-Freyle
- Life Science Research Center, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia (N.J.G.-F.)
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Leite JP, Figueira F, Mendes RF, Almeida Paz FA, Gales L. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Sensors for Human Amyloid Diseases. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1033-1053. [PMID: 36892002 PMCID: PMC10043940 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are versatile compounds with emergent applications in the fabrication of biosensors for amyloid diseases. They hold great potential in biospecimen protection and unprecedented probing capabilities for optical and redox receptors. In this Review, we summarize the main methodologies employed in the fabrication of MOF-based sensors for amyloid diseases and collect all available data in the literature related to their performance (detection range, limit of detection, recovery, time of analysis, among other parameters). Nowadays, MOF sensors have evolved to a point where they can, in some cases, outperform technologies employed in the detection of several amyloid biomarkers (amyloid β peptide, α-synuclein, insulin, procalcitonin, and prolactin) present in biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood. A special emphasis has been given by researchers on Alzheimer's disease monitoring to the detriment of other amyloidosis that are underexploited despite their societal relevance (e.g., Parkinson's disease). There are still important obstacles to overcome in order to selectively detect the various peptide isoforms and soluble amyloid species associated with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, MOF contrast agents for imaging peptide soluble oligomers in living humans are also scarce (if not nonexistent), and action in this direction is unquestionably required to clarify the contentious link between the amyloidogenic species and the disease, guiding research toward the most promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Leite
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Figueira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo F Mendes
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Gales
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Metalloporphyrin Metal–Organic Frameworks: Eminent Synthetic Strategies and Recent Practical Exploitations. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154917. [PMID: 35956867 PMCID: PMC9369971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in recent years has stimulated the interest of scientists working in this area as one of the most applicable archetypes of three-dimensional structures that can be used as promising materials in several applications including but not limited to (photo-)catalysis, sensing, separation, adsorption, biological and electrochemical efficiencies and so on. Not only do MOFs have their own specific versatile structures, tunable cavities, and remarkably high surface areas, but they also present many alternative procedures to overcome emerging obstacles. Since the discovery of such highly effective materials, they have been employed for multiple uses; additionally, the efforts towards the synthesis of MOFs with specific properties based on planned (template) synthesis have led to the construction of several promising types of MOFs possessing large biological or bioinspired ligands. Specifically, metalloporphyrin-based MOFs have been created where the porphyrin moieties are either incorporated as struts within the framework to form porphyrinic MOFs or encapsulated inside the cavities to construct porphyrin@MOFs which can combine the peerless properties of porphyrins and porous MOFs simultaneously. In this context, the main aim of this review was to highlight their structure, characteristics, and some of their prominent present-day applications.
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