1
|
Li YK, Chen Z, Zhang C. Historical evolution and processing mechanism of 'nine steaming and nine drying' of traditional Chinese medicine preparation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:436-446. [PMID: 38755954 PMCID: PMC11104706 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2354345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nine steaming and nine drying is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) processing method and it is widely used for processing tonifying herbs. Modern research reveals that the repeated steaming and drying process varies the composition and clinical efficacy of TCM. OBJECTIVE This paper analyzes and explores the historical evolution, research progress, development strategies, and problems encountered in the nine steaming and nine drying process so as to provide a reasonable explanation for this method. METHODS English and Chinese literature from 1986 to 2023 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (CP), and CNKI (Chinese). Nine steaming and nine drying, processing, TCM and pharmacological activity were used as the key words. RESULTS Nine steaming and nine drying has undergone thousands of years of clinical practice. Under specific processing conditions of nine steaming and nine drying, the ingredients of the TCM have significant changes, which in turn altered clinical applications. CONCLUSIONS This review provides sufficient evidence to prove the rationality and scientific value of nine steaming and nine drying and puts forward a development direction for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-kang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wen R, Luo L, Zhang R, Zhou X, Wang W, Gong L. Structural Characterization of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Polysaccharide and Its Immunomodulatory Effects on Macrophages. Molecules 2024; 29:2076. [PMID: 38731567 PMCID: PMC11085417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A neutral Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (NPCP) was isolated and purified from Polygonatum cyrtonema by various chromatographic techniques, including DEAE-52 and Sephadex-G100 chromatography. The structure of NPCP was characterized by HPLC, HPGPC, GC-MS, FT-IR, NMR, and SEM. Results showed that NPCP is composed of glucose (55.4%) and galactose (44.6%) with a molecular weight of 3.2 kDa, and the sugar chain of NPCP was →1)-α-D-Glc-(4→1)-β-D-Gal-(3→. In vitro bioactivity experiments demonstrated that NPCP significantly enhanced macrophages proliferation and phagocytosis while inhibiting the M1 polarization induced by LPS as well as the M2 polarization induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages. Additionally, NPCP suppressed the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in both M1 and M2 cells but promoted the secretion of IL-10. These results suggest that NPCP could serve as an immunomodulatory agent with potential applications in anti-inflammatory therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (R.W.); (L.L.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Limin Gong
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (R.W.); (L.L.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao Y, Wang J, Xiao Y, Yu L, Tang Q, Wang Y, Zhou J. Structure characterization of an agavin-type fructan isolated from Polygonatum cyrtonema and its effect on the modulation of the gut microbiota in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121829. [PMID: 38368108 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The herbal medicine Polygonatum cyrtonema is highly regarded in China for its medicinal and dietary properties. However, further research is needed to elucidate the structure of its polysaccharide and understand how it promotes human health by modulating the gut microbiota. This study aims to investigate a homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP95-1-1) from Polygonatum cyrtonema and assess its susceptibility to digestion as well as its utilization by intestinal microbiota. The results confirmed that PCP95-1-1 is an agavin-type fructan, which possesses two fructose chains, namely β-(2 → 6) and β-(2 → 1) fructosyl-fructose, attached to the sucrose core, and has branches of β-D-Fruf residues. Moreover, PCP95-1-1 demonstrated resistance to digestion and maintained its reducing sugar content throughout the digestive system, indicating it could reach the gut without being digested. In vitro fermentation of PCP95-1-1 significantly decreased the pH value (p < 0.05) while notably increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), confirming its utilization by human gut microbiota. Additionally, PCP95-1-1 exhibited a significant ability (p < 0.05) to beneficial bacteria such as Megamonas and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the presence of facultative or conditional pathogens such as Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella at the genus level. Consequently, PCP95-1-1 has the potential to positively influence physical well-being by modulating the gut microbiota environment and can be developed as a functional food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- School of Food and Tourism, Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College, Shanghai 201415, China.
| | - Ling Yu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Qingjiu Tang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jianjin Zhou
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Innovative Utilization for Mountain Area, Sanming 365051, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li T, Yu F, Zhang T, Wang X, Sun Y, Shuai G, Chen Y, Xue Y, Zhang J, Zhang H. Modulatory effects of fermented Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua on immune homeostasis and gut integrity in a dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis model. Food Funct 2024; 15:3158-3173. [PMID: 38440931 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The gut health-promoting properties of saponin-rich Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (FP) fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum P9 were explored in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. FP supplementation effectively inhibited DSS-induced physiological alteration and impaired immune responses by reducing the disease activity index (DAI) score and restoring the T helper (Th) 1/Th2 and regulatory T (Treg)/Th17 ratios. In addition, FP supplementation protected the gut barrier function against DSS-induced damage via upregulation of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-18, and the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This study further elucidated the potential mechanisms underlying the FP-mediated suppression of the plasticity of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and subsequent macrophage polarization. Therefore, the FP supplementation effectively restored mucosal immune homeostasis and enhanced gut integrity. In addition, it suppressed the growth of Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus and promoted the enrichment of probiotics and short-chain fatty acid-producing microbes, such as Romboutsia, Faecalibaculum, and Blautia. In conclusion, P. cyrtonema Hua fermented with L. plantarum P9 might be a promising dietary intervention to improve gut health by sustaining overall gut homeostasis and related gut integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Fengyao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gexia Shuai
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yanhua Xue
- Jian Chang Bang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.3 Jinshankou Industry Park, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, China
| | - Jinlian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin H, Wang W, Peng M, Kong Y, Zhang X, Wei X, Shang H. Pharmacological properties of Polygonatum and its active ingredients for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Chin Med 2024; 19:1. [PMID: 38163901 PMCID: PMC10759625 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite continued advances in prevention and treatment strategies, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide, and more effective therapeutic methods are urgently needed. Polygonatum is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological applications and biological activities, such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammation, antibacterial effect, immune-enhancing effect, glucose regulation, lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects, treatment of diabetes and anticancer effect. There has also been more and more evidence to support the cardioprotective effect of Polygonatum in recent years. However, up to now, there has been a lack of comprehensive studies on the active ingredients and their pharmacotoxicological effects related to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the main active components of Polygonatum (including Polysaccharides, Flavonoids, Saponins) and their biological activities were firstly reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, we summarized the pharmacological effects of Polygonatum's active components in preventing and treating CVDs, and its relevant toxicological investigations. Finally, we emphasize the potential of Polygonatum in the prevention and treatment of CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Lin
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Mengqi Peng
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Yifan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Hongcai Shang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao Y, Wang Z, Fu R, Xie R, Wang B, Li Q. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of processed polysaccharides PCP-F1 from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1272977. [PMID: 37731400 PMCID: PMC10508638 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1272977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. (PC) is a traditional Chinese herb with a history of use in both food and medicine. For clinical use, processed PC pieces are most commonly used, while present research has focused on crude PC polysaccharides (PCPs). Methods In this study, a new polysaccharide, PCP-F1, with a molecular weight of 37.46 kDa, was separated from four-time processed PCPs by column chromatography and evaluated by antioxidant activity. It was composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid with a molar ratio of 3.5: 2.5: 1.3: 1.8: 0.8. Results and Discussion The methylation analysis and two-dimensional NMR measurement revealed that the configuration of PCP-F1 contained nine residues in the primary structural unit by the chain of →3)-α-D-Glcp, →2)-α-D-Glcp (6→, →1)-ꞵ-D-Glcp (2→, →2)-α-D-GalAp (3,4→, →1) -ꞵ-D-Manp (3→, →2)-α-D-Glcp (3→, branched for →3)-α-D-Glcp, →2)-ꞵ-D-Galp (4→, →1)-ꞵ-D-Glcp (2→, →2,4)-α-D-Manp (6→, →3)-α-L-Rhap (4→. Radical scavenging assays indicated that PCP-F1 could scavenge radicals with a high scavenging rate, suggesting PCP-F1 possesses good antioxidant activity. The study confirms the importance of processed PC and offers the potential for exploiting it as a functional food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ranze Fu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ruonan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qinglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ekiert HM, Szopa A. Biological Activities of Natural Products III. Molecules 2023; 28:4854. [PMID: 37375409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for natural products that display biological activity is invariably an attractive research area for scientific centers and teams from around the world [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Maria Ekiert
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
In vitro hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua with various steaming degrees: Relationship with homoisoflavonoids. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
|
9
|
Health-Promoting Activities and Associated Mechanisms of Polygonati Rhizoma Polysaccharides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031350. [PMID: 36771015 PMCID: PMC9919897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonati Rhizoma, a typical homology of medicine and food, possesses remarkable anti-fatigue, anti-aging, metabolic regulatory, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetes, and anti-cancer effects. Among bioactive phytochemicals in Polygonati Rhizoma, polysaccharides play important roles in the health-promoting activities through the mechanisms mentioned above and potential synergistic effects with other bioactives. In this review, we briefly introduce the updated biosynthesis of polysaccharides, the purification method, the structure characterization, and food applications, and discuss in detail the biological activities of Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharides and associated mechanisms, aiming at broadening the usage of Polygonati Rhizoma as functional food and medicine.
Collapse
|