Characterization of Three Novel 4-Methylaminorex Derivatives Applied as Designer Drugs

Stereoselective separation of psychoactive substances: Multivariate optimization and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method using carboxymethyl-β-CD/deep eutectic solvent dual system

A comprehensive study was performed to determine an optimum enantioseparation method for fluorine-substituted amphetamine and cathinone derivatives (fluor-amphetamine and fluor-cathinone derivatives), using a binary system consisting of carboxymethyl-β-CD (CM-β-CD) and a deep eutectic solvent (DES), namely choline chloride-ethylene glycol (ChCl-EG). Under this framework, the optimization and modeling of the separation conditions in a binary system were performed with the objective of maximizing resolution and minimizing analysis time. This was achieved through the application of response surface methodology. In particular, the effect of chiral selector concentration and percentage of DES on resolution and analysis time were investigated and optimized using a complete experimental design. The optimum enantioseparation conditions were determined to be 13.84 mM CM-β-CD and 0.15% v/v ChCl-EG for fluorine-substituted amphetamine derivatives and 14.36 mM and 0.75% v/v ChCl-EG for fluorine-substituted cathinone derivatives, respectively. This combination resulted in a baseline separation for eight out of the nine analytes studied. Overall, the results demonstrated the synergistic effect of the CM-β-CD/DES dual system and highlighted the significance of DESs as additives in capillary electrophoresis.

The potential of the use of deep eutectic solvents and amino acid-based ionic liquids to enhance the chiral discrimination ability of different chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis

The effect of the combined use of amino acid-based ionic liquids (AAILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with either cyclodextrin- (CD) or cyclofructan- (CF) based chiral selectors for the chiral separation of amphetamine derivatives was investigated in the present study. A non-significant improvement in enantiomeric separation of target analytes was observed when AAILs were combined with either CF or CD. On the other side, a markedly improved chiral separation of enantiomers was obtained using the dual carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin/DES system, highlighting the existence of a synergistic effect. After the addition of 0.5% v/v of choline chloride-ethylene glycol, the resolution of the enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3-fluorethamphetamine, increased from 1.4, 1.1, 1.0 to 1.8, 1.8, and 1.5 min, and the analysis times increased from 19.54, 20.48, 18.71 to 35.71, 35.78 and 32.90 min, respectively. This was not the case for the CF/DES dual system, in which the separation of amphetamines worsened, indicating an antagonistic effect. In conclusion, DESs are a very promising additive in capillary electrophoresis that can improve the separation of chiral molecules in combination with CDs but not CFs.

Therapeutic Potential of Dopamine and Related Drugs as Anti-Inflammatories and Antioxidants in Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Pathologies

Dopamine (DA), its derivatives, and dopaminergic drugs are compounds widely used in the management of diseases related to the nervous system. However, DA receptors have been identified in nonneuronal tissues, which has been related to their therapeutic potential in pathologies such as sepsis or septic shock, blood pressure, renal failure, diabetes, and obesity, among others. In addition, DA and dopaminergic drugs have shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in different kinds of cells.

AIM

To compile the mechanism of action of DA and the main dopaminergic drugs and show the findings that support the therapeutic potential of these molecules for the treatment of neurological and non-neurological diseases considering their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

METHOD

We performed a review article. An exhaustive search for information was carried out in specialized databases such as PubMed, PubChem, ProQuest, EBSCO, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Bookshelf, DrugBank, Livertox, and Clinical Trials.

RESULTS

We showed that DA and dopaminergic drugs have emerged for the management of neuronal and nonneuronal diseases with important therapeutic potential as anti-inflammatories and antioxidants.

CONCLUSIONS

DA and DA derivatives can be an attractive treatment strategy and a promising approach to slowing the progression of disorders through repositioning.