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Sun Y, Ding Y, Liu B, Guo J, Su Y, Yang X, Man C, Zhang Y, Jiang Y. Recent advances in the bovine β-casein gene mutants on functional characteristics and nutritional health of dairy products: Status, challenges, and prospects. Food Chem 2024; 443:138510. [PMID: 38281416 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
β-casein is the second most abundant form of casein in milk. Changes in amino acid sequence at specific positions in the primary structure of β-casein in milk will produce gene mutations that affect the physicochemical properties of dairy products and the hydrolysis site of digestive enzymes. The screening method of β-casein allele frequency detection in dairy products also has attracted the extensive attention of scientists and farmers. The A1 and A2 β-casein is the two usual mutation types, distinguished by histidine and proline at position 67 in the peptide chain. This paper summarizes the effects of A1 and A2 β-casein on the physicochemical properties of dairy products and evaluates the effects on human health, and the genotyping methods were also concluded. Impressively, this review presents possible future opportunities and challenges for the promising field of A2 β-casein, providing a valuable reference for the development of the functional dairy market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yixin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Biqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jinfeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Su
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, Henan 462300, China.
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Khuman A, Yadav V, Chaudhary B. Evolutionary dynamics of the cytoskeletal profilin gene family in Brassica juncea L. reveal its roles in silique development and stress resilience. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131247. [PMID: 38565371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Essential to plant adaptation, cell wall (CW) integrity is maintained by CW-biosynthesis genes. Cytoskeletal actin-(de)polymerizing, phospholipid-binding profilin (PRF) proteins play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis across kingdoms. However, evolutionary selection of PRF genes and their systematic characterization in family Brassicaceae, especially in Brassica juncea remain unexplored. Here, a comprehensive analysis of genome-wide identification of BjPRFs, their phylogenetic association, genomic localization, gene structure, and transcriptional profiling were performed in an evolutionary framework. Identification of 23 BjPRFs in B. juncea indicated an evolutionary conservation within Brassicaceae. The BjPRFs evolved through paralogous and orthologous gene formation in Brassica genomes. Evolutionary divergence of BjPRFs indicated purifying selection, with nonsynonymous (dN)/synonymous (dS) value of 0.090 for orthologous gene-pairs. Hybrid homology-modeling identified evolutionary distinct and conserved domains in BjPRFs which suggested that these proteins evolved following the divergence of monocot and eudicot plants. RNA-seq profiles of BjPRFs revealed their functional evolution in spatiotemporal manner during plant-development and stress-conditions in diploid/amphidiploid Brassica species. Real-Time PCR experiments in seedling, vegetative, floral and silique tissues of B. juncea suggested their essential roles in systematic plant development. These observations underscore the expansion of BjPRFs in B. juncea, and offer valuable evolutionary insights for exploring cellular mechanisms, and stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vandana Yadav
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P., India
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Park SC, Yoon AM, Kim YM, Lee MY, Lee JR. Antifungal Action of Arabidopsis thaliana TCP21 via Induction of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1767. [PMID: 37760070 PMCID: PMC10525234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The realm of antimicrobial proteins in plants is extensive but remains relatively uncharted. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the action of plant antifungal proteins (AFPs) holds promise for antifungal strategies. This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively screening Arabidopsis thaliana species to identify novel AFPs. Using MALDI-TOF analysis, we identified a member of the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR1 (TCP) family of transcription factors as a novel AFP, A. thaliana TCP21 (AtTCP21; accession number NP_196450). Bacterially purified recombinant AtTCP21 inhibited the growth of various pathogenic fungal cells. AtTCP21 was more potent than melittin, a well-known AFP, in combating Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Growth inhibition assays against various fungal pathogens and yeasts confirmed the pH-dependent antimicrobial activity of AtTCP21. Without inducing any membrane alterations, AtTCP21 penetrates the fungal cell wall and membrane, where it instigates a repressive milieu for fungal cell growth by generating intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxides; resulting in morphological changes and apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate the redox-regulating effects of AtTCP21 and point to its potential as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Cheol Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.P.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - A-Mi Yoon
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.P.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Daejeon Health Institute of Technology, Daejeon 34504, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung Ro Lee
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Park SC, Lim HS, Mun SE, Jung YJ, Yoon AM, Son H, Kim CM, Choo YK, Lee JR. Potent Antifungal Functions of a Living Modified Organism Protein, CP4-EPSPS, against Pathogenic Fungal Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114289. [PMID: 37298765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various proteins introduced into living modified organism (LMO) crops function in plant defense mechanisms against target insect pests or herbicides. This study analyzed the antifungal effects of an introduced LMO protein, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4-EPSPS). Pure recombinant CP4-EPSPS protein, expressed in Escherichia coli, inhibited the growth of human and plant fungal pathogens (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium solani, F. graminearum, and Trichoderma virens), at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) that ranged from 62.5 to 250 µg/mL. It inhibited fungal spore germination as well as cell proliferation on C. gloeosporioides. Rhodamine-labeled CP4-EPSPS accumulated on the fungal cell wall and within intracellular cytosol. In addition, the protein induced uptake of SYTOX Green into cells, but not into intracellular mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that its antifungal action was due to inducing the permeability of the fungal cell wall. Its antifungal action showed cell surface damage, as observed from fungal cell morphology. This study provided information on the effects of the LMO protein, EPSPS, on fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Cheol Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 38286, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Song Lim
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Mun
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Mi Yoon
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosuk Son
- Department of Exhibition and Education, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kug Choo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ro Lee
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
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