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Vorobyeva SN, Bautina SA, Shekhovtsov NA, Nikolaenkova EB, Sukhikh TS, Golubeva YA, Klyushova LS, Krivopalov VP, Rakhmanova MI, Gourlaouen C, Bushuev MB. N^N^C-Cyclometalated rhodium(III) complexes with isomeric pyrimidine-based ligands: unveiling the impact of isomerism on structural motifs, luminescence and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8398-8416. [PMID: 38683023 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The impact of isomerism of pyrimidine-based ligands and their rhodium(III) complexes with regard to their structures and properties was investigated. Two isomeric ligands, 4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2,5-diphenylpyrimidine (HL2,5) and 4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2,6-diphenylpyrimidine (HL2,6), were synthesized. The ligands differ by the degree of steric bulk: the molecular structure of HL2,5 is more distorted due to presence of pyrazolyl and phenyl groups in the neighbouring positions 4 and 5 of the pyrimidine ring. The complexation of HL2,5 and HL2,6 with RhCl3 leads to the sp2 C-H bond activation, resulting in the isolation of two complexes, [RhL2,5(Solv)Cl2]·nEtOH and [RhL2,6(Solv)Cl2]·nEtOH (Solv = H2O, EtOH), with the deprotonated forms of the pyrazolylpyrimidine molecules which coordinate the Rh3+ ion as N^N^C-tridentate ligands. According to DFT modelling, the mechanism of the deprotonation involves (i) the C-H bond breaking in the 2-phenyl group followed by the coordination of the C atom to the Rh atom, (ii) the protonation of coordinated chlorido ligand, (iii) the ejection of the HCl molecule and (iv) the coordination of the H2O molecule. The ligand isomerism has an impact on emission properties and cytotoxicity of the complexes. Although the excited states of the complexes effectively deactivate through S0/T1 and S0/S1 crossings associated with the cleavage of the weak H2O ligands upon excitation, the [RhL2,5(Solv)Cl2]·nEtOH complex appeared to be emissive in the solid state, while [RhL2,6(Solv)Cl2]·nEtOH is non-emissive at all. The complexes show significant cytotoxic activity against cancerous HepG2 and Hep2 cell lines, with the [RhL2,6(Solv)Cl2]·nEtOH complex being more active than its isomer [RhL2,5(Solv)Cl2]·nEtOH. On the other hand, noticeable cytotoxicity of the latter against HepG2 is supplemented by its non-toxicity against non-cancerous MRC-5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N Vorobyeva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Sof'ya A Bautina
- Novosibirsk State University, 1, Pirogova str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita A Shekhovtsov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Elena B Nikolaenkova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Taisiya S Sukhikh
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Yuliya A Golubeva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Lyubov S Klyushova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Centre of Fundamental and Translational Medicine (IMBB FRC FTM), 2/12, Timakova str., 630060, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor P Krivopalov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Marianna I Rakhmanova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mark B Bushuev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Fortage J, Collomb MN, Costentin C. Turnover Number in Photoinduced Molecular Catalysis of Hydrogen Evolution: a Benchmarking for Catalysts? CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400205. [PMID: 38529822 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Development of devices for production of H2 using light and a sustainable source of electrons may require the design of molecular systems combining a molecular catalyst and a photosensitizer. Evaluation of the efficiency of hydrogen production is commonly performed in homogeneous solution with a sacrificial electron donor and the report of the maximal turnover number vs catalyst (T O N c a t lim ${TON_{cat}^{\lim } }$ ). This figure of merit is strongly dependent on deactivation pathways and does not by itself provide a benchmarking for catalysts. In particular, when the photosensitizer degradation is the primary source of limitation, a kinetic model, rationalizing literature data, shows that a decrease of the catalyst concentration leads to an increase ofT O N c a t lim ${TON_{cat}^{\lim } }$ . It indicates that exceptionally highT O N c a t lim ${TON_{cat}^{\lim } }$ obtained at very low catalyst concentration shall not be considered as an indication of an exceptional catalytic system. We advocate for a systematic kinetic analysis in order to get a quantitative measure of the competitive pathways leading toT O N c a t lim ${TON_{cat}^{\lim } }$ values and to provide keys for performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Fortage
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Collomb
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Cyrille Costentin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Wu Y, Wang Z, Yan Y, Wei Y, Wang J, Shen Y, Yang K, Weng B, Lu K. Rational Photodeposition of Cobalt Phosphate on Flower-like ZnIn 2S 4 for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Molecules 2024; 29:465. [PMID: 38257378 PMCID: PMC10821521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The high electrons and holes recombination rate of ZnIn2S4 significantly limits its photocatalytic performance. Herein, a simple in situ photodeposition strategy is adopted to introduce the cocatalyst cobalt phosphate (Co-Pi) on ZnIn2S4, aiming at facilitating the separation of electron-hole by promoting the transfer of photogenerated holes of ZnIn2S4. The study reveals that the composite catalyst has superior photocatalytic performance than blank ZnIn2S4. In particular, ZnIn2S4 loaded with 5% Co-Pi (ZnIn2S4/5%Co-Pi) has the best photocatalytic activity, and the H2 production rate reaches 3593 μmol·g-1·h-1, approximately double that of ZnIn2S4 alone. Subsequent characterization data demonstrate that the introduction of the cocatalyst Co-Pi facilitates the transfer of ZnIn2S4 holes, thus improving the efficiency of photogenerated carrier separation. This investigation focuses on the rational utilization of high-content and rich cocatalysts on earth to design low-cost and efficient composite catalysts to achieve sustainable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yunsheng Shen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Bo Weng
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kangqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Skelton E, Erasquin U, Sukul A, Zuercher A, White J, Bythell BJ, Cimatu KLA. Visible Light-Assisted Coordination of a Rh(III)-BODIPY Complex to Guanine. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3368-3380. [PMID: 36795094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Most photodynamic therapeutics (PDTs) used in cancer treatment require oxygen to work efficiently to terminate cancer cells. These PDTs do not efficiently treat tumors in hypoxic conditions. Rh(III) polypyridyl complexes have been reported to have a photodynamic therapeutic effect in hypoxic conditions when exposed to UV light. UV light can damage tissue and cannot penetrate deep to reach cancer cells. This work proposes the coordination of a BODIPY fluorophore to a rhodium metal center to form a Rh(III)-BODIPY complex that enhances the reactivity of the rhodium under visible light. This complex formation is facilitated with the BODIPY as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is localized on the Rh(III) metal center. Irradiation of the BODIPY transition at ∼524 nm can cause an indirect electron transfer from the orbital of the BODIPY-centered HOMO to the Rh(III)-centered LUMO, populating the dσ* orbital. In addition, photo binding of the Rh complex covalently coordinated to the N (7) position of guanine in an aqueous solution was also observed by mass spectrometry after chloride dissociation upon irradiation with green visible light (532 nm LED). Calculated thermochemistry values of the Rh complex reaction in methanol, acetonitrile, water, and guanine were determined using DFT calculations. All enthalpic reactions and Gibbs free energies were identified as endothermic and nonspontaneous, respectively. This observation supports the chloride dissociation using 532 nm light. This Rh(III)-BODIPY complex expands the class of visible light-activated Rh(III) photocisplatin analogs that may have potential photodynamic therapeutic activity for the treatment of cancers in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Skelton
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 133 University Terrace, Chemistry Building Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Uriel Erasquin
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 133 University Terrace, Chemistry Building Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Abhijit Sukul
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 133 University Terrace, Chemistry Building Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Aoife Zuercher
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 133 University Terrace, Chemistry Building Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Jessica White
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 133 University Terrace, Chemistry Building Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Benjamin J Bythell
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 133 University Terrace, Chemistry Building Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Katherine Leslee Asetre Cimatu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 133 University Terrace, Chemistry Building Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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